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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXVI - Number 2/2008 - FEBRUARY 2008

Trasporto ferroviario

Semaforo rosso per le ferrovie vecchio stile

Sempre più merci vengono trasportate sulle lunghe distanze e con maggiore frequenza rispetto a prima.

Di conseguenza, i volumi di merci trasportate stanno crescendo più rapidamente dell'economia europea vista nel suo complesso.

Tra il 1995 ed il 2005, le merci trasportate sono aumentate del 2,8% all'anno, surclassando la crescita del PIL nello stesso periodo.

Le tecnologie di trasporto, in termini di infrastrutture e veicoli, si sono evolute notevolmente, così come è accaduto alle richieste dei caricatori, che domandano sempre di più.

Questa crescita dei trasporti, peraltro, è stata in gran parte indotta dal crescente numero dei camion sulle autostrade europee.

La quota del trasporto stradale nei mercati del trasporto merci terrestre nell'ambito dei paesi della Zona Economica Europea, esclusa la Svizzera, è aumentata del 78% fino al 2005 a spese delle ferrovie e delle idrovie interne.

Queste ultime modalità sono state per lo più incapaci di attirare altri carichi, sebbene esse abbiano conservato i propri volumi in termini assoluti nell'ambito delle proprie rispettive nicchie.

In particolare, la quota di mercato delle ferrovie è stabilmente calata, livellandosi a circa il 10% nel 2005, la sua percentuale più bassa dal 1945.

Il trasporto merci ferroviario europeo, sebbene si stia assicurando volumi ragionevoli, soffre ancora la propria incapacità di riguadagnare quote di mercato nei confronti della strada.

La ragione principale, naturalmente, consiste nel fatto che il trasporto stradale è generalmente più rapido e più flessibile.

Inoltre, le reti stradali vengono sviluppate molto più rapidamente di quelle ferroviarie.

Le ferrovie inducono preoccupazioni note: affidabilità, capacità disponibili, gestione delle informazioni, velocità media e flessibilità.

L'apertura del trasporto merci ferroviario alla concorrenza ha in parte rivitalizzato il settore in alcuni stati dell'Unione Europea, ma ciò in gran parte è avvenuto più per le ragioni negative correlate all'autotrasporto - intasamento, prezzo alto del petrolio, problematiche ambientali - che per una conversione “sulla via di Damasco” alle virtù delle ferrovie.

Il trasporto containerizzato ed i viaggi a lungo raggio, segmenti in cui le ferrovie dispongono di autentici vantaggi, si stanno espandendo, ma ancora non si è verificato uno “sganciamento” dalla crescita del PIL e dell'autotrasporto merci.

All'inizio di quest'anno, l'operatore intermodale svizzero Hupac ha cantato le lodi della privatizzazione mostrando risultati attendibili nelle proprie prestazioni.

Avendo provveduto alla riorganizzazione dei propri contratti di trazione, la Hupac ora può scegliere uno dei suoi soci - DB Cargo, SBB Cargo, Trenitalia Cargo, Ferrovia Nord Cargo e rail4chem - per far viaggiare un treno-blocco dall'origine alla destinazione.

Anche così, peraltro, a detta della Hupac c'è ancora molto da fare.

“La transizione dal mercato influenzato a livello nazionale alla libera concorrenza nel trasporto merci ferroviario in tutta l'Europa è un processo che richiederà molti anni prima di poter essere completato” dichiara Hans-Jörg Bertschi, presidente della Hupac.

“Tuttavia, le prime esperienze pratiche con la concorrenza in ferrovia dimostrano che la via del successo è questa”.

La Commissione Europea nell'ultima quindicina d'anni ha tentato di rinnovare il settore ferroviario con un triplice approccio.

In primo luogo, è stato istituito un mercato del trasporto merci su scala europea per mezzo del primo e secondo pacchetto ferroviario.

La graduale apertura del mercato, completata a gennaio del 2007, è stata accompagnata dalla ristrutturazione degli operatori beneficiari.

I costi del trasporto merci ferroviario sono diminuiti del 2% all'anno rispetto al periodo 2001-2004, mentre le tariffe del trasporto ferroviario sono scese del 3% all'anno rispetto al medesimo periodo.

In secondo luogo, la Commissione ha incoraggiato lo sviluppo dell'interoperabilità tecnica e delle regole comuni sulla sicurezza, quale la “patente” di macchinista ferroviario europeo e la proposta della Commissione stessa sull'accettazione transfrontaliera del materiale rotabile.

In terzo luogo, essa ha stanziato finanziamenti per specifici progetti ferroviari nel contesto della rete transeuropea di trasporto (TEN-T).

La Commissione ha altresì lanciato ed incoraggiato lo sviluppo dell'ERTMS (sistema europeo per la gestione dei traffici ferroviari), un sistema comune di controlli, comandi e segnalazioni destinato a rimpiazzare i sistemi nazionali.

Queste iniziative, peraltro, debbono ancora produrre qualche risultato.

Gli stati membri hanno necessità di completare l'implementazione della normativa ferroviaria europea.

I progressi verso l'interoperabilità sono lenti e le difficoltà alle frontiere permangono.

Di conseguenza, persiste qualche problema di primaria importanza.

Ad esempio, secondo l'UIRR (che rappresenta gli operatori di trasporto combinato) solo il 53% dei treni intermodali ferro-stradali sono arrivati in tempo nel 2006.

L'ultima iniziativa della Commissione Europea consiste nel Piano d'Azione per la Logistica ed il Trasporto Merci, unitamente ad una Comunicazione su una rete ferroviaria finalizzata a dare priorità al trasporto merci, che promuove l'idea dei corridoi di trasporto merci ferroviario al fine di convogliare gli investimenti ed i provvedimenti sulla capacità verso le direttrici più importanti.

Tuttavia, anche se tali ambizioni possono sembrare ammirevoli, i numeri sono tali da mettere paura.

La CER (Comunità delle Ferrovie Europee) ha portato avanti studi su sei importanti corridoi e ha concluso che, al fine di creare abbastanza capacità da assorbire una crescita composta sino al 72% nel trasporto merci ferroviario da oggi al 2020, sarebbero necessari investimenti nell'ordine di 145 miliardi di euro nell'arco dei prossimi 14 anni.

E qui sta il problema.

L'Europa - Commissione o Parlamento che sia - non controlla in effetti grandi budget da destinare al trasporto, che restano saldamente nelle mani dei governi nazionali.

Questa frammentazione del mercato ferroviario europeo resta l'ostacolo maggiore per il cambiamento.

Il trasporto merci ferroviario resta ostinatamente una questione nazionale agli occhi di molti dei maggiori governi membri UE.

In particolare, spezzare il predominio delle società ferroviarie statali - e, sostengono alcuni, il favoritismo nei loro confronti - sembra ancora un sogno distante.

Nel corso degli ultimi 12 mesi, gli operatori ferroviari privati in cerca di un punto di appoggio in alcuni dei maggiori mercati europei hanno accusato i governi nazionali di rendergli la vita dura, a dir poco.

Il cliché nel settore della logistica è la frase “le merci non votano” e ciò suona dolorosamente vero per gli operatori del settore che mirano a paesi come la Francia, dove quasi tutti gli investimenti seri in infrastrutture ferroviarie vengono dedicati all'espansione dei preziosi servizi passeggeri TGV del paese.

Nel contempo, la branca delle merci, cioè la SNCF Fret, procede faticosamente tra gli interventi provvidenziali dei contribuenti.

Le ferrovie francesi sono state inoltre paralizzate dagli scioperi negli ultimi mesi, sulla scorta delle agitazioni sindacali contro i piani di riforma del neo-eletto presidente Sarkozy in ordine alle pensioni ed altri vantaggi degli impiegati pubblici, in particolare la pensione anticipata (a 50 anni) di cui i lavoratori delle ferrovie usufruiscono da decenni.

Molto dipende dalla determinazione di Sarkozy, che era stato eletto con un mandato di “rottura” rispetto alla storia recente del paese in materia di generosi sussidi sociali, che a suo - come di molti altri - giudizio risultano economicamente insostenibili.

Peraltro, molti tentativi di riforma attuati in precedenza erano stati abbandonati di fronte all'aggressività dei sindacati dei ferrovieri che rifiutano di ammettere qualsiasi modifica del loro status privilegiato.

La SNCF Fret sta subendo perdite e quote di mercato dal momento che i clienti si rivolgono alla strada ed al trasporto marittimo a corto raggio, prima di tutto per ragioni di affidabilità.

Troppo spesso i suoi servizi vengono cancellati per dirottare i macchinisti sui servizi passeggeri o perché semplicemente il personale non si presenta al lavoro.

Gli scioperi complicano ulteriormente il problema.

In ogni caso, sebbene la Francia venga considerata la bestia nera di un mercato ferroviario comune, non è per nulla la sola a trovarsi in questo stato.

In Italia, le autorità preposte alla concorrenza hanno dato il via ad una indagine sui supposti abusi della posizione dominante dell'operatore ferroviario statale FS e la sua consociata gestore della rete RFI.

I concorrenti affermano che la RFI ha effettivamente favorito la FS non concedendo alle società concorrenti uno sconto speciale per l'accesso a binari caratterizzati da una scarsa manutenzione che richiedono l'utilizzazione di due macchinisti.

La società di logistica con sede in Svizzera Kuehne & Nagel recentemente ha comunicato all'operatore nazionale tedesco Deutsche Bahn di essere intenzionata a ridurre le proprie attività con la consociata della DB Railion se saranno portati avanti i piani finalizzati ad effettuare operazioni della Railion con il marchio DB Schenker.

La K&N solleva obiezioni a che le proprie merci vengano trasportate sotto la denominazione del proprio principale concorrente.

Nel frattempo, in Belgio, il governo ha emanato un regio decreto che impone che tutti i macchinisti vengano addestrati dalla società ferroviaria statale SNCB.

“L'idea di chiedere ad un concorrente di addestrare il proprio personale è alquanto ridicola in un libero mercato” afferma al riguardo la britannica RFG (Rail Freight Group).

E così via… Le questioni dell'apertura del mercato, della concorrenza, della scelta degli operatori e della qualità del servizio sono tutte collegate tra loro, afferma il presidente della RFG Lord Tony Berkeley.

Il quale poi dichiara: “Negli ultimi anni, il numero degli operatori privati nel settore ferroviario intermodale è effettivamente diminuito, da 14 a 3, dal momento che gli operatori titolari hanno acquisito gli altri.

Si tratta di un fatto molto serio, se i clienti desiderano la possibilità di scegliere e la qualità del servizio”.

Una via da percorrere, suggerisce Lord Berkeley, è quella consistente nel seguire le recenti conclusioni della Commissione Europea avverso la struttura dell'industria energetica - che presenta molte somiglianze con le ferrovie - richiedendo il decentramento della rete e della produzione, nonché la creazione di un “regolatore” indipendente a livello europeo.

“L'argomentazione-chiave comporta significative conseguenze per i consumatori: confrontando il mercato del Regno Unito, che è completamente decentrato, con quello della Germania, che non lo è, la Commissione Europea ha scoperto che, sebbene i prezzi all'ingrosso tedeschi fossero più bassi del 31%, i loro consumatori hanno pagato il 25-31% in più rispetto al Regno Unito” sottolinea.

“Le stesse argomentazioni possono applicarsi al settore ferroviario.

Nel Regno Unito, il maggiore operatore di trasporto merci ha il 60% del mercato rispetto all'85% circa di quello che ha la maggiore quota in Germania.

Ciò che è più importante, è che non vi è alcun nesso giuridico tra qualsiasi operatore di treni ed il gestore dell'infrastruttura nel Regno Unito, mentre vi sono strette relazioni nel contesto del modello tipo holding in Germania.

Questo collegamento presente in Germania, in Francia ed in altri stati membri è ciò che la Commissione Europea sta cercando di cambiare”.

La RFG ha accolto favorevolmente le proposte della Commissione sul decentramento del mercato dell'energia e preme affinché si segua tale corso anche nel settore ferroviario.

“Mediante tali proposte, ci sarà una completa liberalizzazione dell'industria ferroviaria ed una rigorosa regolamentazione dei fornitori monopolisti quali i gestori delle infrastrutture, che dovranno essere del tutto separati dagli operatori di treni” afferma Berkeley.

Tuttavia, molti grandi stati membri - fatta eccezione per il Regno Unito e, forse, i Paesi Bassi - ancora considerano i propri operatori nazionali quasi come dei monopoli naturali.

Riuscire a convincerli che il trasporto merci ferroviario è solo una delle tante industrie di servizio sarà un'impresa improba.
(da: Cargo Systems, dicembre 2007, pagg. 46-47)


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On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
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