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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXV - Number 8/2007 - AUGUST 2007

Trasporto fluviale

Il trasporto fluviale: una soluzione per i caricatori della Germania orientale

Il porto di Amburgo si trova costantemente a gestire una situazione in bilico tra la congestione e la fluidità dei contenitori.

Affinchè i suoi traffici con l’hinterland presentino movimentazioni tranquille, tutto deve andar dritto, il che avviene raramente.

I problemi della porta d’accesso amburghese sono seri sia al capolinea di partenza (nave e banchina) sia a quello di arrivo (varchi terminalistici e collegamenti con l’hinterland).

A volte le navi del vettore marittimo a lungo raggio arrivano fuori orario, altre volte è l’intasamento del traffico stradale cittadino a provocare guai.

Dato che la stagione di punta di quest’anno deve ancora cominciare, i caricatori hanno valide ragioni per prendere in considerazione delle alternative, per quante minori esse possano essere.

Una di queste, al capolinea finale del porto, è l’uso delle chiatte lungo il fiume Elba ed i suoi canali di connessione.

Sebbene l’estensione geografica di questa idrovia sia limitata rispetto al possente Reno di cui possono usufruire i caricatori situati più ad ovest, che movimenta il 30% circa dei traffici dell’hinterland dei porti del Benelux, in ogni caso non è bene ignorarla.

Le connessioni fluviali dell’Elba raggiungono ad est Stettino in Polonia ed a sud Praga nella Repubblica Ceca, sebbene tali estremità al momento siano servite solamente da chiatte convenzionali.

I servizi containerizzati con orari regolari si concentrano ancora sulla Germania orientale, come mostra la tabella 1.

Solamente 180.000 TEU, ovvero il 3% dei traffici complessivi con l’hinterland di Amburgo, hanno potuto essere movimentati via Elba lo scorso anno, ma tale cifra è stata più alta dell’80% rispetto al 2005, il che dimostra che i fautori del suo sviluppo non hanno perso il proprio tempo in un’impresa inutile.

TABELLA 1: SERVIZI DELLA DBR DA E PER AMBURGO

Terminal fluviale

Frequenza
settimanale

Tempi
di viaggio
(giorni)

Andata e
ritorno
contenitori
(giorni)

Braunschweig

x 5

2,5

6

Hannover

x 3

3

8

Minden

x 3

3,5

10

Terminal Elba Magdeburgo

x 2

3

8

Aken

x 2

3,5

8

Reisa

x 2

4,5

13

Note: * = dati previsti

Fonte: DBR


La Volkswagen Logistics è uno dei maggiori sostenitori dell’idrovia, e si tratta di una società che non prende la logistica alla leggera.

E’ il principale cliente del deposito trimodale di Braunschweig, che è situato nei pressi della sua sede di Wolfsburg.

Se lo scorso anno tutto fosse andato secondo i piani, il 40% del traffico containerizzato complessivo della VW (8.800 TEU) da/per la regione di Wolfsburg avrebbe dovuto essere movimentato su chiatte.

Dal resoconto finale, tuttavia, risulta che solo il 20% è stato movimentato con questa modalità, a causa di modifiche produttive dell’ultimo minuto che hanno avuto bisogno di tempi di viaggio più rapidi via strada e rotaia.

Braunschweig si trova a soli 170 km di distanza da Amburgo.

Jörg Schnackenberg, direttore del trasporto marittimo ed aereo della VW, lamenta al riguardo: “Sfortunatamente, le cose raramente sembrano funzionare nel modo richiesto in logistica.

Volevamo conseguire il risultato del 40% a causa del minore impatto ambientale e dei risparmi sui costi che il trasporto fluviale comporta (costa il 24% in meno dell’autotrasporto), ma problemi legati alla produzione ce lo hanno impedito.

Questa è la difficoltà che le chiatte presentano: c’è ancora poca flessibilità per far fronte agli imprevisti”.

La riuscita utilizzazione delle chiatte per i traffici containerizzati ad Amburgo rappresenta uno sviluppo relativamente recente, essendo stata avviata tra il 1998 ed il 2002 grazie ad un finanziamento del ministero federale tedesco per l’educazione, la scienza, la ricerca e la tecnologia.

Malgrado la congestione dei traffici stradali allora non fosse neanche lontanamente paragonabile ai problemi odierni, i traffici fluviali su chiatta sono rapidamente aumentati sino a 59.899 TEU nel 2004, a causa dei miglioramenti apportati ai canali ed ai servizi innovativi offerti dalla DBR (Deutsche Binnenreederei).

I servizi fluviali su chiatta della DBR dominano l’idrovia.

Sino ad allora, essa si era per lo più concentrata sulla movimentazione di carichi alla rinfusa interni.

Successivamente, la società ha sviluppato un certo numero di iniziative nel settore containerizzato, tra cui l’effettuazione di un servizio navetta da Amburgo a Magdeburgo in cui si utilizzano chiatte agganciate.

Il terminal terrestre viene poi utilizzato quale hub per collegare o scollegare le chiatte, smistandole verso i terminal fluviali o dei canali a Braunschweig, Hannover, Minden, Aken e Reisa.

Ciascuno di questi ultimi funge poi da altro hub interno per l’inoltro dei carichi via strada alla volta del loro hinterland naturale.

L’ultimo dei terminal citati, ad esempio, serve Dresda, a 50 km di distanza.

Le principali chiatte-navetta da Amburgo a Magdeburgo dispongono di una capacità massima di 144 TEU, mentre i servizi di collegamento utilizzano chiatte con una capacità di carico compresa tra i 48 ed i 96 TEU, a seconda della domanda.

La navigazione sull’idrovia non è senza difficoltà operative: il ghiaccio resta un problema in inverno, mentre il livello basso delle acque lo è d’estate.

E’ necessario un costante dragaggio; diverse parti del fiume hanno altresì bisogno di essere sgomberate, compreso un importante tratto a Torgau, poco prima di Dresda.

Sono state avviate iniziative allo scopo di affrontare tali problemi ed esiste un piano regionale finalizzato a far sì che entro il 2010 il fiume Elba resti navigabile con una profondità minima delle acque pari a 1,6 metri da Amburgo a Dresda per 365 giorni all’anno.

Lo scorso anno le cose sono andate assai male a causa delle piene e del ghiaccio, tanto che il fiume è stato navigabile per 290 giorni; il bilancio di quest’anno presenta un conto di 320 giorni.

Robert Baack, direttore della DBR, commenta: “Questo è, naturalmente, il lato peggiore del nostro servizio di chiatte, ed anche il Reno presenta i suoi problemi, ma quando le difficoltà aumentano, noi non lasciamo assolutamente i nostri clienti nei guai.

Infatti, noi assicuriamo anche alternative ferroviarie e stradali; tuttavia, queste ultime presentano prezzi diversi, a seconda delle preferenze del cliente: molti di loro dispongono di propri contratti per il trasporto stradale e ferroviario.

La navigazione sul fiume Elba normalmente è ridotta od ostacolata solamente per due-sei settimane all’anno.

Il pescaggio dei battelli specializzati della DBR (barche di spinta e chiatte) è stato adattato per conformarsi alle condizioni fluviali del momento.

Il pescaggio reale delle chiatte portacontainers varia dagli 1,5 ai 2 metri, a seconda del peso medio dei carichi containerizzati.

Di conseguenza, il 91% delle nostre chiatte è arrivato in orario lo scorso anno, mentre il 97% di loro è arrivato nel giro di tre ore rispetto all’orario annunciato”.

Continua Baack: “I nostri problemi maggiori risiedono altrove: il mercato del trasporto terrestre resta troppo frammentato, il che significa che il marketing richiede un sacco di sforzi.

I clienti sono rappresentati da vettori marittimi a lungo raggio, case di spedizione ed operatori di terminal interni.

Inoltre, ciascun settore compete con tutti gli altri per il controllo della tratta terrestre: dal momento che nessuno si associa nell’ambito del settore, le prenotazioni arrivano alla spicciolata e per quelle inerenti agli spazi in blocco non vengono fissati prezzi concorrenziali sulla base dell’usato o non usato”.

Gli operatori di terminal interni spesso consolidano i traffici da e per i propri depositi, ma la cosa finisce qui.

Ad esempio, i traffici della VW da Braunschweig vengono prenotati tramite l’operatore trimodale in loco e non direttamente presso la DBR.

Di conseguenza, le prenotazioni effettuate con la DBR sono relative solamente alla tratta da porto a porto.

Fa notare Baack: “Ovviamente, noi preferiremmo movimentare il trasporto terrestre anche su una base da porto a porta o da porta a porto, ma ci rendiamo conto che ciascuna servizio viene ancora visto come complementare.

Ciò avviene perché nessuna soluzione si adatta a tutti quanti”.

Un altro problema per la DBR è costituito dal fatto che finora solo Braunschweig offre un servizio completo di deposito interno.

Gli altri si limitano a caricare e scaricare i battelli, di modo che dispongono di poco spazio per l’impilaggio dei vuoti.

Di conseguenza, le prenotazioni e le quotazioni dei prezzi tendono ancora ad essere effettuate sulla base dell’andata e ritorno (movimentazione del pieno e ritorno del vuoto), il che comporta l’esistenza di un numero minore di opportunità di triangolazione per gli importatori e gli esportatori, con costi di conseguenza più alti.

Precisa Baack: “Talvolta le case di spedizioni partono dal presupposto che una parte dei propri box in entrata tornerà indietro piena e quindi prezzano le loro movimentazioni interne di conseguenza, ma questo è tutto.

Il modo per far funzionare tale sistema sarebbe che il camion utilizzato per prelevare un box pieno in importazione presso il terminal fluviale lo portasse poi ad un altro cliente dopo che è stato scaricato, risparmiando così il costo di un viaggio di ritorno a vuoto ad Amburgo”.

Una soluzione maggiormente pratica sarebbe, per i vettori marittimi, quella di mantenere un certo numero di vuoti presso ciascun principale terminal fluviale, partendo dal presupposto che essi abbiano le attrezzature per la movimentazione di contenitori e la capacità di deposito necessarie.

Sebbene solo Braunschweig offra infrastrutture complete per il deposito interno dei vuoti, gli altri terminal attualmente dispongono di una vasta capacità di far fronte alla domanda di trasporto fluviale su chiatta, come dimostra la tabella 2.

Poiché le chiatte sono talmente più lente dei camion o dei treni, le loro tariffe devono essere molto più competitive.

L’estensione del margine dipende da tutta una serie di fattori, quali il peso e la natura del carico, il che rende pericoloso un confronto generico.

Ad esempio, il trasporto su chiatta favorisce i containers pesanti ed i carichi pericolosi, ai quali, di norma, gli autotrasportatori applicano un supplemento.

A scopo puramente indicativo, una tipica tariffa di autotrasporto da Amburgo a Dresda potrebbe costare approssimativamente 750 euro a contenitore, secondo la DBR, mentre l’equivalente tariffa ferroviaria dovrebbe aggirarsi sui 680 euro, rispetto ad una tariffa di trasporto fluviale pari ad euro 479, ritorno del vuoto ad Amburgo compreso.

TABELLA 2: CAPACITA’ ANNUA DEI TERMINAL

Terminal

TEU

Braunschweig

80.000

Hannover

50.000

Minden

50.000

Magdeburgo

60.000

Aken

35.000

Reisa

50.000

Fonte: DBR


Precisa Baack: “Queste tariffe devono essere valutate alla luce del fatto che l’autotrasporto normalmente offre un servizio completato nel giro della stessa giornata, mentre la ferrovia assicura un viaggio di andata e ritorno da due a quattro giorni e le chiatte fanno lo stesso lavoro in cinque giorni”.

Ciò potrebbe risultare non proprio entusiasmante per il trasporto fluviale su chiatte in un periodo in cui tutti quanti sembrano reclamare a gran voce la consegna just-in-time, ma, come è risaputo, molti contenitori pieni in importazione normalmente restano fermi ad Amburgo una settimana ed oltre, presumibilmente perché tale prassi è meno costosa rispetto al previo magazzinaggio delle merci.

Pertanto, alla luce di queste circostanze, perché i vettori marittimi fanno così poca pubblicità ai servizi su chiatte ad Amburgo?

Baack, che era solito lavorare con la Hamburg-Süd, sostiene: “Senza dubbio, le cose sono molto più semplici con i camion, ed anche le possibilità di triangolazione sono maggiori, ma la vera causa del problema sta nel fatto che i vettori marittimi controllano ancora molto poco del nostro mercato interno.

Essi vanno dicendo in giro di volerne controllare di più, ma la loro sembra essere solo un’illusione.

Le nostre tariffe ed i nostri servizi potrebbero essere resi molto più competitivi se i fornitori di servizi terrestri si associassero allo scopo di darci più volumi.

Come la navigazione marittima a lungo raggio, i servizi su chiatta si sviluppano bene sulle economie di scala, di cui al momento non disponiamo.

L’incremento dei traffici dell’80% che la DBR ha conseguito lo scorso anno potrebbe apparire una grossa cifra, ma, in termini di volumi, esso è stato appena la cima dell’iceberg”.

Com’è accaduto anche agli operatori di servizi ferroviari, la DBR aveva sognato di guadagnare una maggiore quota di mercato quando nel 2005 la Germania aveva istituito i pedaggi autostradali (Maut).

Il loro impatto, peraltro, sembra essere stato in parte controbilanciato dal brusco incremento degli economici servizi di trasporto dai paesi dell’Europa Orientale che poco tempo dopo si sono aggregati all’Unione Europea, quali gli stati baltici, l’Ungheria e la Polonia.

Una volta normalizzata questa situazione ed allorché i pedaggi Maut saranno stati aumentati al fine di alleviare l’intasamento del traffico stradale, il sogno potrà diventare più che una realtà.
(da: Containerisation International, luglio 2007, pagg. 60-61)


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Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
MacGregor opens a new technical assistance center in Trieste
Stockholm
The main focus will be the European area, including the specialized megayacht sector.
Tanker hit by three shells in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
An accident also in the Indian Ocean
Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
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