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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXVII - Number 3/2009 - MARCH 2009

Porti

Il drago cinese è ancora vivace

Adesso, ormai, si tratta di acqua passata: ma gli ultimi anni dei leggendari traffici dell'Asia orientale avevano indotto tutti quanti a saltare sul carro della costruzione dei porti costieri.

Tuttavia, alcuni ci erano saltati sopra in modo notevolmente più pesante di altri.

Le ultime linee-guida quinquennali della Cina miravano ad effettuare un massiccio investimento da 810 miliardi di dollari USA nei trasporti, porti e ferrovie compresi, entro il 2010.

L'effetto è stato quello di suscitare interesse al riguardo in tutta la regione, in quanto i porti erano preoccupati dalla possibilità di essere esclusi dal boom in atto in ragione della carenza di fondi.

Tuttavia, il carro dei vincitori adesso sembra che abbia perso una ruota, dal momento che molti porti containerizzati che avevano fatto affidamento sulle esportazioni della produzione hanno cominciato a sudare freddo a causa del brusco calo dei volumi.

Pertanto, adesso, che cosa accadrà? Nella sola Cina questi due mercati hanno rappresentato il 38% circa delle esportazioni complessive e Christopher Runckel, della Runckel Associates, afferma senza mezzi termini che dal momento che queste industrie costiere sono componenti decisive del sistema complessivo cinese, costituendo quasi il 40% del prodotto interno lordo, "il governo non può permettere che esse falliscano".

In una rara intervista del quotidiano britannico Financial Times al premier cinese Wen Jiabao viene supportata tale opinione: "Una buona gestione dei nostri affari è il nostro maggior contributo all'umanità" dichiara Wen "dobbiamo compiere passi efficaci".

Potrebbe sembrare che ciò in parte si riferisca all'annuncio di un pacchetto destinato alle infrastrutture - porti compresi - da 585 miliardi di dollari USA al fine di stimolare l'economia.

Ma, come sottolinea Simon Su, direttore ed economist capo della BMT Asia Pacific, questo provocherà ricadute altrove data la limitazione del mercato.
Afferma Su: "Altri porti potrebbero subire delle conseguenze se Shanghai e gli altri scali della zona si dessero da fare per movimentare altri traffici di trasbordo effettuando maggiori investimenti: ad esempio, questo potrebbe addirittura spingere i porti coreani fuori dai traffici di trasbordo cinesi centro-settentrionali".

Tuttavia, l'impatto sulla ricaduta economica è stata di varia natura nell'ambito della Cina, aggiunge Su.

Il raggruppamento dei tre principali porti lungo le aree costiere del paese, cioè il delta del fiume Yangtze, il delta del fiume delle Perle e la zona del golfo di Bo Hai, al riguardo è stato interessato in modo alquanto diverso a seconda dei casi.

I porti attorno al delta del fiume delle Perle (fra cui Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang, Shantou, Zhuhai e Zhongshan) hanno in genere dovuto subire le peggiori conseguenze alla luce del declino del mercato delle esportazioni e la regione è stata afflitta pesantemente dalla chiusura di varie industrie.
Anche se tutti i porti principali hanno avviato lavori nel corso degli ultimi anni, Guangzhou ha fatto notevolmente meglio di molti altri.

Non solo, in effetti, il porto ha investito in corsie mare-fiume, che lo hanno trasformato da porto fluviale a hub marittimo integrato con 617 ormeggi, 51 dei quali dispongono di una capacità di oltre 10.000 t.s.l., ma dispone altresì di un servizio navetta integrato di chiatte a basso costo che si raccorda con gli altri porti a nord e a sud del delta dei porti: un valore per i caricatori della zona.

Questo traffico nazionale ha irrobustito il porto in questione, comportando sia una sua crescita del 20% lo scorso anno, sia una qual certa capacità di resistenza rispetto ai capricci del mercato in esportazione: qualcosa che gli altri porti della zona non hanno.
Dati i miliardi di dollari investiti nei terminal di Yantian a Shenzhen, Chiwan e Shekou, il governo aveva in origine previsto che sia i porti del delta del fiume delle Perle, sia i terminal del delta del fiume Yangtze avrebbero raggiunto ciascuno entro il 2010 un risultato di circa 30 milioni di TEU.

Sembra che siano rimasti delusi.

Tuttavia Shenzen ed i suoi centri manifatturieri della provincia di Guangdong sono collegati in modo inestricabile - in senso sia fisico che finanziario - al porto di Hong Kong, situato a soli 37 km di distanza.
Qui, peraltro, un richiamo alla prudenza era stato fatto dall'autorità di Hong Kong anche prima della recessione, quando esse avevano ammesso nel 2006 che i suoi "traffici portuali sono in qualche modo limitati dalle limitate risorse territoriali e presentano costi complessivi di accesso maggiori rispetto a quelli dei principali porti continentali ".

Le società logistiche di conseguenza hanno sviato la propria attenzione verso funzioni hub rafforzate ed a valore aggiunto, invece di fare affidamento sul solo trasporto di merci.

E questo finora ha funzionato: lo scorso anno, circa un quarto dei traffici internazionali del continente cinese è stato instradato attraverso Hong Kong, per un valore pari a qualcosa come 525 miliardi di dollari USA.

Tuttavia, ci si aspetta che i traffici containerizzati nel 2009 rallentino sia a Hong Kong che a Shenzhen; la China Merchants Holdings, con sede a Hong Kong, ha recentemente annunciato tagli ai progetti di sviluppo e la decurtazione degli investimenti di capitale.

Al fine di alleviare la situazione, il governo centrale cinese ha recentemente svelato i provvedimenti che adotterà per proteggere gli interessi di Hong Kong, fra cui la promozione dello sviluppo congiunto di terminal contenitori, la costruzione di un ponte dal costo di vari miliardi di dollari per collegare Hong Kong a Macao ed alla città della Cina meridionale di Zhuhai, nonché la realizzazione di una ferrovia espressa che interconnette la città con Guangzhou e Shenzhen.
Il raggruppamento dei porti settentrionali attorno al golfo di Bo Hai (porti di Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yingkou, Qingdao e Rizhao) ha fatto una dura concorrenza per guadagnarsi una fetta della torta inerente allo sviluppo quinquennale.

Tianjin, peraltro, ha avuto il sostegno di Pechino: si trova giusto alla sua soglia e le sue cifre relative al 2007 quasi rivaleggiano con lo spunto di crescita del 20% di Guangzhou.
Secondo le "Linee Guida" nel 2010 si dovrebbe assistere al raggiungimento del valore di 200 miliardi di dollari da parte delle esportazioni ed importazioni del porto, nonché del risultato di 10 milioni di TEU, sulla scorta del massiccio sviluppo di impianti di produzione e lavorazione nella regione, con 20 nuovi ormeggi per container ed il dragaggio in profondità dei canali di navigazione, oltre all'area portuale doganale di Dongjiang.

Peraltro, sebbene i dati relativi al 2008 fissino ancora i risultati in 8,5 milioni di TEU, il porto è vulnerabile alle eccentricità del mercato dei box e la recessione è lì, pronta a mordere.
Tuttavia, sembra che altri riescano a vedere anche la possibilità che Bo Hai possa costituire un buon approdo nella tempesta.

La Shenzhen Yantian Port Group e la Hutchison Port Holdings hanno appena annunciato piani congiunti finalizzati alla realizzazione di un nuovo terminal contenitori a Yantian, sulla cima del promontorio che fronteggia Shandong a nord.

La fase iniziale comporterà la costruzione di un'area operativa di 1,39 milioni di metri2 collegati ad una banchina lunga 1.442 metri, il tutto mirato ad intrappolare il traffico diretto nella Cina settentrionale.

Il porto di Dalian, appollaiato sulla penisola nord-orientale di Liaodong, si trova in una buona posizione per le proprie attività di trasbordo del Pacifico (le seconde in ordine di grandezza nel continente).

La stessa importanza, peraltro, riveste l'altra sua branca principale, quella di maggiore terminal petrolifero cinese.

Circa la metà dei trasporti marittimi che passano attraverso Dalian è costituita da petrolio - un mercato più stabile per sua natura - il che significa che Dalian è in condizione di sopportare meglio i colpi provenienti dall'economia mondiale.

Tuttavia, il governo centrale non vuole correre rischi e quindi sta concedendo incentivi anche qui.

A gennaio sono state elaborate sette iniziative di politica preferenziale, fra cui pacchetti di rilevante entità relativi all'assistenza finanziaria, agli investimenti ed al supporto, oltre ad un favorevole regime fiscale che entrerà in vigore nella Zona Franca.

A febbraio, poi, i prezzi condivisi dei principali porti e delle maggiori linee di navigazione cinesi come CSD, Jinhui Holdings e Cosco sono balzati in alto, apparentemente sulla scorta delle aspettative sul pacchetto di stimoli del governo cinese.
A metà della linea costiera vi sono il delta del fiume Yangtze ed il raggruppamento dei porti attorno a Shanghai, fra cui Ningbo (il terzo in ordine di grandezza), giusto al di là del fiume.

I porti di Ningbo, Shanghai e Qingdao hanno effettuato notevoli investimenti negli ultimi anni; lo sviluppo marittimo di Shanghai vanta una banchina marittima lunga 3.000 metri e 120 gru a cavaliere su gomma, oltre ad un sofisticato parco logistico: Qingdao recentemente ha speso denari per attirare i traffici di box reefer box con 55.000 metri2 di magazzini del freddo assieme alla specialista Eimskip.

Tuttavia, come è successo dappertutto, i risultati recentemente sono calati drasticamente, sebbene un inatteso "rimbalzo" dei prezzi è derivato da Shanghai quando il governo ha annunciato che avrebbe ancora una volta sostenuto le ambizioni del suo porto di punta.

Inoltre, come spiega Su, tutte queste realizzazioni sulla costa orientale hanno comportato il mancato sfruttamento di estese zone.

"Ciò sarà al centro di nuove attenzioni da parte dei cinesi" afferma.

"Il governo ha cercato di incoraggiare gli investimenti e lo sviluppo spostandoli dalle zone orientali a quelle centro-occidentali" il che implica un ulteriore sviluppo dei porti del fiume Yangzte quali Chonqging, Wuhan e Nanjing.

E' interessante registrare quanto affermato da David Lammie della Yangtze Business Services: "Noi guardiamo alla domanda interna e, a dispetto della situazione a livello globale, i dati relativi al periodo dalla fine dell'anno scorso a gennaio di quest'anno mostrano una crescita ragionevolmente salda, in parte basata sullo sforzo di ricostruzione in seguito al terremoto di Sichuan, ma anche sulle derrate che vanno su e giù per il fiume, che contribuiscono a sostenere alquanto i traffici".

Lammie prosegue affermando che in parte le iniziative del governo mirano a spostare l'attenzione dalla linea costiera ulteriormente ad ovest.

"E' stato molto più costoso sulla costa orientale; pertanto, prendendo in considerazione le sole questioni logistiche, ciò che occorre per un ulteriore sviluppo è aprire l'interno della Cina agli investimenti in entrata" conclude, aggiungendo che ci si aspetta di aprire nuove zone di traffico con la Thailandia ed altri paesi asiatici.

Inoltre, Su ha evidenziato un altro paio di minacce nei confronti della Cina.

In primo luogo, la Cina sta cercando di coltivare il mercato delle partecipazioni private nella regione; d'altro canto, "il consolidamento è una cosa buona per il mercato" per quanto riguarda il governo cinese, tanto che quest'ultimo sta attivamente agevolando le acquisizioni e le fusioni.

Pertanto, da questi segnali si ricava il dato apparente che le questioni inerenti ai porti minori possano essere escluse nell'attuale clima.
Resta il problema, ovviamente, che, malgrado l'asserzione del premier cinese Wen secondo cui egli "confida che la Cina lavorerà con la comunità internazionale per superare assieme i momenti difficili ", se il governo cinese dovesse appoggiare certi porti alle estremità del mercato, è inevitabile che le altre regioni che non traggono vantaggi da tale supporto possano scoprire subito, piuttosto che dopo, che la fortuna è girata per le proprie attività portuali.
(da: portstrategy.com, 24.03.2009)



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Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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