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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXV - Number 8/2007 - AUGUST 2007

Trasporto fluviale

Il trasporto fluviale: una soluzione per i caricatori della Germania orientale

Il porto di Amburgo si trova costantemente a gestire una situazione in bilico tra la congestione e la fluidità dei contenitori.

Affinchè i suoi traffici con l’hinterland presentino movimentazioni tranquille, tutto deve andar dritto, il che avviene raramente.

I problemi della porta d’accesso amburghese sono seri sia al capolinea di partenza (nave e banchina) sia a quello di arrivo (varchi terminalistici e collegamenti con l’hinterland).

A volte le navi del vettore marittimo a lungo raggio arrivano fuori orario, altre volte è l’intasamento del traffico stradale cittadino a provocare guai.

Dato che la stagione di punta di quest’anno deve ancora cominciare, i caricatori hanno valide ragioni per prendere in considerazione delle alternative, per quante minori esse possano essere.

Una di queste, al capolinea finale del porto, è l’uso delle chiatte lungo il fiume Elba ed i suoi canali di connessione.

Sebbene l’estensione geografica di questa idrovia sia limitata rispetto al possente Reno di cui possono usufruire i caricatori situati più ad ovest, che movimenta il 30% circa dei traffici dell’hinterland dei porti del Benelux, in ogni caso non è bene ignorarla.

Le connessioni fluviali dell’Elba raggiungono ad est Stettino in Polonia ed a sud Praga nella Repubblica Ceca, sebbene tali estremità al momento siano servite solamente da chiatte convenzionali.

I servizi containerizzati con orari regolari si concentrano ancora sulla Germania orientale, come mostra la tabella 1.

Solamente 180.000 TEU, ovvero il 3% dei traffici complessivi con l’hinterland di Amburgo, hanno potuto essere movimentati via Elba lo scorso anno, ma tale cifra è stata più alta dell’80% rispetto al 2005, il che dimostra che i fautori del suo sviluppo non hanno perso il proprio tempo in un’impresa inutile.

TABELLA 1: SERVIZI DELLA DBR DA E PER AMBURGO

Terminal fluviale

Frequenza
settimanale

Tempi
di viaggio
(giorni)

Andata e
ritorno
contenitori
(giorni)

Braunschweig

x 5

2,5

6

Hannover

x 3

3

8

Minden

x 3

3,5

10

Terminal Elba Magdeburgo

x 2

3

8

Aken

x 2

3,5

8

Reisa

x 2

4,5

13

Note: * = dati previsti

Fonte: DBR


La Volkswagen Logistics è uno dei maggiori sostenitori dell’idrovia, e si tratta di una società che non prende la logistica alla leggera.

E’ il principale cliente del deposito trimodale di Braunschweig, che è situato nei pressi della sua sede di Wolfsburg.

Se lo scorso anno tutto fosse andato secondo i piani, il 40% del traffico containerizzato complessivo della VW (8.800 TEU) da/per la regione di Wolfsburg avrebbe dovuto essere movimentato su chiatte.

Dal resoconto finale, tuttavia, risulta che solo il 20% è stato movimentato con questa modalità, a causa di modifiche produttive dell’ultimo minuto che hanno avuto bisogno di tempi di viaggio più rapidi via strada e rotaia.

Braunschweig si trova a soli 170 km di distanza da Amburgo.

Jörg Schnackenberg, direttore del trasporto marittimo ed aereo della VW, lamenta al riguardo: “Sfortunatamente, le cose raramente sembrano funzionare nel modo richiesto in logistica.

Volevamo conseguire il risultato del 40% a causa del minore impatto ambientale e dei risparmi sui costi che il trasporto fluviale comporta (costa il 24% in meno dell’autotrasporto), ma problemi legati alla produzione ce lo hanno impedito.

Questa è la difficoltà che le chiatte presentano: c’è ancora poca flessibilità per far fronte agli imprevisti”.

La riuscita utilizzazione delle chiatte per i traffici containerizzati ad Amburgo rappresenta uno sviluppo relativamente recente, essendo stata avviata tra il 1998 ed il 2002 grazie ad un finanziamento del ministero federale tedesco per l’educazione, la scienza, la ricerca e la tecnologia.

Malgrado la congestione dei traffici stradali allora non fosse neanche lontanamente paragonabile ai problemi odierni, i traffici fluviali su chiatta sono rapidamente aumentati sino a 59.899 TEU nel 2004, a causa dei miglioramenti apportati ai canali ed ai servizi innovativi offerti dalla DBR (Deutsche Binnenreederei).

I servizi fluviali su chiatta della DBR dominano l’idrovia.

Sino ad allora, essa si era per lo più concentrata sulla movimentazione di carichi alla rinfusa interni.

Successivamente, la società ha sviluppato un certo numero di iniziative nel settore containerizzato, tra cui l’effettuazione di un servizio navetta da Amburgo a Magdeburgo in cui si utilizzano chiatte agganciate.

Il terminal terrestre viene poi utilizzato quale hub per collegare o scollegare le chiatte, smistandole verso i terminal fluviali o dei canali a Braunschweig, Hannover, Minden, Aken e Reisa.

Ciascuno di questi ultimi funge poi da altro hub interno per l’inoltro dei carichi via strada alla volta del loro hinterland naturale.

L’ultimo dei terminal citati, ad esempio, serve Dresda, a 50 km di distanza.

Le principali chiatte-navetta da Amburgo a Magdeburgo dispongono di una capacità massima di 144 TEU, mentre i servizi di collegamento utilizzano chiatte con una capacità di carico compresa tra i 48 ed i 96 TEU, a seconda della domanda.

La navigazione sull’idrovia non è senza difficoltà operative: il ghiaccio resta un problema in inverno, mentre il livello basso delle acque lo è d’estate.

E’ necessario un costante dragaggio; diverse parti del fiume hanno altresì bisogno di essere sgomberate, compreso un importante tratto a Torgau, poco prima di Dresda.

Sono state avviate iniziative allo scopo di affrontare tali problemi ed esiste un piano regionale finalizzato a far sì che entro il 2010 il fiume Elba resti navigabile con una profondità minima delle acque pari a 1,6 metri da Amburgo a Dresda per 365 giorni all’anno.

Lo scorso anno le cose sono andate assai male a causa delle piene e del ghiaccio, tanto che il fiume è stato navigabile per 290 giorni; il bilancio di quest’anno presenta un conto di 320 giorni.

Robert Baack, direttore della DBR, commenta: “Questo è, naturalmente, il lato peggiore del nostro servizio di chiatte, ed anche il Reno presenta i suoi problemi, ma quando le difficoltà aumentano, noi non lasciamo assolutamente i nostri clienti nei guai.

Infatti, noi assicuriamo anche alternative ferroviarie e stradali; tuttavia, queste ultime presentano prezzi diversi, a seconda delle preferenze del cliente: molti di loro dispongono di propri contratti per il trasporto stradale e ferroviario.

La navigazione sul fiume Elba normalmente è ridotta od ostacolata solamente per due-sei settimane all’anno.

Il pescaggio dei battelli specializzati della DBR (barche di spinta e chiatte) è stato adattato per conformarsi alle condizioni fluviali del momento.

Il pescaggio reale delle chiatte portacontainers varia dagli 1,5 ai 2 metri, a seconda del peso medio dei carichi containerizzati.

Di conseguenza, il 91% delle nostre chiatte è arrivato in orario lo scorso anno, mentre il 97% di loro è arrivato nel giro di tre ore rispetto all’orario annunciato”.

Continua Baack: “I nostri problemi maggiori risiedono altrove: il mercato del trasporto terrestre resta troppo frammentato, il che significa che il marketing richiede un sacco di sforzi.

I clienti sono rappresentati da vettori marittimi a lungo raggio, case di spedizione ed operatori di terminal interni.

Inoltre, ciascun settore compete con tutti gli altri per il controllo della tratta terrestre: dal momento che nessuno si associa nell’ambito del settore, le prenotazioni arrivano alla spicciolata e per quelle inerenti agli spazi in blocco non vengono fissati prezzi concorrenziali sulla base dell’usato o non usato”.

Gli operatori di terminal interni spesso consolidano i traffici da e per i propri depositi, ma la cosa finisce qui.

Ad esempio, i traffici della VW da Braunschweig vengono prenotati tramite l’operatore trimodale in loco e non direttamente presso la DBR.

Di conseguenza, le prenotazioni effettuate con la DBR sono relative solamente alla tratta da porto a porto.

Fa notare Baack: “Ovviamente, noi preferiremmo movimentare il trasporto terrestre anche su una base da porto a porta o da porta a porto, ma ci rendiamo conto che ciascuna servizio viene ancora visto come complementare.

Ciò avviene perché nessuna soluzione si adatta a tutti quanti”.

Un altro problema per la DBR è costituito dal fatto che finora solo Braunschweig offre un servizio completo di deposito interno.

Gli altri si limitano a caricare e scaricare i battelli, di modo che dispongono di poco spazio per l’impilaggio dei vuoti.

Di conseguenza, le prenotazioni e le quotazioni dei prezzi tendono ancora ad essere effettuate sulla base dell’andata e ritorno (movimentazione del pieno e ritorno del vuoto), il che comporta l’esistenza di un numero minore di opportunità di triangolazione per gli importatori e gli esportatori, con costi di conseguenza più alti.

Precisa Baack: “Talvolta le case di spedizioni partono dal presupposto che una parte dei propri box in entrata tornerà indietro piena e quindi prezzano le loro movimentazioni interne di conseguenza, ma questo è tutto.

Il modo per far funzionare tale sistema sarebbe che il camion utilizzato per prelevare un box pieno in importazione presso il terminal fluviale lo portasse poi ad un altro cliente dopo che è stato scaricato, risparmiando così il costo di un viaggio di ritorno a vuoto ad Amburgo”.

Una soluzione maggiormente pratica sarebbe, per i vettori marittimi, quella di mantenere un certo numero di vuoti presso ciascun principale terminal fluviale, partendo dal presupposto che essi abbiano le attrezzature per la movimentazione di contenitori e la capacità di deposito necessarie.

Sebbene solo Braunschweig offra infrastrutture complete per il deposito interno dei vuoti, gli altri terminal attualmente dispongono di una vasta capacità di far fronte alla domanda di trasporto fluviale su chiatta, come dimostra la tabella 2.

Poiché le chiatte sono talmente più lente dei camion o dei treni, le loro tariffe devono essere molto più competitive.

L’estensione del margine dipende da tutta una serie di fattori, quali il peso e la natura del carico, il che rende pericoloso un confronto generico.

Ad esempio, il trasporto su chiatta favorisce i containers pesanti ed i carichi pericolosi, ai quali, di norma, gli autotrasportatori applicano un supplemento.

A scopo puramente indicativo, una tipica tariffa di autotrasporto da Amburgo a Dresda potrebbe costare approssimativamente 750 euro a contenitore, secondo la DBR, mentre l’equivalente tariffa ferroviaria dovrebbe aggirarsi sui 680 euro, rispetto ad una tariffa di trasporto fluviale pari ad euro 479, ritorno del vuoto ad Amburgo compreso.

TABELLA 2: CAPACITA’ ANNUA DEI TERMINAL

Terminal

TEU

Braunschweig

80.000

Hannover

50.000

Minden

50.000

Magdeburgo

60.000

Aken

35.000

Reisa

50.000

Fonte: DBR


Precisa Baack: “Queste tariffe devono essere valutate alla luce del fatto che l’autotrasporto normalmente offre un servizio completato nel giro della stessa giornata, mentre la ferrovia assicura un viaggio di andata e ritorno da due a quattro giorni e le chiatte fanno lo stesso lavoro in cinque giorni”.

Ciò potrebbe risultare non proprio entusiasmante per il trasporto fluviale su chiatte in un periodo in cui tutti quanti sembrano reclamare a gran voce la consegna just-in-time, ma, come è risaputo, molti contenitori pieni in importazione normalmente restano fermi ad Amburgo una settimana ed oltre, presumibilmente perché tale prassi è meno costosa rispetto al previo magazzinaggio delle merci.

Pertanto, alla luce di queste circostanze, perché i vettori marittimi fanno così poca pubblicità ai servizi su chiatte ad Amburgo?

Baack, che era solito lavorare con la Hamburg-Süd, sostiene: “Senza dubbio, le cose sono molto più semplici con i camion, ed anche le possibilità di triangolazione sono maggiori, ma la vera causa del problema sta nel fatto che i vettori marittimi controllano ancora molto poco del nostro mercato interno.

Essi vanno dicendo in giro di volerne controllare di più, ma la loro sembra essere solo un’illusione.

Le nostre tariffe ed i nostri servizi potrebbero essere resi molto più competitivi se i fornitori di servizi terrestri si associassero allo scopo di darci più volumi.

Come la navigazione marittima a lungo raggio, i servizi su chiatta si sviluppano bene sulle economie di scala, di cui al momento non disponiamo.

L’incremento dei traffici dell’80% che la DBR ha conseguito lo scorso anno potrebbe apparire una grossa cifra, ma, in termini di volumi, esso è stato appena la cima dell’iceberg”.

Com’è accaduto anche agli operatori di servizi ferroviari, la DBR aveva sognato di guadagnare una maggiore quota di mercato quando nel 2005 la Germania aveva istituito i pedaggi autostradali (Maut).

Il loro impatto, peraltro, sembra essere stato in parte controbilanciato dal brusco incremento degli economici servizi di trasporto dai paesi dell’Europa Orientale che poco tempo dopo si sono aggregati all’Unione Europea, quali gli stati baltici, l’Ungheria e la Polonia.

Una volta normalizzata questa situazione ed allorché i pedaggi Maut saranno stati aumentati al fine di alleviare l’intasamento del traffico stradale, il sogno potrà diventare più che una realtà.
(da: Containerisation International, luglio 2007, pagg. 60-61)


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Filt Cgil, the Flotilla incident is serious. Dockworkers are ready to mobilize.
Rome
Union announces action if aid is not allowed to reach Gaza
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
In the first eight months of 2025, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +10.6%
Gioia Tauro
2,912,943 TEUs were handled
Stena Line to buy Latvian port operator Terrabalt
Gothenburg
It handles rolling stock, bulk cargo, and general cargo traffic in the port of Liepaja.
Meyer Turku begins construction of Royal Caribbean's fourth "Icon"-class cruise ship
Miami/Turku
It will be delivered in 2027
More than one in ten maritime shipments has shortages
Washington
This is what a report by the World Shipping Council has revealed, highlighting the safety risks
Last July, traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +3.8%
Ravenna
In the first seven months of 2025, growth was +5.4%
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -3.2%.
Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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