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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 9/2004 - SEPTEMBER 2004

Studi e ricerche

Le unità di carico intermodali europee

Il dr. Christoph Seidelmann, vice presidente del BIC (Bureau International des Containers), espone in questo articolo i risultati essenziali dello studio elaborato dal suddetto organismo sulle unità di carico intermodali europee.

Nell'autunno 2002, la Commissione Europea aveva chiesto ad un consorzio capeggiato dal BIC di elaborare uno studio sulle esigenze di standardizzazione in relazione ad una unità di carico intermodale europea impilabile. Lo studio è stato portato a termine e consegnato a giugno del 2003.

Di seguito, i risultati essenziali dello studio vengono confrontati con i particolari della proposta di direttiva della Commissione Europea e con l'attuale stato del dibattito sulla standardizzazione europea, principalmente in ordine agli swapbodies CEN TC 119 destinati al trasporto intermodale.

Dimensioni: altezza

Il Bureau International des Containers raccomanda un'altezza esterna di 2.900 mm per l'unità di carico intermodale europea. Ciò dovrebbe qualificare l'unità per il trasporto:

  • su strada, su semirimorchi con altezza della piattaforma di 1.100 mm; questo è lo stato dell'arte in tutta Europa;
  • su rotaia, su carri con altezza della piattaforma spaziante dagli 850 ai 1.100 mm su praticamente tutte le principali direttrici europee, fatta eccezione per la Gran Bretagna; anche tali carri rappresentano lo stato dell'arte in tutta l'Europa;
  • su nave, sia marittimo che fluviale, con possibilità di impilaggio; l'altezza di 2.900 mm è un'esperienza normale, dal momento che oggi vengono trasportati molti containers high cube ISO che presentano la stessa altezza.

Il CEN TC 119 suggerisce un'altezza simile per la standardizzazione.

La direttiva europea prevede una unità di carico intermodale europea con un'altezza di 2.670 mm e dovrebbe essere rivista. Un problema è rappresentato dal fatto che unità di carico intermodali con altezza sino a 3.200 mm sono operative in Europa. Queste unità di carico finiscono per superare il limite di altezza di 4.000 mm nell'autotrasporto, o almeno, per evitarlo, hanno bisogno di veicoli stradali complicati e costosi.

Dimensioni: lunghezza

Sia il Bureau International des Containers che il CEN TC 119 suggeriscono una lunghezza di:

  • 7.450 mm per l'unità della classe C;
  • 13.600/13.716 mm con angoli smussati per l'unità della classe A.

Alcuni operatori preferiscono la lunghezza di 7.820 mm per le unità della classe C. Il conseguimento di ulteriore volume va a bilanciare i costi aggiuntivi per il più complicato sistema di accoppiamento camion/treno.

Per quanto riguarda la classe A, le proposte della Commissione Europea non forniscono precisazioni in ordine alla progettazione dell'angolo smussato, ma dichiara solamente la preferenza per una unità che possa accogliere 33 pallets. Una unità che presenti una forma rettangolare e lunga 13.600 mm potrebbe farlo, ed anche l'unità menzionata sopra risponde a tali caratteristiche. Il modello ad angolo smussato è previsto dalla direttiva europea 96/53/EC e si adatta alla maggior parte dei semirimorchi attualmente prodotti. Lo spazio aggiuntivo ricavato non può essere utilizzato per accogliere altri pallets ma può diventare utile in casi specifici.

Questa unità non può essere alloggiata nelle celle delle navi portacontainers; dev'essere trasportata in coperta. La capacità in coperta della maggior parte delle portacontainers è in molti casi corrispondente al 40-50% circa della capacità complessiva della nave, di modo che non dovrebbero esservi problemi a trasportare su tali navi un numero limitato di unità di carico europee, dato che la lunghezza di 45 piedi è in ogni caso comune in alcuni traffici containerizzati e nel contempo ne viene suggerita l'inclusione negli standard ISO inerenti ai containers.

Le chiatte adibite al trasporto idroviario interno normalmente non dispongono di celle ma solo di spazio all'aperto, di modo che la varietà di unità da 40 e 45 piedi e di unità europee potrà creare qualche problema ai fini della pianificazione intelligente del carico e delle operazioni portuali. Questi problemi, peraltro, sono ben noti e vengono risolti in questi giorni. Le chiatte adibite al trasporto fluviale dotate di celle sono in grado di trasportare tali unità di dimensioni eccezionali, normalmente sullo strato superiore.

Ciononostante, i vettori marittimi preferirebbero una standardizzazione europea basata su una unità lunga 40 piedi e larghezza atta ad accogliere i pallets. Tali unità entrerebbero nelle attuali celle da 40 piedi della maggior parte delle navi portacontainers.

Il Bureau International des Containers raccomanda l'unità di carico intermodale come suggerita dalla proposta di direttiva europea. Questa unità di carico potrebbe accogliere 33 carichi pallettizzati in confronto ai 30 che si possono far entrare in un contenitore da 40 piedi palletwide: in altre parole, potrebbe offrire il 10% di volume in più. Tali volumi aggiuntivi potrebbero essere trasportati su strada o rotaia allo stesso costo dell'unità più corta, mentre anche il costo delle loro movimentazioni terminalistiche potrebbe essere simile. Dato che i costi del trasporto via acqua costituiscono normalmente la parte meno significativa dei costi complessivi, il vantaggio apportato dal 10% di volumi aggiuntivi potrebbe colmare lo svantaggio che il trasporto marittimo presenta.

Dimensioni: larghezza

Due diverse concezioni inerenti alla larghezza sono al momento in discussione in relazione all'argomento della standardizzazione europea:

  • larghezza esterna di 2.500 mm in grado di offrire uno spazio interno massimo di 2.444 mm;
  • larghezza esterna di 2.550 mm in grado di offrire uno spazio intermo massimo di 2.448 mm.

La proposta di direttiva europea non esprime una preferenza al riguardo.

Il trasporto idroviario interno favorisce la concezione di larghezza di 2.500 mm. Quest'ultima consentirebbe di accogliere 4 unità affiancate in una chiatta standard. Pure i vettori marittimi preferiscono questa larghezza, unitamente ad una lunghezza di 40 piedi (12.200 mm). Tali unità entrerebbero nelle attuali celle da 40 piedi della maggior parte delle portacontainers.

I fornitori europei di logistica preferirebbero la concezione da 2.550 mm. Questa infatti è il modello normale per i veicoli stradali (per lo più semirimorchi) e l'autotrasporto rappresenta il denominatore comune per tutta la pianificazione della logistica. Inoltre, due carichi di pallets europei, ciascuno largo 1.200 mm, più la tolleranza, più lo spazio intermedio tra la parete laterale ed il pallet, tra il pallet ed il pallet a fianco, e tra il pallet e la parete laterale, normalmente porterebbero ad una necessità di spazio libero di più di 2.440 mm.

Il Bureau International des Containers suggerisce una larghezza di 2.550 mm per assicurare una completa competitività al trasporto stradale. Ai problemi nel trasporto fluviale si potrebbe ovviare in base al fatto che una parte delle unità di carico da trasportare è rappresentata da containers ISO, mentre un'altra parte è costituita da unità di carico intermodali europee. Quindi si potrebbero sistemare 2 o 3 file di containers ISO larghi ciascuno 2.440 mm affiancati su una chiatta, unitamente ad 1 o 2 file di unità di carico intermodali europee larghe ciascuna 2.550 mm. Altrimenti, lo strato superiore sullo scafo della nave offre una maggiore flessibilità quanto a larghezza. I problemi di verificano solo quando una percentuale molto grande di unità di carico da trasportare via fiume sia del tipo largo 2.550 mm. Oggi, nei principali mercati del Reno si trasportano qualcosa come 1,4 milioni di containers ISO all'anno, di modo che il momento in cui questa cifra sarà raggiunta dalle unità di carico europee è ancora lontano.

Nei traffici marittimi a lungo raggio, la decisione di accogliere le unità nelle celle della nave deve tener conto insieme della lunghezza e della larghezza. Una volta deciso di scegliere la concezione di lunghezza da 13.600/13.716 mm, l'unità è in ogni caso inutilizzabile per quanto riguarda il suo adattamento alle celle della nave e dev'essere trasportata in coperta. Il modello di carico in coperta di una portacontainers offre una maggiore flessibilità quanto a larghezza rispetto alle celle. Normalmente, una unità lunga 13.600/13.716 ha bisogno in ogni caso di un certo grado di flessibilità. Se quest'ultima può essere garantita, dovrebbe esserlo anche una flessibilità simile per quanto attiene alcuni millimetri in più in ordine alla larghezza.

Requisiti di resistenza: pavimento, tetto, pareti laterali ed estremità

Tutti gli operatori del settore raccomandano l'osservanza di requisiti di resistenza per l'unità di carico intermodale europea simili a quelli esistenti per i containers ISO (ISO 1496). Ciò inoltre si adatterebbe perfettamente all'esigenza di collaudare l'unità di carico intermodale ai sensi di quanto stabilito dalla CSC (Convenzione sulla Sicurezza dei Contenitori).

E' ancora discussa la questione se la resistenza della parete laterale debba presentare caratteristiche simili a quelle dell'ISO. Le motivazioni della discussione stanno nel fatto che non vi sono esigenze operative che impongano valori così elevati come quelli dei containers ISO, nonché in quello che qualsivoglia concezione di forte resistenza per le pareti laterali richiederebbe pareti laterali più spesse che potrebbero annullare la larghezza aggiuntiva ottenuta con l'attuale normativa europea e creare ancora difficoltà per l'accoglimento di carichi pallettizzati. Questa discussione vale soprattutto per le unità della classe A (cioè, quelle lunghe).

Uno specifico problema si presenta per le unità di carico intermodali con un lato aperto. Una parete di box rivestita di tela incerata non è in grado di sopportare le forze esercitate dal carico in occasione delle accelerazioni trasversali nel corso del trasporto. Inoltre, la resistenza complessiva secondo i valori dei containers ISO non è facile da realizzare in tale modello.

Requisiti di resistenza: rastrelliere ed impilaggi

Le attuali unità di carico intermodali della classe C sono standardizzate secondo valori di rastrelliere ed impilaggio simili a quelli dei containers ISO. Alcuni operatori si sono chiesti quale fosse la reale necessità di valori così alti. Essi sostengono che questi valori finirebbero per incrementare senza necessità i costi di produzione dell'unità. La discussione continua. L'approvazione a norma della CSC non dovrebbe essere pregiudicata, dal momento che la CSC offre una qual certa flessibilità rispetto a tali valori relativi alla resistenza, ma si impone la necessità di esibire i valori di resistenza da deviazione ai fini dell'approvazione.

Un'ampia maggioranza di operatori con interessi nella standardizzazione europea e nelle operazioni intermodali si rendono chiaramente conto che la realizzazione di una unità di carico intermodale europea lunga 13.600/13.716 mm, larga 2.550 mm e con valori di resistenza delle rastrelliere e dell'impilaggio al limite massimo è molto difficile. Il risultato potrebbe facilmente essere quello di una unità talmente costosa e pesante da non essere più accettata dagli operatori commerciali. Perciò, è in discussione al momento una concezione più limitata di resistenza. Si sta valutando una capacità di impilaggio di 4 strati senza accelerazione orizzontale aggiuntiva. Ciò consentirebbe una conformazione di impilaggio a 2 strati a bordo del naviglio marittimo, con cifre di accelerazione aggiuntiva di 1 + 0,8 g nel caso di operazioni con mare agitato.

Il Bureau International des Containers condivide questa posizione almeno in relazione alla prima generazione di unità di carico intermodali europee. Probabilmente, i tecnici europei più avanti nel tempo raggiungeranno soluzioni che siano commercialmente fattibili e più prossime agli attuali valori di resistenza ISO.

Massa lorda

Le unità della classe C in Europa sono oggi progettate per una massa lorda di qualcosa come 16 tonnellate. Sono sul mercato unità speciali per il trasporto di liquidi alla rinfusa o di altre materie alla rinfusa, alcune delle quali con una massa lorda massima di 35 tonnellate.

L'unità di carico intermodale europea della classe A attualmente in discussione prevede una massa lorda di 34.000 kg. Ciò consentirebbe di rispettare il limite delle 44 tonnellate per i veicoli stradali nel trasporto combinato così com'è permesso dalla direttiva europea. Ma ciò comporta anche la necessità di fornire autocarri e rimorchi leggeri specifici. Sfortunatamente, la direttiva europea attualmente concede il privilegio delle 44 tonnellate esclusivamente ai veicoli stradali che trasportano un contenitore da 40 piedi nel trasporto intermodale. L'esigenza di estendere il privilegio delle 44 tonnellate a tutte le unità di carico intermodali resta; a tal fine, occorrono iniziative da parte della Commissione e del Consiglio Europei.

Alcune delle attuali unità di carico, per lo più quelle destinate all'industria chimica, sono impostate per 35 tonnellate. Per la consegna stradale, ci vorrebbero quindi autoveicoli con massa lorda di 48 tonnellate. I legislatori europei devono essere consapevoli che potrebbe esserci qualche pressione in questa direzione.
(da: Containers - BIC International Periodical Magazine, n' 01-02/2004)




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SAILING LIST
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La Spezia
They were hidden at the bottom of a wooden chest of drawers
Bunkering in the port of Rotterdam decreased by -25% in the first quarter
Rotterdam/Paris
Container traffic at COSCO Shipping Ports terminals grew by 9.0% in the first three months of 2026.
Hong Kong
In the Mediterranean, there has been an exceptional increase in activity at the Egyptian SCCT terminal in Port Said.
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach decreased by 5.7% in the first three months of 2026.
Long Beach
In March the decline was -5.2%
Saipem has been awarded two offshore contracts in Saudi Arabia
Milan
The value of the orders amounts to approximately 400 million dollars
Brussels authorizes SFPIM's acquisition of Belgian company Lineas
Brussels
No competition issues identified
FS Logistix tests the first smart train on the Milan-Catania line
Rome
The fleet upgrade has reached 700 digitized railcars
Fincantieri Marine Group has been awarded a first contract under the US Navy's LSM program.
Trieste
$30 million order
Another sharp reduction in quarterly freight traffic at the port of Taranto
Taranto
Solid bulk and conventional cargo halved
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by -6.1% in the first quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
In March the decrease was -5.5%
Comparison between Italian ports and Florida ports
Miami
The Italian port system presents itself at Seatrade Cruise Global 2026 in Miami
The Boards of Directors of Interporto Padova and Padova Hall have approved the merger plan of the companies
Padua
A court-appointed expert will have to establish the final exchange ratio
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles decreased by 4.6% in the first three months of 2026.
Los Angeles
In March alone, 752,519 TEUs were handled (-3.3%)
CMA CGM to buy Lebanese group Fattal
Marseille
The company is active in the distribution and marketing of international brands in the Middle East and North Africa.
A record cruise traffic of 15.1 million passengers is expected in Italian ports in 2026
Miami
Senesi (Cemar): growth of a new type of high-spending clientele
Finnish shipyard Meyer Turku achieved record turnover in 2025
Turku
Annual net profit of 83.8 million euros (+21.6%)
Marseille-Fos Port inaugurates cold ironing for simultaneous connection of three large cruise ships.
Marseille
Global Ports Holding to Manage Cruise Terminal at Port of Acapulco
Acapulco
Construction of a new dock is planned
A consortium has been formed in La Spezia to share data and improve supply chain efficiency.
La Spezia
Oats: Logistics efficiency depends on dialogue between all components of the supply chain.
In the first quarter, containers carried by OOCL vessels increased by +1.7%
Hong Kong
Revenues from this activity decreased by -7.6%
Francesco Di Leverano is the new secretary general of the Southern Adriatic Port Authority.
Bari
His four-year term will begin on May 11
Discount for large-capacity container ships transiting the Suez Canal suspended
Ismailia
It was in force from 15 May 2025
In February, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna decreased by -8.9%
Ravenna
An increase of +1.3% is expected for the month of March
Over 600 illegal workers discovered in the logistics sector
Rome
Coordinated and continuous collaboration contracts that masked actual subordinate employment relationships
RINA and Hanwha collaborate on battery-hybrid propulsion systems for ferries
Genoa/Busan
The projects will concern both existing and newly built vessels
French shipping company TOWT has been placed into administration
Le Havre
The company has two sailing cargo ships
Casciano (Vado Gateway): The final design for the new Bossarino toll booth in Vado Ligure has received approval.
Vado Ligure
The hope - he said - is that the work can be completed as soon as possible.
A forum on the economy, ports, and investments between Italy and North Africa will be held in La Spezia.
La Spezia
Scheduled for April 9th and 10th at the headquarters of the Port Authority of the Eastern Ligurian Sea
Number of ships undergoing repairs in Greece remains stable
Piraeus
Interventions carried out in dry dock are decreasing
The Italian government has extended the reduction in excise duties on fuel
Rome
The deadline has been extended to May 1st. 60% of the resources come from the ETS.
The Gaia Blu research vessel will serve as Italy's technological platform for autonomous navigation.
Rome
Towing operations of the LNG vessel Arctic Metagaz fail.
Tripoli
The LNG carrier is currently out of control and adrift
Yesterday a bulk carrier ran aground while transiting the Suez Canal
Ismailia
The incident was resolved within four hours
Confitarma and Assarmatori: The crisis puts maritime connections to the islands at risk.
Rome
Dominguez (IMO) urges States to coordinate to address the Hormuz maritime crisis
London
Since February 28, 21 attacks against vessels have occurred in the area
The La Spezia freight forwarders' association is urging measures to maintain the port's operational efficiency.
La Spezia
Due Torri is equipping itself with a 15,000-square-meter logistics hub at the Bologna Interporto.
Minerbio
In 2025, the Emilian company's turnover grew by +13.9%
The 2026 Italian Port Days program will begin soon.
Rome
The theme is "Italy, Gateway to the Mediterranean: Dialogues between Landings and Cities"
Port of La Spezia: First test for hydrogen refueling from dockside mobile vehicle to vessel
La Spezia
Bunkering trials at the Baglietto shipyard
NYK consolidates its operations in the dry bulk maritime transport segment
Tokyo
Group leaders appointed in eight European countries
Last year, freight traffic in Tunisian ports decreased by -5.2%
La Goulette
In the fourth quarter alone the decline was -8.5%
The Guardia di Finanza will use new drones to monitor the Gioia Tauro port area.
Gioia Tauro
The ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado will implement new PCS usage rights management procedures starting tomorrow.
Genoa
The measure does not introduce new charges
Nearly 400 kg of pure cocaine seized in the port of Gioia Tauro
Reggio Calabria
Three distinct operations performed within a week
Confitarma, with the Energy Decree, now is the time to allocate resources to maritime transport.
Rome
Baleària will have its own ferry terminal in the port of Barcelona
Barcelona
It will become operational in a year. Investment of €25.3 million.
In 2025, freight volumes transported by DB Cargo decreased by -8.1%
Berlin
Revenues fell by -8.0%
ONE has acquired 30% of Hutchison Laemchabang Terminal
Singapore
The company operates Terminals D, C1 & C2 and A3 of Laem Chabang Port
A Filt Cgil meeting on port work will be held tomorrow in Genoa.
Rome
It will be held at 10 am in the Port Call Room
Last month the port of Singapore handled 3.4 million containers (+3.2%)
Singapore/Hong Kong
Container traffic in Hong Kong fell by -8.0%
ALIS, the use of ETS revenues to encourage intermodality is a good idea.
Rome
Di Caterina: We hope for a significant increase in the financial resources for the Sea Modal Shift and Ferrobonus instruments starting next year.
CIMC's container sales fell by -31.9% last year.
Hong Kong
Revenues in the container segment fell by -30.9%
Pros and cons of hydrogen applications for decarbonization of the maritime and port sector
Genoa
It was discussed at the Propeller Club - Port of Genoa
In the third quarter of 2025, cargo traffic in Greek ports decreased by -3.6%.
Piraeus
Passengers increased by +1.2%
Confitarma praises legislative initiative for the maritime sector
Rome
Regulatory simplification is a good thing, an essential element for strengthening the competitiveness of national armaments
Assarmatori welcomes the Senate's approval of the "Promoting Marine Resources" bill.
Rome
Messina: overcomes a limitation of the Navigation Code that allows only Italian and EU citizens to join Gente di Mare.
The port system of Venice and Chioggia generates a production value of approximately 15 billion euros
Venice
Direct employees are 26,898 and, including related industries, they rise to 218,853
Green light for aid to reopen the Orbassano-Aiton Alpine Railway Highway.
Brussels
The European Commission authorizes subsidizing the service
Fit Cisl Savona, alarm raised over the potential impact on jobs of the drop in traffic at Vado Gateway.
Savona
The Gioia Tauro Port Authority Management Committee approved the reimbursement of mooring fees.
Gioia Tauro
1.5 million euros allocated
The Management Committee of the Port Authority of Genoa and Savona-Vado has taken note of the framework agreement with PSA
Genoa
The update of the Integrated Activity and Organization Plan has been approved.
Prologis and Singapore's GIC to form joint venture to invest $1.6 billion in new fulfillment centers in the U.S.
San Francisco/Singapore
The initial portfolio is approximately 380 thousand square meters
Hanwha Ocean and ONEX Sign Naval Shipbuilding Agreement
Seoul/Eleusis
The first project in sight is submarines for the Greek Navy
The Antitrust Authority has not opened an investigation into CEVA Logistics' acquisition of the Fagioli group.
Rome
The AGCM believes that the operation will not impede competition or create a dominant position
Singapore's ONE acquires stake in Dongwon Pusan Container Terminal
Singapore
The company operates at the Gammam and Singamman docks of the Port of Busan
EIB finances shore power installation in Rotterdam port
Rotterdam
A loan of 90 million euros has been granted
High-tech exoskeletons to ease the burden on dockworkers in the Port of Livorno.
Livorno
Experiment in collaboration with the Livorno Port Company
Salvatore Lauro, a shipowner from Campania, died yesterday in Ischia.
Naples
He was a senator of the Republic from 1996 to 2005
APM Terminals acquires 49% stake in Vietnam's Hateco Hai Phong International Container Terminal
The Hague/Hanoi
Third phase of construction of Mexico's Lázaro Cárdenas terminal begins
FedEx revenues increased by 8.3% in the December-February quarter
Memphis
Quarterly net income was $1.06 billion (+16.2%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The public meeting of the Genoa freight forwarders' association will be held on April 27th.
Genoa
Appointment at the Stock Exchange Palace
A forum on the economy, ports, and investments between Italy and North Africa will be held in La Spezia.
La Spezia
Scheduled for April 9th and 10th at the headquarters of the Port Authority of the Eastern Ligurian Sea
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
Russian shipbuilding holding USC designing high ice-class container ship for Rosatom for Northern Sea Route
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
London pledges £746 million to renovate Nigeria's two ports, Apapa and Tin Can Island, in Lagos.
London
Agreement between UK Export Finance and the Nigerian Ports Authority
Fabrizio Urbani is the new secretary general of the Port Authority of the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea.
Civitavecchia
Unanimous resolution of the Management Committee
In the fourth quarter of 2025, French ports handled 74.2 million tonnes of goods (+7.2%)
La Defense
UNI/Fermerci reference practices on staff training presented at MIT
Rome
The Council of State has rejected the relocation of Genoa's chemical warehouses.
Rome/Genoa
The AdSP declares itself ready for a technical discussion within the framework of a specific initiative by the municipal administration
FS Logistix and Nurminen Logistics inaugurate a new weekly rail service between Sweden and Italy
Rome
2,500 kilometer route
Hapag-Lloyd signs maritime cooperation agreement with Indian government
Hamburg
Plans to bring ships under the Indian flag and collaborate in the development of ship recycling and Vadhavan port
A project for the digital transformation and technological development of the port of Gioia Tauro has been funded.
Gioia Tauro
Resources worth almost two million euros for the Port Authority of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas
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