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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXIII - Number 2/2005 - FEBRUARY 2005

Industria

Periodo di boom per le grosse gru

La domanda globale di gru a cavaliere bordo-costa di grandi dimensioni per la movimentazione di contenitori è ancora in fase di crescita, con altre consegne record per il 2004 e notevoli ordinazioni già effettuate con ultimazione prevista nel 2005.

La produzione è alimentata dall'espansione annua superiore al 10% dei traffici containerizzati movimentati dagli scali marittimi a livello mondiale e dalle recenti notevoli addizioni apportate alla flotta di portacontainers. Inoltre, una crescente quota del nuovo tonnellaggio è di capacità superiore ai 6.000 TEU, che richiede movimentazioni effettuate da gru delle maggiori dimensioni post-Panamax.

Uno sguardo alla Tabella 1 può fornire il quadro attuale della situazione. Oltre 400 nuove gru dedicate ai contenitori dovrebbero essere consegnate nel 2004-2005 (secondo i dati elaborati nel terzo trimestre 2004), e ciò andrà ad aggiungersi alla flotta attuale di circa 3.300 unità in servizio alla fine del 2003. Oltre 220 gru sono state installate nel corso del 2004, mentre più di 200 ulteriori unità sono previste in arrivo per l'anno successivo. Queste immissioni stanno cambiando notevolmente la composizione dell'attuale flotta mondiale di gru, dato che oltre il 55% di tutte le unità operative, ma appena il 15% delle consegne in programma, dispongono di uno sbraccio Panamax. In ulteriore contrasto, solo il 6,5% delle gru esistenti dispongono di uno sbraccio "super" o extra post-Panamax, pari a 60 metri ed oltre; esse comprendono circa la metà di tutte le consegne attuali.

TABELLA 1

FLOTTA MONDIALE DELLE GRU A CAVALIERE BORDO-COSTA
PER CONTENITORI AL TERZO TRIMESTRE 2004

Descrizione gru

Operative alla fine del 2003

Consegna prevista
nel 2004-2005

Panamax

 

Sbraccio inferiore a 44 m.

1.855

70

Post-Panamax

 

Sbraccio da 44 a 48 m.

578

32

Sbraccio da 48 a 52 m.

391

51

Sbraccio da 52 a 56 m.

202

36

Sbraccio da 56 a 60 m.

60

31

Sbraccio da 60 a 62 m.

99

52

Sbraccio da 62 a 64 m.

66

34

Sbraccio da 64 a 66 m.

46

78

Sbraccio oltre 66 m.

6

34

Totale complessivo

3.303

418

Nota: lo sbraccio è misurato dalla rotaia lato mare.
Fonte: Andrew Foxtrot Data

Il conteggio globale di queste gru dalle grandi dimensioni è in procinto di raddoppiare nel corso del 2004-2005, quando si prevede che ne verranno consegnate complessivamente circa 200. Ci sarà una grossa crescita proporzionale del numero di gru in grado di raggiungere distanze di 64 metri o maggiori, il che implica che la spinta verso lo sviluppo tecnico al limite e verso la realizzazione di capacità dalle dimensioni sempre più grandi non si è ancora esaurita. Più di 30 gru raggiungeranno uno sbraccio superiore ai 66 metri, il che equivale a 24 file di contenitori affiancati, mentre nel totale sono comprese alcune delle più grosse gru mai costruite, con una sbraccio di 70 metri.

La maggior parte delle gru costruite con uno sbraccio di 60 metri ed oltre sono in grado di movimentare le navi della generazione attuale che presentano un'ampiezza massima di 22 file e sono ricercate da tutti i terminal containers che aspirano allo stato di hub. Al fine di conseguire tale raggio d'azione, la maggior parte di loro viene costruita con un'altezza di sollevamento (al di sotto dello spreader) di almeno 40 metri. Esse sono altresì tra le unità più avanzate dal punto di vista tecnico, dal momento che di norma assicurano una velocità di avanzamento del trolley sino a 4 metri al secondo ed una velocità del paranco di carico di 1,5 metri al secondo come caratteristica standard. La maggior parte è inoltre classificata per sollevare 60 tonnellate ed oltre sotto lo spreader, mentre molte di loro d'altro canto sono caratterizzate da capacità di sollevamento abbinato.

Le gru che dispongono delle maggiori capacità post-Panamax vengono attualmente fornite ai porti di tutto il mondo, sebbene una grossa quota venga destinata in particolare nel Nord-Est asiatico ed in Cina. In effetti, la regione dell'Asia nord-orientale rappresenterà la percentuale maggiore di tutta la produzione di gru del 2004-2005, equivalente al 40% ovvero a 165 unità. Ci si aspetta che i porti in Europa ricevano quasi il 25% (91 gru), mentre le Americhe ne otterranno il 15% (62). Ciò lascia più o meno il 10% ciascuno per i terminals del Medio-Oriente (47) e del Sud-Est asiatico (38), ed appena una manciata di gru alle altre zone, che sono l'Africa (12) e l'Australasia (3). La maggior parte delle gru di dimensioni Panamax o più limitate post-Panamax vengono attualmente costruite per i porti europei, così come per l'America centro-meridionale, il Giappone, il Vietnam, la Thailandia, il sub-continente indiano e l'Australia.

Molte grandi gru con sbraccio di 60 metri ed oltre vengono acquisite dai grossi operatori terminalistici globali e sono destinati agli sviluppi di marchio. Tra questi ultimi sono compresi il Suez Canal Container Terminal di Port Said che nel 2005 dovrebbe ricevere due unità, ciascuna con uno sbraccio di 62,5 metri, il Porto di Mawan in Cina che riceverà in consegna otto unità (con sbraccio di 65 metri) nel corso del 2004-2005 ed il nuovo sito della Asia Container Terminals nel Kwai Chung T9 di Hong Kong. Quest'ultimo sta altresì acquistando otto gru con uno sbraccio di 65 metri. Tuttavia, uno dei maggiori nuovi sviluppi riguarda la Pusan Newport Corp, in Corea del Sud, che ha ordinato 18 gru (ancora una volta, tutte quante con uno sbraccio di 65 metri) con consegna prevista nel corso del 2005.

Alcune delle unità più grandi mai costruite sono in corso di acquisizione da parte di Singapore e Jebel Ali. La PSA ha ordinato 12 gru con un enorme sbraccio di 67 metri per il proprio terminal Pasir Panjang. La Dubai Ports Authority riceverà complessivamente 18 gru, tutte quante con sbraccio di 68 metri, in diverse riprese nel corso del 2004-2005. Altri importanti acquisti sono stati effettuati dalla Eurogate di Amburgo (5 unità), dalla APM Terminals di Algesiras (3), da Felixtowe (3), dalla Evergreen a Los Angeles (5) e dalla Virginia Port Authority (4), che hanno tutte quante ordinato gru con sbraccio di 62-63 metri. Altre tre gru delle stesse dimensioni sono in costruzione per il nuovo e del tutto automatizzato Tobishima Container Terminal di Nagoya. Altre ordinazioni, poi, di gru con sbraccio inferiore ai 60-61 metri sono state effettuate dalla SETO di Le Havre (6), dalla Kingston Port Authority in Giamaica (4) e dalla HHLA per il Container Terminal Alterwerden (6).

Un notevole gruppo di 24 gru, con sbracci minori di 55-56 metri, è nel frattempo in costruzione per vari siti ad Anversa. Tutte queste unità forniscono una capacità pari a 20 file di contenitori affiancati. Tra loro vi sono 10 gru destinate allo Home Terminal della MSC situato presso l'ampliamento Delwaide Dock e 6 unità per l'Antwerp Gateway Terminal in via di sviluppo nella zona del Duerganckdok. Quest'ultima dovrebbe essere gestita da un consorzio guidato dalla P&O Ports Antwerp ed esistono già delle opzioni per altre tre gru della medesima capacità. Altre sei gru sono state nel frattempo oggetto di un contratto per il progetto PSA/HNN (Hesse Noord Natie) sulla riva sinistra della Schelda. Altre due andranno al Noordzeeterminal (Banchina 913), gestito anch'esso dalla PSA/HNN, dove si aggiungeranno alle sei gru già in uso sul posto.

Come indicato sopra, la Cina è stata il centro focale di molte recenti consegne e 85 gru con sbraccio di 60 metri ed oltre dovrebbero essere installate nei suoi porti nel corso del 2004-2005. Tra coloro che le riceveranno vi sono Shekou (5 unità), Tianjin (6), Yantian (8), Ningbo-Beilun (8), Guangzhou (4) e Chiwan (8, tra cui 4 con uno sbraccio record di 70 metri). Complessivamente 16 gru andranno ad Hong Kong, tra cui le 9 destinate alla ACT. Tuttavia, la maggiore consegna singola è quella che è in procinto di essere effettuata a Shanghai. Otto in totale sono appena arrivate all'affermato Waigaoqiao Terminal, mentre 13 sono destinate al nuovo Yangshan Deepwater Terminal, che dovrebbe aprire nel 2005.

TABELLA 2

CONSEGNE MONDIALI DELLE GRU A CAVALIERE BORDO-COSTA
PER CONTENITORI NEL BIENNIO 2004-2005 (AL TERZO TRIMESTRE 2004)

Produttore

Unità in consegna nel 2004-2005

ZPMC

221

Gruppo Fantuzzi

35

Paceco (titolari di licenza)

30

Kalmar Industries

30

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

30

Liebherr Container Crane

16

Gruppo IMPSA

10

Kocks Cranes

9

Kranbau Eberswalde

9

Konecranes

8

Altri

26

Totale complessivo

418

Fonte: Andrew Foxtrot Data

La necessità per la Cina di capacità aggiuntiva in termini di gru è notevolissima, dal momento che le prestazioni annue complessive dei suoi scali marittimi continuano a crescere e ci si aspetta che abbiano raggiunto i 75 milioni di TEU nel 2004. Essa ha già sorpassato gli Stati Uniti quale primo paese al mondo per la movimentazione di containers ed attualmente rappresenta quasi un quarto dei traffici mondiali di box. Tuttavia, questo paese è altresì la sede del più grande produttore mondiale di gru bordo-costa per contenitori e così riesce anche a trarre vantaggio da una fornitura locale garantita. La ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co) da tempo trae guadagni dalla propria vicinanza, così come altri vantaggi in termini di concorrenza, ed oggi fa fronte ad oltre il 50% della domanda mondiale di gru.

Ciò è equivalso ad un registro di ordinazioni di più di 220 gru da consegnare complessivamente nel biennio 2004-2005 (Tabella 2) e nessun altro fornitore può rivaleggiare con la sua posizione. Il secondo produttore in classifica è il gruppo italiano Fantuzzi che, unitamente alla Noell Crane Systems ed alla sua importante consociata cinese costruttrice, nel 2004-2005 dovrebbe realizzare 35 gru.

Altre 30 dovrebbero provenire dai titolari di licenza della Paceco, guidati dalla Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding. Altri importanti fornitori sono la Kalmar Industries Sweden, la Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, la Liebherr Container Cranes e la IMPSA.

La ZPMC sta già facendo fronte a tutta la domanda derivante da attività commissionate dai terminals in Cina così come ad una crescente quota di clienti in Europa, nelle Americhe ed altrove. Essa si occupa altresì della produzione di una quota molto alta delle gru delle massime dimensioni e lavora su molti dei progetti di maggiori dimensioni e prestigio. Ad esempio, si è assicurata l'ordinazione della DPA, così come quelle recentemente effettuate dalla SETO/Le Havre, dalla Eurogate/Amburgo, dalla Evergreen/Los Angeles, dalla Virginia Port Authority, dalla PSA/Pasir Panjang e dalla Pusan Newport Corp.

Anche la produzione della Fantuzzi/Noell è allo stesso modo diffusa a livello globale, sebbene su scala minore. Vendite sono state recentemente effettuate a porti in Francia, Italia, Egitto, Stati Uniti, Colombia, India, Thailandia e Hong Kong. I titolari di licenza della Paceco, al contrario, hanno tendenzialmente servito sempre più le zone del proprio mercato locale, con sedi in Europa ed Asia. La Kalmar ha fatto lo stesso col Nord Europa e, in virtù del rilevamento delle attività in precedenza appartenenti alla Dutch Nelson, ha fatto fronte all'intera serie di ordinazioni effettuate dai terminals di Anversa.
(da: PortStrategy, dicembre 2004)




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Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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