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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 9/2004 - SEPTEMBER 2004

Studi e ricerche

Le unità di carico intermodali europee

Il dr. Christoph Seidelmann, vice presidente del BIC (Bureau International des Containers), espone in questo articolo i risultati essenziali dello studio elaborato dal suddetto organismo sulle unità di carico intermodali europee.

Nell'autunno 2002, la Commissione Europea aveva chiesto ad un consorzio capeggiato dal BIC di elaborare uno studio sulle esigenze di standardizzazione in relazione ad una unità di carico intermodale europea impilabile. Lo studio è stato portato a termine e consegnato a giugno del 2003.

Di seguito, i risultati essenziali dello studio vengono confrontati con i particolari della proposta di direttiva della Commissione Europea e con l'attuale stato del dibattito sulla standardizzazione europea, principalmente in ordine agli swapbodies CEN TC 119 destinati al trasporto intermodale.

Dimensioni: altezza

Il Bureau International des Containers raccomanda un'altezza esterna di 2.900 mm per l'unità di carico intermodale europea. Ciò dovrebbe qualificare l'unità per il trasporto:

  • su strada, su semirimorchi con altezza della piattaforma di 1.100 mm; questo è lo stato dell'arte in tutta Europa;
  • su rotaia, su carri con altezza della piattaforma spaziante dagli 850 ai 1.100 mm su praticamente tutte le principali direttrici europee, fatta eccezione per la Gran Bretagna; anche tali carri rappresentano lo stato dell'arte in tutta l'Europa;
  • su nave, sia marittimo che fluviale, con possibilità di impilaggio; l'altezza di 2.900 mm è un'esperienza normale, dal momento che oggi vengono trasportati molti containers high cube ISO che presentano la stessa altezza.

Il CEN TC 119 suggerisce un'altezza simile per la standardizzazione.

La direttiva europea prevede una unità di carico intermodale europea con un'altezza di 2.670 mm e dovrebbe essere rivista. Un problema è rappresentato dal fatto che unità di carico intermodali con altezza sino a 3.200 mm sono operative in Europa. Queste unità di carico finiscono per superare il limite di altezza di 4.000 mm nell'autotrasporto, o almeno, per evitarlo, hanno bisogno di veicoli stradali complicati e costosi.

Dimensioni: lunghezza

Sia il Bureau International des Containers che il CEN TC 119 suggeriscono una lunghezza di:

  • 7.450 mm per l'unità della classe C;
  • 13.600/13.716 mm con angoli smussati per l'unità della classe A.

Alcuni operatori preferiscono la lunghezza di 7.820 mm per le unità della classe C. Il conseguimento di ulteriore volume va a bilanciare i costi aggiuntivi per il più complicato sistema di accoppiamento camion/treno.

Per quanto riguarda la classe A, le proposte della Commissione Europea non forniscono precisazioni in ordine alla progettazione dell'angolo smussato, ma dichiara solamente la preferenza per una unità che possa accogliere 33 pallets. Una unità che presenti una forma rettangolare e lunga 13.600 mm potrebbe farlo, ed anche l'unità menzionata sopra risponde a tali caratteristiche. Il modello ad angolo smussato è previsto dalla direttiva europea 96/53/EC e si adatta alla maggior parte dei semirimorchi attualmente prodotti. Lo spazio aggiuntivo ricavato non può essere utilizzato per accogliere altri pallets ma può diventare utile in casi specifici.

Questa unità non può essere alloggiata nelle celle delle navi portacontainers; dev'essere trasportata in coperta. La capacità in coperta della maggior parte delle portacontainers è in molti casi corrispondente al 40-50% circa della capacità complessiva della nave, di modo che non dovrebbero esservi problemi a trasportare su tali navi un numero limitato di unità di carico europee, dato che la lunghezza di 45 piedi è in ogni caso comune in alcuni traffici containerizzati e nel contempo ne viene suggerita l'inclusione negli standard ISO inerenti ai containers.

Le chiatte adibite al trasporto idroviario interno normalmente non dispongono di celle ma solo di spazio all'aperto, di modo che la varietà di unità da 40 e 45 piedi e di unità europee potrà creare qualche problema ai fini della pianificazione intelligente del carico e delle operazioni portuali. Questi problemi, peraltro, sono ben noti e vengono risolti in questi giorni. Le chiatte adibite al trasporto fluviale dotate di celle sono in grado di trasportare tali unità di dimensioni eccezionali, normalmente sullo strato superiore.

Ciononostante, i vettori marittimi preferirebbero una standardizzazione europea basata su una unità lunga 40 piedi e larghezza atta ad accogliere i pallets. Tali unità entrerebbero nelle attuali celle da 40 piedi della maggior parte delle navi portacontainers.

Il Bureau International des Containers raccomanda l'unità di carico intermodale come suggerita dalla proposta di direttiva europea. Questa unità di carico potrebbe accogliere 33 carichi pallettizzati in confronto ai 30 che si possono far entrare in un contenitore da 40 piedi palletwide: in altre parole, potrebbe offrire il 10% di volume in più. Tali volumi aggiuntivi potrebbero essere trasportati su strada o rotaia allo stesso costo dell'unità più corta, mentre anche il costo delle loro movimentazioni terminalistiche potrebbe essere simile. Dato che i costi del trasporto via acqua costituiscono normalmente la parte meno significativa dei costi complessivi, il vantaggio apportato dal 10% di volumi aggiuntivi potrebbe colmare lo svantaggio che il trasporto marittimo presenta.

Dimensioni: larghezza

Due diverse concezioni inerenti alla larghezza sono al momento in discussione in relazione all'argomento della standardizzazione europea:

  • larghezza esterna di 2.500 mm in grado di offrire uno spazio interno massimo di 2.444 mm;
  • larghezza esterna di 2.550 mm in grado di offrire uno spazio intermo massimo di 2.448 mm.

La proposta di direttiva europea non esprime una preferenza al riguardo.

Il trasporto idroviario interno favorisce la concezione di larghezza di 2.500 mm. Quest'ultima consentirebbe di accogliere 4 unità affiancate in una chiatta standard. Pure i vettori marittimi preferiscono questa larghezza, unitamente ad una lunghezza di 40 piedi (12.200 mm). Tali unità entrerebbero nelle attuali celle da 40 piedi della maggior parte delle portacontainers.

I fornitori europei di logistica preferirebbero la concezione da 2.550 mm. Questa infatti è il modello normale per i veicoli stradali (per lo più semirimorchi) e l'autotrasporto rappresenta il denominatore comune per tutta la pianificazione della logistica. Inoltre, due carichi di pallets europei, ciascuno largo 1.200 mm, più la tolleranza, più lo spazio intermedio tra la parete laterale ed il pallet, tra il pallet ed il pallet a fianco, e tra il pallet e la parete laterale, normalmente porterebbero ad una necessità di spazio libero di più di 2.440 mm.

Il Bureau International des Containers suggerisce una larghezza di 2.550 mm per assicurare una completa competitività al trasporto stradale. Ai problemi nel trasporto fluviale si potrebbe ovviare in base al fatto che una parte delle unità di carico da trasportare è rappresentata da containers ISO, mentre un'altra parte è costituita da unità di carico intermodali europee. Quindi si potrebbero sistemare 2 o 3 file di containers ISO larghi ciascuno 2.440 mm affiancati su una chiatta, unitamente ad 1 o 2 file di unità di carico intermodali europee larghe ciascuna 2.550 mm. Altrimenti, lo strato superiore sullo scafo della nave offre una maggiore flessibilità quanto a larghezza. I problemi di verificano solo quando una percentuale molto grande di unità di carico da trasportare via fiume sia del tipo largo 2.550 mm. Oggi, nei principali mercati del Reno si trasportano qualcosa come 1,4 milioni di containers ISO all'anno, di modo che il momento in cui questa cifra sarà raggiunta dalle unità di carico europee è ancora lontano.

Nei traffici marittimi a lungo raggio, la decisione di accogliere le unità nelle celle della nave deve tener conto insieme della lunghezza e della larghezza. Una volta deciso di scegliere la concezione di lunghezza da 13.600/13.716 mm, l'unità è in ogni caso inutilizzabile per quanto riguarda il suo adattamento alle celle della nave e dev'essere trasportata in coperta. Il modello di carico in coperta di una portacontainers offre una maggiore flessibilità quanto a larghezza rispetto alle celle. Normalmente, una unità lunga 13.600/13.716 ha bisogno in ogni caso di un certo grado di flessibilità. Se quest'ultima può essere garantita, dovrebbe esserlo anche una flessibilità simile per quanto attiene alcuni millimetri in più in ordine alla larghezza.

Requisiti di resistenza: pavimento, tetto, pareti laterali ed estremità

Tutti gli operatori del settore raccomandano l'osservanza di requisiti di resistenza per l'unità di carico intermodale europea simili a quelli esistenti per i containers ISO (ISO 1496). Ciò inoltre si adatterebbe perfettamente all'esigenza di collaudare l'unità di carico intermodale ai sensi di quanto stabilito dalla CSC (Convenzione sulla Sicurezza dei Contenitori).

E' ancora discussa la questione se la resistenza della parete laterale debba presentare caratteristiche simili a quelle dell'ISO. Le motivazioni della discussione stanno nel fatto che non vi sono esigenze operative che impongano valori così elevati come quelli dei containers ISO, nonché in quello che qualsivoglia concezione di forte resistenza per le pareti laterali richiederebbe pareti laterali più spesse che potrebbero annullare la larghezza aggiuntiva ottenuta con l'attuale normativa europea e creare ancora difficoltà per l'accoglimento di carichi pallettizzati. Questa discussione vale soprattutto per le unità della classe A (cioè, quelle lunghe).

Uno specifico problema si presenta per le unità di carico intermodali con un lato aperto. Una parete di box rivestita di tela incerata non è in grado di sopportare le forze esercitate dal carico in occasione delle accelerazioni trasversali nel corso del trasporto. Inoltre, la resistenza complessiva secondo i valori dei containers ISO non è facile da realizzare in tale modello.

Requisiti di resistenza: rastrelliere ed impilaggi

Le attuali unità di carico intermodali della classe C sono standardizzate secondo valori di rastrelliere ed impilaggio simili a quelli dei containers ISO. Alcuni operatori si sono chiesti quale fosse la reale necessità di valori così alti. Essi sostengono che questi valori finirebbero per incrementare senza necessità i costi di produzione dell'unità. La discussione continua. L'approvazione a norma della CSC non dovrebbe essere pregiudicata, dal momento che la CSC offre una qual certa flessibilità rispetto a tali valori relativi alla resistenza, ma si impone la necessità di esibire i valori di resistenza da deviazione ai fini dell'approvazione.

Un'ampia maggioranza di operatori con interessi nella standardizzazione europea e nelle operazioni intermodali si rendono chiaramente conto che la realizzazione di una unità di carico intermodale europea lunga 13.600/13.716 mm, larga 2.550 mm e con valori di resistenza delle rastrelliere e dell'impilaggio al limite massimo è molto difficile. Il risultato potrebbe facilmente essere quello di una unità talmente costosa e pesante da non essere più accettata dagli operatori commerciali. Perciò, è in discussione al momento una concezione più limitata di resistenza. Si sta valutando una capacità di impilaggio di 4 strati senza accelerazione orizzontale aggiuntiva. Ciò consentirebbe una conformazione di impilaggio a 2 strati a bordo del naviglio marittimo, con cifre di accelerazione aggiuntiva di 1 + 0,8 g nel caso di operazioni con mare agitato.

Il Bureau International des Containers condivide questa posizione almeno in relazione alla prima generazione di unità di carico intermodali europee. Probabilmente, i tecnici europei più avanti nel tempo raggiungeranno soluzioni che siano commercialmente fattibili e più prossime agli attuali valori di resistenza ISO.

Massa lorda

Le unità della classe C in Europa sono oggi progettate per una massa lorda di qualcosa come 16 tonnellate. Sono sul mercato unità speciali per il trasporto di liquidi alla rinfusa o di altre materie alla rinfusa, alcune delle quali con una massa lorda massima di 35 tonnellate.

L'unità di carico intermodale europea della classe A attualmente in discussione prevede una massa lorda di 34.000 kg. Ciò consentirebbe di rispettare il limite delle 44 tonnellate per i veicoli stradali nel trasporto combinato così com'è permesso dalla direttiva europea. Ma ciò comporta anche la necessità di fornire autocarri e rimorchi leggeri specifici. Sfortunatamente, la direttiva europea attualmente concede il privilegio delle 44 tonnellate esclusivamente ai veicoli stradali che trasportano un contenitore da 40 piedi nel trasporto intermodale. L'esigenza di estendere il privilegio delle 44 tonnellate a tutte le unità di carico intermodali resta; a tal fine, occorrono iniziative da parte della Commissione e del Consiglio Europei.

Alcune delle attuali unità di carico, per lo più quelle destinate all'industria chimica, sono impostate per 35 tonnellate. Per la consegna stradale, ci vorrebbero quindi autoveicoli con massa lorda di 48 tonnellate. I legislatori europei devono essere consapevoli che potrebbe esserci qualche pressione in questa direzione.
(da: Containers - BIC International Periodical Magazine, n' 01-02/2004)




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Konecranes reports decline in quarterly financial performance as orders increase
Helsinki
The value of orders relating to port equipment grew by +17%
Fourteen regions are in favor and five are against the bill on port governance reform.
Rome
Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Empire buys back: After Tata, Adani can rewrite India's colonial past
(The Economic Times)
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
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