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14 October 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXVII - Number 1/2009 - JANUARY 2009

Progresso e tecnologia

L'aumento della produttività delle gru STS: uno strumento per ridurre i costi

Ottenere una piccola tregua nel contesto dell'implacabile crescita e della crescente domanda è qualcosa in cui molti operatori terminalistici si sarebbero gettati a capofitto un anno fa: tempo per prendere fiato ed organizzarsi per far fronte alla domanda ancora maggiore ingenerata dalle navi più grandi.

La tregua che è arrivata, peraltro, è stata improvvisa e spettacolare e porta con sé molta incertezza per il futuro.

La crisi creditizia seguita dalla recessione in molti paesi ed il serio rallentamento dei traffici a livello mondiale hanno generato molta incertezza.

Ci sarà denaro a disposizione per finanziare le navi sotto ordinazione?

La domanda tornerà a riempirle quando saranno in servizio?

Ci sarà una richiesta di gru da destinare al servizio delle nuove navi e ci sarà denaro a disposizione per acquistarle?

La cascata di navi panamax e post-panamax giungerà presto come ci si aspettava ed i terminal che la stavano aspettando dovranno ripensare le proprie strategie?

Il numero di gru STS consegnate annualmente è stato superiore alle 300 unità nell'ultimo paio d'anni, mentre quasi 1.500 ne erano state consegnate negli ultimi cinque anni, con un investimento complessivo per circa 10,5 miliardi di dollari USA.

E' probabile che le consegne del 2009 non saranno inferiori in modo apprezzabile rispetto alle annate precedenti, poiché la maggior parte di tali navi era stata ordinata in precedenza.

I terminal che dovranno riceverle spereranno che la domanda possa tornare ai livelli precedenti alla crisi creditizia e che i loro investimenti di capitale risultino così giustificati.

Peraltro, vi sono segnali secondo cui alcuni operatori terminalistici che erano intenzionati a piazzare ordinazioni con consegna nel 2010 e 2011 con tutta probabilità le sospenderanno per un po'.

C'è stato un considerevole balzo dei prezzi delle gru STS nel corso dell'ultimo paio d'anni, secondo Dave Rudolf della TechPort Consultants, che lavora come consulente con il produttore cinese ZPMC ed in precedenza aveva fatto esperienza per molti anni con la VIT (Virginia International Terminals).

A suo dire, una gru post-panamax standard da 1.500 tonnellate con velocità e sbraccio tipici adesso si aggira sui 9,5 milioni di dollari USA, rispetto ai 7,5 milioni di dollari di un paio d'anni fa.

Una combinazione di fattori ha indotto questo incremento, ma in prima linea ci sono la debolezza del dollaro ed il prezzo dell'acciaio, seguiti dall'incremento del costo del lavoro in Cina e del costo del carburante.

Gran parte di tali aumenti hanno avuto un'inversione di tendenza da ultimo; il dollaro ha riguadagnato un po' di terreno, al punto che la preferenza dei produttori cinesi per l'euro si sta attenuando.

La minaccia di recessione può avere avuto un impatto sul consumo di acciaio e, perciò, sui prezzi, mentre i prezzi del carburante sono calati.

Il costo del lavoro, peraltro, in particolare in Cina, probabilmente non diminuirà in modo apprezzabile.

L'emergente classe media in Cina domanda un miglioramento dei benefit d'impiego ed i lavoratori chiedono una maggiore protezione dell'occupazione.

La gestione dei costi del lavoro della produzione è un'area cui tutti i produttori di gru si sono rivolti nel corso dell'ultimo decennio, molti dei quali mediante l'istituzione di qualche capacità produttiva in zone a basso costo, fossero in Europa orientale, in Cina od altrove in Asia.

Il costo del carburante è una questione che riguarda non solo la produzione ma anche la consegna delle gru STS.

Trasportare questi mostri attraverso gli oceani è costoso e costituisce una porzione non insignificante del prezzo di consegna.

Il fatto che la ZPMC abbia una flotta di 24 navi di proprietà dedicate alla consegna delle gru - siano esse gru da piazzale o STS - le conferisce un netto vantaggio rispetto ai suoi concorrenti per quanto attiene il controllo dei costi e la pianificazione dei tempi.

La pianificazione delle operazioni terminalistiche per la movimentazione di navi di crescenti dimensioni e costi è la sfida che gli operatori terminalistici devono affrontare.

Dati i costi delle operazioni navali superiori ai 50.000 dollari al giorno - e quelli delle nuove e più grandi navi sono attestati a 60.000 dollari - i loro clienti delle linee di navigazione ovviamente domandano molto.

Gli accordi commerciali fra terminal e linee di navigazione non sono di dominio pubblico ma, se essi non esistono già, gli accordi con penalità od incentivi per operazioni in ritardo o puntuali non tarderanno ad essere sottoscritti.

La produttività terminalistica è una questione complessa.

Molta attenzione viene prestata ai sollevamenti di contenitori all'ora conseguiti dalle gru STS ma, naturalmente, ciò può alimentare la produttività complessiva del terminal solo se le operazioni terrestri reggono il passo.

Vi sono pochi studi empirici sulle cause dei ritardi delle STS ma qualche anno fa è stato elaborato uno studio al VIT mediante l'uso di squadre di osservatori per monitorare e registrare ogni ritardo.

Naturalmente ogni terminal è diverso e Rudolf sostiene che è impossibile "confrontare una mela con un'altra", ma i risultati dello studio sono degni di nota e quelli fondamentali sono cambiati di poco nel corso degli anni.

Si è stabilito che i ritardi rappresentano il 18% del tempo operativo complessivo.

Naturalmente, ci sarà sempre qualche ritardo inevitabile nelle operazioni con gru, il che mette in evidenza la necessità di lavorare il più alla svelta possibile quando le cose vanno per il verso giusto.

I produttori di gru mettono nelle proprie macchine ogni sorta di congegno atto a massimizzare la produttività.

Una delle principali cause di ritardo avviene nel momento in cui la STS si interfaccia con le operazioni terrestri.

Il caso più estremo si ha quando non c'è nessun camion disponibile per consegnare o prendere un box.

Ma ci sono anche molti ritardi di pochi secondi quando la gru deve destreggiarsi un po' per collocare il container.

La Liebherr Container Cranes con sede a Killarney, in Irlanda, ha affrontato questo problema mediante l'adozione di sistemi di posizionamento delle gru straddle e dei camion.

Gerry Bunyan, direttore vendite e marketing, dichiara che il produttore offre diversi sistemi differenti sulle proprie gru STS, da un sistema di base per il posizionamento delle straddle carrier impostato su un riflettore posteriore, sino ad un più avanzato sistema di posizionamento dei trailer che utilizza scannerizzatori laser montato a livello del predellino.

L'obiettivo di entrambi i sistemi è quello di consentire un posizionamento preciso delle straddle carrier e dei trailer nell'ambito della campata della gru o sotto il raggio d'azione posteriore della gru per movimentazione rapide di carico/scarico.

Nel corso dell'operazione, gli autisti dei camion o delle straddle posizionano i propri veicoli nella zona della corsia di servizio ed il semaforo di conferma indica il posizionamento ottimale per la successiva movimentazione della gru.

Si elimina così l'avanzamento per piccoli spostamenti dei camion sotto la gru e, a detta di Bunyan, la Liebherr ha ricevuto buone relazioni circa le prestazioni di miglioramento della produttività di questi strumenti.

La competenza dell'operatore delle gru è probabilmente il fattore più decisivo nella produttività delle gru e molti strumenti sono stati sviluppati per assisterli, ma parecchi di loro non sono stati utilizzati quanto si sarebbe potuto.

Spesso gli operatori più esperti ritengono di poter fare il lavoro meglio se lo fanno da sé.

Sulle gru vengono comunemente installati sistemi anti-rollio ed i produttori dichiarano di aver riscosso un grande successo, ma gli operatori esperti spesso li usano solo parzialmente o per nulla del tutto.

Sono stati condotti anche esperimenti finalizzati a portare gli operatori fuori dal trolley, ma in genere questo non piace loro poiché affermano che così perdono la sensibilità della movimentazione.

Rudolf ha effettuato qualche simulazione al computer per stabilire se, data l'esigenza di gru più grandi per servire le navi più grandi, la produttività delle STS possa essere mantenuta o addirittura migliorata mediante l'incremento della velocità e dell'accelerazione del paranco e del trolley.

Le odierne tipiche gru STS di tipo alto dispongono di velocità del paranco pari a 90 metri/minuto e di un'accelerazione di 0,75 metri/secondo con velocità del trolley pari a 244 metri/minuto ed un'accelerazione di 0,7 metri/secondo.

Utilizzando queste cifre, la simulazione mostra come una nave panamax servita da una gru appropriata con scartamento di 30 metri potrebbe movimentare 50 contenitori all'ora, mentre una unità della classe Emma servita da una gru con scartamento di 43 metri potrebbe conseguire 43 movimentazioni di contenitori all'ora, ovvero il 15% in meno.

Naturalmente, poiché le cifre inerenti al numero di contenitori/ora deriva da una simulazione computerizzata, esso dev'essere adattato a fattori operativi reali quali quelli delineati pocanzi.

La domanda è se incrementando la velocità del paranco e del trolley si riesce a colmare questo divario.

Un fattore di cui occorre tener conto è l'effetto delle maggiori velocità sull'operatore della gru.

Le forze di gravità sperimentate sono di un livello accettabile?

Rudolf afferma che la forza esercitata sul corpo umano dalle montagne russe è di 5G, quella di una macchina da corsa Indy è di 2G in fase di accelerazione e 5G in curva, mentre una Porsche Turbo in fase di accelerazione esercita una forza di 10G.

Ciò, rispetto ad una forza di 0,08G sperimentata da un gruista STS che lavora sulle odierne gru top-end.

Pertanto, in questo caso non sembra vi siano troppi problemi.

Per avere conferma di questo, Rudolf ha intervistato molti operatori esperti di gru che gli hanno riferito di ritenere che non avrebbero avuto problemi con una velocità del trolley due volte superiore a quella odierna.

Peraltro, in effetti, la velocità del trolley non è il principale contribuente all'equazione.

Se le velocità del paranco venissero incrementate dalle attuali cifre del 35% sia per la velocità che per l'accelerazione e se le velocità del trolley venissero aumentate del 25% per la velocità e dell'80% per l'accelerazione, la simulazione ha mostrato che la maggior parte del divario fra panamax e mega-navi potrebbe essere recuperato quasi del 3%.

Il principale contribuente è la velocità del paranco, in cui il guadagno è pari al 6%, seguito dal 3% ottenuto dall'incremento dell'accelerazione del paranco stesso.

Subito dietro seguono la velocità e l'accelerazione del trolley, dalle quali derivano rispettivamente guadagni del 2% e 1%.

I risultati della simulazione sono stati confermati da un confronto operativo reale svolto al VIT.

La prestazione delle gru installate nel 1999 è stata messa a confronto con quella di alcune macchine più grandi del 2005.

I modelli del 1999 avevano una velocità del paranco di 75 metri/minuto ed un'accelerazione di 0,67 metri/secondo rispetto ai 90 metri/minuto ed agli 0,80 metri/secondo riscontrati sulle macchine più recenti.

Il numero reale di contenitori all'ora movimentati è aumentato da 32 a 36, con un incremento del 12,5%, che - è interessante notare - è stato superiore al miglioramento del 7% previsto da una simulazione al computer.

Pertanto, sembra che le velocità delle gru più rapide riesca a mantenere i livelli di produttività richiesti, ma vi sono conseguenze per quel che attiene i costi.

Velocità maggiori significano motori, cavi, componenti elettrici e - ciò che più importa - struttura delle gru rinforzati.

In tal modo, prima di seguire questo percorso, occorre effettuare una minuziosa analisi dei costi/benefici che ne derivano.

Si dovrebbero affrontare, poi, le vecchie e meno sostanziali questioni della stivatura della nave e dell'interfaccia terrestre.

Se una di queste componenti non dovesse essere ottimizzata, i vantaggi derivanti da una gru più veloce potrebbero essere annullati.
(da: Cargo Systems, dicembre 2008, pagg. 42-43)



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Geodis appoints Maurizio Bortolan as CEO for Italy
Milan
It will coordinate the three business lines Contract Logistics, Freight Forwarding and Road Transport
Port of Livorno: Protests over Gaza must not block operations.
Livorno
The members of the Partnership Body highlighted the need for it to be accessible to all vessels
GNV, agreement with Sicilian terminal operator Portitalia is positive.
Genoa
The company specified that the aim was exclusively to temporarily supplement the tariffs.
Two days of work with ESPO in Rome on the Mediterranean and European ports
Rome
Meetings organized by Assoporti
In 2024, 112 million counterfeit items were seized in the European Union.
Brussels
Record estimated value of 3.8 billion euros
Strikes and protests in ports, request for information from the Guarantor
Rome
Request for information from prefects, port authorities, and port authorities
Danaos Corporation has ordered two 7,165 TEU containerships from Dalian Shanhaiguan.
Athens
They will be taken into delivery in the third quarter of 2027
In the second quarter, freight traffic on the Austrian rail network fell by -1.4%.
Vienna
Only domestic traffic is growing
ALS (FBH Group) has acquired 80% of Trans World Shipping and Moda Express of USA.
Rozzano
The two companies have 500 employees and are active in Italy, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Circle's revenue increased by 62.1% in the first half of 2025
Milan
Net profit of over 1.0 million euros (+1.8%)
A Ukrainian delegation hosted by the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority
Livorno
Cooperation in the field of training and safety at work in ports
The EIB is financing Phase A of Genoa's new breakwater with €300 million.
Luxembourg
The total investment is 937 million euros
This summer, GNV ships carried 1.7 million passengers (+9%)
Valencia
In the next few days the company will take delivery of "GNV Virgo", the first LNG-powered vessel
The project for the expansion, safety improvements, and extraordinary maintenance of the port of Pozzallo has been presented.
Pozzallo
It provides for the construction of the breakwater arm
Fincantieri delivers the new Star Princess cruise ship to Princess Cruises
Monfalcone
It has a gross tonnage of 177,800 tons and a capacity of 4,300 passengers.
A seminar on the new law on interports will be held in Milan on October 2nd.
Milan
It is organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Padua
Filt Cgil calls on port administrators and businesses to join the action against the Palestinian massacre.
Rome
This burden – the union highlighted – cannot be placed solely on the shoulders of dock workers.
The agreement between the Italian Merchant Marine Academy Foundation and the NATO Center in La Spezia has been renewed.
Genoa
The collaboration signed in 2023 has been confirmed
Fischer & Rechsteiner and Gimax International acquire BCUBE's Freight Forwarding business.
Genoa
The completion of the transaction is expected in the next few days
Fermerci outlines a dramatic scenario for the European rail freight transport sector
Rome
Rizzi: There is a real risk of a shift towards exclusively road transport.
Sogedim opens a new branch in Modena
Mesero
Initially, the activity will be dedicated exclusively to UK export traffic and will then extend to other European markets.
Eni completes the sale of a 30% stake in the Baleine project in Ivory Coast to Vitol.
San Donato Milanese
The field was discovered in 2021 and production started in 2023
The new PCTC Grande Svezia has joined the Grimaldi Group's fleet.
Naples
It has a maximum capacity of 9,000 ceu
The Cagliari City Council approves its opinion on the Sardinian Ports Development Plan.
Cagliari
Green light unanimously
The railway sector contributes 1.4% of the European Union's GDP.
Brussels
Study commissioned by CER
In the port of Naples, the Coast Guard has detained the bulk carrier Tanais Dream.
Naples
Serious irregularities found on board
Agreement to accelerate the implementation of robotics in Fincantieri's production processes
Trieste
It was signed with the Friulian Idea Prototipi
Sergio Liardo is the new general commander of the Port Authority Corps - Coast Guard
Rome
He takes over from Admiral Nicola Carlone
DBA to supply new Terminal Operating System for Georgia's Batumi Port
Villorba
The project includes all phases of development, testing and operational testing
Attack on a ship in the Gulf of Aden
Portsmouth
The captain reported hearing an impact in the water and an explosion
Danilo Ricci has been appointed managing director of Tarros Line.
La Spezia
He has held various positions in Italy and abroad within the group
Permanent discussion table between Confindustria Nautica and Federagenti
Genoa
This is provided for in an agreement signed today in Genoa
In the first half of 2025, cruise traffic in Italian ports grew by +6%
Venice
The twelfth edition of Italian Cruise Day will be held in Catania on October 24th.
SAL Heavy Lift buys two semi-submersible vessels from Pan Ocean
Hamburg
They were built in 2008 and 2012
30% of Sangritana Cargo will be acquired by the Marche-based company Transadriatico
The Eagle
The sale will be completed in the next few days
The eighth edition of "A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 6th.
Lugano
Forum on economic and logistical integration between Ligurian ports, the Northwest manufacturing area, and Switzerland
Assoporti will meet at RemTech EXPO 2025 to discuss the green transition in Italian ports.
Ferrara
The Smart Ports Award was awarded to three Port System Authorities
DEME orders new cable-laying vessel from Singapore-based PaxOcean
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It will be built in the Chinese shipyard of Zhoushan
The first shipment of Syrian oil in 14 years arrives at the port of Trieste.
London
Part of the cargo - S&P Global Commodity Insights reports - was unloaded at the Sardinian terminal of Sarroch
In August, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +20.3%
Taranto
The ferry "Drea" was also rejected by the Apulian port, where however it is temporarily stopped
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August.
Los Angeles
Volumes expected to decline in the remainder of 2025
Meeting between the port authorities of Jacksonville and Livorno
Livorno
Among the objectives, to start one or more direct services between the two ports
Italian State Railways and ENAC sign an agreement for the use of drones in infrastructure monitoring.
Rome
They will also be used to fly over sections of the railway and road network that would otherwise be difficult to monitor.
A.SPE.DO, the port of La Spezia is essential to ensuring employment, development, and a future for the local economy.
La Spezia
Landolfi: We cannot afford to underestimate its value.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A seminar on the new law on interports will be held in Milan on October 2nd.
Milan
It is organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Padua
The eighth edition of "A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 6th.
Lugano
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
We'II Rebuild Apapa, Tin-Can Ports In 48 Months - Dantsoho
(Leadership)
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The MIT meets with the heads of the Italian AdSPs
Rome
Meeting on the government's strategic vision for the sector and port reform
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean Co. to build seven 15,880 TEU container ships
Keelung
They will be delivered between 2028 and 2029
Over 40 expressions of interest have been received for the development of the Ukrainian port of Chornomorsk.
Kiev
Today the first meeting of the tender commission
The first commercial ship is expected at the public dock in Largo Trattaroli in Ravenna.
Ravenna
The car carrier "AICC Huanghu" is coming soon
Assiterminal's Terminal Road Show is starting
Genoa
Cognolato: We want to strengthen our ties with local communities and territories.
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach decreased by 1.3% last month.
Long Beach
Empty containers are increasing. Full containers are decreasing.
Assoporti, the Italian ports' cruise offerings presented at the Seatrade Europe fair.
Hamburg
Giampieri: We are leaders in the Mediterranean area and in Europe
Commander Claudio Tomei, USCLAC president from 2012 to 2024, has passed away.
Viareggio
His strong commitment to improving the working conditions of Italian seafarers
In the first quarter of 2025, cargo traffic in Greek ports grew by +1.4%
Piraeus
Passengers down by -1.1%
HD Hyundai Samho Orders Four New Container Ships
Seoul
Order worth approximately 468 million dollars
Trieste: Fraudulent bankruptcy in the shipbuilding sector
Trieste
Investigation into a company based in Palermo
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by 7.4% in August.
Hong Kong
In the first eight months of 2025 the decline was -3.8%
Container traffic at the port of Singapore continued to decline in August
Singapore
Total volume of goods increased by +1.1%
BigLift Shipping and CY Shipping order two additional heavy lift vessels
Amsterdam
Order placed at Chinese shipyard Jing Jiang Nanyang Shipbuilding Co.
The Charthage ferry was placed under administrative detention in the port of Genoa
Genoa
A Coast Guard inspection found numerous deficiencies
Disney Cruise Line's largest ship's debut delayed by three months
Lake Buena Vista
Construction delays force the maiden voyage to be postponed until March 10th.
Shell to supply liquefied biomethane to Hapag-Lloyd containerships
Hamburg
Agreement effective immediately
Andrea Zoratti has been appointed general manager of Hub Telematica
Genoa
The company is controlled by Assagenti and Spediporto
Jotun and Messina sign agreement to improve the environmental and commercial performance of ships.
Genoa
The "Jolly Rosa" vessel will use the Hull Skating Solutions solution
PSA Genova Pra' announces the hiring of 25 people dedicated to container handling.
Genoa
Ferrari: International markets have changed profoundly
CMA CGM will not apply surcharges for new US taxes on Chinese vessels and Chinese services
Marseille
The rates announced by the USTR in April will apply from October 14th.
South Korean HJ Shipbuilding wins orders for four 8,850 TEU containerships
Busan
Orders with a total value of approximately 461 million dollars
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
GNV has inaugurated a new office in Barcelona
Barcelona
The company currently has 52 employees throughout Spain.
Port of Trieste: EU funding for two new projects
Trieste
Resources with a total value of 1.7 million euros
Filt Cgil, the Flotilla incident is serious. Dockworkers are ready to mobilize.
Rome
Union announces action if aid is not allowed to reach Gaza
In the first eight months of 2025, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +10.6%
Gioia Tauro
2,912,943 TEUs were handled
Stena Line to buy Latvian port operator Terrabalt
Gothenburg
It handles rolling stock, bulk cargo, and general cargo traffic in the port of Liepaja.
Meyer Turku begins construction of Royal Caribbean's fourth "Icon"-class cruise ship
Miami/Turku
It will be delivered in 2027
More than one in ten maritime shipments has shortages
Washington
This is what a report by the World Shipping Council has revealed, highlighting the safety risks
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