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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXVI - Number 6/2008 - JUNE 2008

Trasporto intermodale

Progressi a passo di lumaca per i servizi intermodali nel Benelux

I servizi intermodali nel Benelux sono in costante incremento, ma, si dice, non abbastanza rapidamente per la maggior parte dei caricatori.

La buona notizia è che Rotterdam ed Anversa hanno potuto movimentare l'eccezionale crescita dei carichi dello scorso anno da e per l'hinterland europeo senza più contrattempi del solito.

Ha continuato ad esserci la congestione, naturalmente, ma i momenti di paralisi del traffico al di fuori dei normali periodi di ressa sono sembrati ragionevolmente sotto controllo.

La brutta notizia è che, malgrado i grossi sforzi effettuati per trasferire i traffici dalla strada ai servizi ferroviari e fluviali più sensibili all'ambiente, non c'è stato quasi alcun cambiamento delle quote di mercato di ciascun settore: la strada resta di gran lunga la prima scelta degli importatori ed esportatori.

Come mostrano le tabelle 1 e 2, la quota della ferrovia dei carichi per l'hinterland a Rotterdam ed Anversa nel complesso è migliorata con grandi difficoltà, raggiungendo solamente l'11% circa; i servizi su chiatta hanno raggiunto risultati di poco migliori.

Tabella 1: Suddivisone fra le modalità ad Anversa
(solo carichi dell'hinterland)

Modalità

2007*

2006

2005

2004

2003

Strada

55%

58%

58%

60%

60%

Fluviale

34%

33%

34%

32%

31%

Ferrovia

11%

9%

8%

8%

9%

Fonte: Porto di Anversa; * = dati provvisori

Qualcuno dirà che i servizi ferroviari hanno ancora movimentato molti traffici in più, giustificando così tutti gli sforzi fatti per indurre la deregolamentazione e la liberalizzazione del settore ferroviario dell'Unione Europea, al fine di realizzare una maggiore e salutare concorrenza.

Tabella 2: Suddivisone fra le modalità a Rotterdam
(solo carichi dell'hinterland)

Modalità

2007*

2006

2005

2004

2003

Strada

59%

59%

60%

60%

59%

Fluviale

30%

30%

31%

31%

31%

Ferrovia

11%

115

9%

9%

10%

Fonte: Porto di Rotterdam; * = dati provvisori

Nel caso di Rotterdam, i traffici containerizzati complessivi del porto sono aumentati del 12% lo scorso anno, mentre quelli di Anversa sono cresciuti del 16,5%.

Ciò ha certamente incoraggiato le società ferroviarie private a prendere più sul serio i propri servizi, tra cui la European Rail Shuttle, la Rail4Chem, la Veolia e la Dillen & Le Jeune.

Gli altri soggetti operanti nel settore, peraltro, affermano che le procedure di trasferimento stanno ancora durando troppo a lungo e che devono ancora dimostrare abbastanza vantaggi, malgrado le sempre maggiori congestione dei traffici stradali e consapevolezza dei problemi ambientali.

Lo stesso vale per le chiatte, che vengono ritenute la modalità di trasporto più sensibile all'ambiente di tutte.

Pertanto, se si guarda il bicchiere ferroviario e lo si vede mezzo vuoto invece che mezzo pieno, dov'è che le cose sono andate storte?

La domanda è stata recentemente espressa in occasione di un seminario organizzato a Parigi dallo ESC (Consiglio dei Caricatori Europei).

Henk Schaafstal, direttore tecnico della filiera organizzativa della Sabic, e Denis Schoumert, direttore acquisizioni e logistica della Ciments Calcia, hanno risposto com'era da attendersi che le ferrovie hanno bisogno di essere maggiormente proattive.

I caricatori devono ancora per primi trovare loro le soluzioni, invece di aspettare che gli operatori ferroviari vengano da loro con le proprie proposte.

Sono altresì necessarie migliori garanzie di servizio.

Denis Paillat, vice direttore della società ferroviaria privata in rapida crescita Veolia, ha ribattuto che le aspettative dei caricatori spesso sono risultate poco realistiche, tenendo presente che le tracce ferroviarie non sono come le strade e che occorre tempo per inserirle tra i servizi passeggeri.

Eric Demonant, amministratore delegato della Railink, appartenente alla CMA CGM ed alla Veolia, ha altresì sottolineato come la carenza di sufficienti affidamenti di carichi da parte dei caricatori continui a rendere difficile la pianificazione a lungo termine.

Se ne ricava che, anche se i servizi ferroviari stanno diventando migliori, si richiede molto di più per convincere i caricatori ad abbandonare la convenienza del trasporto stradale.

A questo riguardo, il discusso argomento relativo al fatto che le società ferroviarie private siano ancora in grado o meno di competere senza problemi contro i monopoli a controllo statale dovrebbe essere solo una questione secondaria.

Il vero dibattito è su come fare a rendere competitivo l'intero settore ferroviario.

Nicolette van der Jagt, segretario generale dell'ESC, commenta: "Il problema, in questo caso, è che qualcuno in ferrovia crede ancora che ciò dovrebbe ottenersi rendendo meno allettante il trasporto stradale, piuttosto che cercare di conseguire soluzioni più innovative.

Ad esempio, il settore ferroviario sta attualmente lottando contro la proposta di incrementare il peso e la lunghezza massimi dei veicoli stradali nell'Unione Europea perché questo renderebbe meno competitiva la ferrovia.

In realtà, invece, entrambe le modalità di trasporto hanno bisogno di essere rese più efficienti e non solo una o l'altra".

Pertanto, che cosa si può conseguire in più realisticamente nel Benelux?

La risposta è difficile quando si tenta di quantificarla, dal momento che non sono ancora disponibili cifre più dettagliate sulla ripartizione modale, in particolar modo per i traffici containerizzati movimentati nell'ambito dell'area portuale, per la quale il trasporto ferroviario normalmente rappresenta un fallimento in partenza.

Inoltre, le opinioni su dove normalmente risieda la linea di divisione fra strada e rotaia restano aspramente contrastate, spaziando fra i 150 ed i 500 km.

Ad ogni modo, questa potrebbe sembrare una grande distanza in paesi piccoli come i Paesi Bassi ed il Belgio, ma occorrerebbe ricordare come gran parte dei traffici containerizzati dei loro porti si indirizzi verso o provenga da paesi distanti quali la Germania, la Francia, l'Austria e la Svizzera.

Ad Amburgo, dove c'è poco trasporto fluviale, la quota di mercato della ferrovia nel 2006 è stata del 26,7%, rispetto al 29,8% del 2005.

Sebbene anche questa tendenza delle quote di mercato sia stata in ribasso, malgrado il trasporto di un maggiore quantitativo di carichi, essa suggerisce che se le società ferroviarie nel Benelux potessero coordinare meglio le proprie iniziative, si potrebbero conseguire molti traffici in più.

Secondo il Porto di Amburgo, approssimativamente il 10% dei propri traffici viene riempito o svuotato nell'area portuale.

Un altro 30% va verso o proviene dalle immediate vicinanze della città, mentre il 30% viene trasbordato.

Ciò lascia appena un 30% a disposizione per il trasporto a lunga distanza, del quale la ferrovia controlla il 70% circa.

C'è una montagna da scalare per il Benelux, perciò.

Il problema è complicato dal gran numero di terminal che devo essere serviti a Rotterdam ed Anversa.

Ciò significa che invece di inviare i treni interi da ciascun terminal direttamente all'hinterland, normalmente occorre perdere tempo per formare i convogli con i carri provenienti da terminal diversi, allo scopo di formare treni carichi abbastanza completi.

Anche se entrambi i porti hanno recentemente investito notevolmente in piazzali di smistamento moderni, le operazioni restano ben lungi dall'essere ideali, per ovvie ragioni, in particolare ad Anversa, dove esistono terminal sulle due rive della Schelda.

Non sorprende, pertanto, che si sia appreso che la sua Autorità Portuale sia intenzionata a dare il via a servizi navetta propri.

Il problema è aggravato dal modo frammentato con cui viene controllato il trasporto terrestre.

Esso rende più complicato per i servizi aggiuntivi ferroviari e fluviali in ciascun terminal il compito di mettere assieme una sufficiente base di carico.

Le informazioni a questo riguardo sono difficili da reperire, ma la tabella 3 riporta l'esperienza della Maersk Line a Rotterdam nel 2007 e come questa si confronti con la ripartizione modale del porto di Rotterdam nel 2006, nonché con i suoi obiettivi per il 2035.

Tabella 3: Prestazioni della Maersk Line a Rotterdam nel 2007

Controllo del carico

Chiatta

Ferrovia

Strada

Trasporto del vettore marittimo

42%

32%

25%

Trasporto del proprietario della merce

9%

27%

65%

Porto di Rotterdam (2006)

39%

13%

48%

Porto di Rotterdam - Obiettivo per il 2035

45%

20%

35%

Fonte: Maersk Line, Porto di Rotterdam

Come si può vedere, dove una parte ha abbastanza traffico, come nel caso del trasporto terrestre controllato dal vettore marittimo, vengono preferiti i servizi ferroviari e fluviali, mentre nel caso del trasporto controllato dal proprietario della merce, dove ci sono molte piccole agenzie di logistica in lotta per piccoli margini, l'autotrasporto è più popolare.

Restano valide altresì le argomentazioni delle società ferroviarie circa la difficoltà di ottenere tracce ferroviarie concordate con breve preavviso, anche se gran parte del trasporto ferroviario da e per Anversa e Rotterdam adesso avviene di notte, evitando di conseguenza la concomitanza con i servizi paseggeri.

La mega-soluzione di Rotterdam di dare il via al proprio collegamento ferroviario solo merci Betuwe lo scorso anno in direzione del confine tedesco, a 160 km di distanza, promette molto bene, ma deve ancora prendere piede a causa di difficoltà tecniche.

Non molti treni sono già equipaggiati con il necessario sistema europeo di sicurezza (ERTMS).

Peraltro, quando quel collegamento ferroviario allo stato dell'arte decollerà, avrà il potenziale per cambiare in modo significativo lo scenario modale nei Paesi Bassi.

Fra gli altri miglioramenti ferroviari introdotti a Rotterdam lo scorso anno vi è un accordo fra società ferroviarie per consentire ai loro locomotori di agganciare i carri altrui reciprocamente in condizioni standard.

Fino a questo momento, pochi avevano tentato di farlo per timore di conseguenze legali.

Pertanto, se una colonna di carri carichi di contenitori ferma in un terminal aveva bisogno di essere smistata, doveva star lì sino a quando un locomotore appartenente alla stessa società non fosse arrivato ad agganciarla.

Adesso, il locomotore di un'altra società impegnato in un altro servizio può più facilmente essere utilizzato per questo lavoro.

Questo sviluppo evidenzia come possano essere fatte cose semplici per migliorare l'affidabilità del servizio ferroviario, rispetto al nascondersi dietro ad una inutile difesa ad oltranza di infrastrutture ferroviarie inefficienti.

Anche il porto in rapida crescita di Amsterdam condivide la gestione del collegamento ferroviario Betuwe.

Lo scorso anno, solo il 10% dei traffici portuali è stato movimentato per ferrovia, mentre le idrovie (40%) e la strada (50%) hanno trasportato il resto.

Come i porti di Rotterdam, Anversa e Zeebrugge, anch'esso è in durissima concorrenza per i carichi da e per il più grande porto interno europeo, Duisburg in Germania, i cui traffici ferroviari lo scorso anno sono aumentati di un impressionante 23% sino a 531.000 TEU.

Tale risultato dimostra come mai le società ferroviarie esterne, come la Deutsche Bahn Intermodal, desiderino una fetta maggiore della torta.

Il dr. Sebastian Jurgens, c.e.o. del porto, che recentemente ha chiarito come Rotterdam venga considerata un ‘importante area di crescita, commenta al riguardo: "Ad Amburgo, la ferrovia ha una ripartizione modale del 32%, mentre nel caso di Rotterdam essa è del solo 11%.

C'è ancora un sacco di spazio oltre quella cifra e noi vorremmo sfruttare quel potenziale con nuovi servizi coordinati, quale la realizzazione di nuovi servizi del tipo hub and spoke".

Peraltro, è improbabile che gli autotrasportatori restino fermi abbastanza a lungo perché ciò possa realizzarsi facilmente.

La congestione dei traffici stradali potrà anche diventare peggiore ed i costi del carburante, che rappresentano oltre il 50% dei loro costi di esercizio, stanno ancora crescendo, ma nulla per il momento si avvicina alla flessibilità offerta dai camion.

Si potrebbe giustificare chi pensa che la loro posizione concorrenziale a Zeebrugge, che non è circondato da una città tentacolare e dispone di due soli terminal, sarebbe meno favorevole, ma, anche lì, hanno chiuso lo scorso anno con una quota di mercato del 57,3%.

Nel totale di questi calcoli è compreso il 14,9% dei carichi di trasbordo; tuttavia, pur escludendo tale apporto, la quota sarebbe comunque stata più elevata.

La quota di mercato della strada, ciononostante, era stata inferiore nell'ordine del 2,7% nel 2006, probabilmente a causa della crescente presenza nel porto della Maersk Line e della CMA CGM.

Al contrario, la quota di mercato delle ferrovie è aumentata dal 16% al 18,2% (riferita al totale compresi i carichi di trasbordo) in ragione del miglioramento dei servizi da Duisburg a Mannheim.

La situazione apparirebbe molto diversa se meno carichi di passaggio a Zeebrugge venissero invece spediti ai sensi di una polizza di carico ad Anversa ed indirizzata direttamente alla volta dei locali degli importatori/esportatori.
(da: Containerisation International, maggio 2008, pagg. 65-67)


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Ravenna
In the first seven months of 2025, growth was +5.4%
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -3.2%.
Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
Wista Italy denounces the exclusion of women from the nominations of port authority presidents.
Milan
Musso: The glass ceiling that prevents women from accessing leadership roles remains.
Austrian Rail Cargo Group is focusing on the development of the Sommacampagna-Sona intermodal terminal.
Vienna
Ten-year agreement
In the second quarter, maritime traffic in the Bosphorus Strait decreased by -6.0%
Ankara
18.1% decline in ships over 200 metres in length
Fifty kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Civitavecchia
Rome
They were hidden inside a reefer container arriving from Ecuador
Trump has eliminated tariff exemptions for low-cost goods for all nations.
Washington
Goods with a value of less than $800 will also be subject to the tax.
Viking Mira was launched at Fincantieri's Ancona shipyard
Trieste
The multi-role frigate "Emilio Bianchi" was delivered to the Muggiano shipyard
The Port Authority of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea has obtained EMAS registration
Ravenna
Certifies commitment to environmental management and sustainability
MSC Cruises reduces emissions with the support of an energy transition plan
Geneva
The 2024 Sustainability Report has been presented
DSV reports strong growth in financial and operating results thanks to the acquisition of Schenker
Hedehusene
Quarterly record in air and ocean shipment volumes
In 2024, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues increased by +12.8%
Genoa
Operating result down by -31.7%
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