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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXVII - Number 3/2009 - MARCH 2009

Porti

Il drago cinese è ancora vivace

Adesso, ormai, si tratta di acqua passata: ma gli ultimi anni dei leggendari traffici dell'Asia orientale avevano indotto tutti quanti a saltare sul carro della costruzione dei porti costieri.

Tuttavia, alcuni ci erano saltati sopra in modo notevolmente più pesante di altri.

Le ultime linee-guida quinquennali della Cina miravano ad effettuare un massiccio investimento da 810 miliardi di dollari USA nei trasporti, porti e ferrovie compresi, entro il 2010.

L'effetto è stato quello di suscitare interesse al riguardo in tutta la regione, in quanto i porti erano preoccupati dalla possibilità di essere esclusi dal boom in atto in ragione della carenza di fondi.

Tuttavia, il carro dei vincitori adesso sembra che abbia perso una ruota, dal momento che molti porti containerizzati che avevano fatto affidamento sulle esportazioni della produzione hanno cominciato a sudare freddo a causa del brusco calo dei volumi.

Pertanto, adesso, che cosa accadrà? Nella sola Cina questi due mercati hanno rappresentato il 38% circa delle esportazioni complessive e Christopher Runckel, della Runckel Associates, afferma senza mezzi termini che dal momento che queste industrie costiere sono componenti decisive del sistema complessivo cinese, costituendo quasi il 40% del prodotto interno lordo, "il governo non può permettere che esse falliscano".

In una rara intervista del quotidiano britannico Financial Times al premier cinese Wen Jiabao viene supportata tale opinione: "Una buona gestione dei nostri affari è il nostro maggior contributo all'umanità" dichiara Wen "dobbiamo compiere passi efficaci".

Potrebbe sembrare che ciò in parte si riferisca all'annuncio di un pacchetto destinato alle infrastrutture - porti compresi - da 585 miliardi di dollari USA al fine di stimolare l'economia.

Ma, come sottolinea Simon Su, direttore ed economist capo della BMT Asia Pacific, questo provocherà ricadute altrove data la limitazione del mercato.
Afferma Su: "Altri porti potrebbero subire delle conseguenze se Shanghai e gli altri scali della zona si dessero da fare per movimentare altri traffici di trasbordo effettuando maggiori investimenti: ad esempio, questo potrebbe addirittura spingere i porti coreani fuori dai traffici di trasbordo cinesi centro-settentrionali".

Tuttavia, l'impatto sulla ricaduta economica è stata di varia natura nell'ambito della Cina, aggiunge Su.

Il raggruppamento dei tre principali porti lungo le aree costiere del paese, cioè il delta del fiume Yangtze, il delta del fiume delle Perle e la zona del golfo di Bo Hai, al riguardo è stato interessato in modo alquanto diverso a seconda dei casi.

I porti attorno al delta del fiume delle Perle (fra cui Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang, Shantou, Zhuhai e Zhongshan) hanno in genere dovuto subire le peggiori conseguenze alla luce del declino del mercato delle esportazioni e la regione è stata afflitta pesantemente dalla chiusura di varie industrie.
Anche se tutti i porti principali hanno avviato lavori nel corso degli ultimi anni, Guangzhou ha fatto notevolmente meglio di molti altri.

Non solo, in effetti, il porto ha investito in corsie mare-fiume, che lo hanno trasformato da porto fluviale a hub marittimo integrato con 617 ormeggi, 51 dei quali dispongono di una capacità di oltre 10.000 t.s.l., ma dispone altresì di un servizio navetta integrato di chiatte a basso costo che si raccorda con gli altri porti a nord e a sud del delta dei porti: un valore per i caricatori della zona.

Questo traffico nazionale ha irrobustito il porto in questione, comportando sia una sua crescita del 20% lo scorso anno, sia una qual certa capacità di resistenza rispetto ai capricci del mercato in esportazione: qualcosa che gli altri porti della zona non hanno.
Dati i miliardi di dollari investiti nei terminal di Yantian a Shenzhen, Chiwan e Shekou, il governo aveva in origine previsto che sia i porti del delta del fiume delle Perle, sia i terminal del delta del fiume Yangtze avrebbero raggiunto ciascuno entro il 2010 un risultato di circa 30 milioni di TEU.

Sembra che siano rimasti delusi.

Tuttavia Shenzen ed i suoi centri manifatturieri della provincia di Guangdong sono collegati in modo inestricabile - in senso sia fisico che finanziario - al porto di Hong Kong, situato a soli 37 km di distanza.
Qui, peraltro, un richiamo alla prudenza era stato fatto dall'autorità di Hong Kong anche prima della recessione, quando esse avevano ammesso nel 2006 che i suoi "traffici portuali sono in qualche modo limitati dalle limitate risorse territoriali e presentano costi complessivi di accesso maggiori rispetto a quelli dei principali porti continentali ".

Le società logistiche di conseguenza hanno sviato la propria attenzione verso funzioni hub rafforzate ed a valore aggiunto, invece di fare affidamento sul solo trasporto di merci.

E questo finora ha funzionato: lo scorso anno, circa un quarto dei traffici internazionali del continente cinese è stato instradato attraverso Hong Kong, per un valore pari a qualcosa come 525 miliardi di dollari USA.

Tuttavia, ci si aspetta che i traffici containerizzati nel 2009 rallentino sia a Hong Kong che a Shenzhen; la China Merchants Holdings, con sede a Hong Kong, ha recentemente annunciato tagli ai progetti di sviluppo e la decurtazione degli investimenti di capitale.

Al fine di alleviare la situazione, il governo centrale cinese ha recentemente svelato i provvedimenti che adotterà per proteggere gli interessi di Hong Kong, fra cui la promozione dello sviluppo congiunto di terminal contenitori, la costruzione di un ponte dal costo di vari miliardi di dollari per collegare Hong Kong a Macao ed alla città della Cina meridionale di Zhuhai, nonché la realizzazione di una ferrovia espressa che interconnette la città con Guangzhou e Shenzhen.
Il raggruppamento dei porti settentrionali attorno al golfo di Bo Hai (porti di Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yingkou, Qingdao e Rizhao) ha fatto una dura concorrenza per guadagnarsi una fetta della torta inerente allo sviluppo quinquennale.

Tianjin, peraltro, ha avuto il sostegno di Pechino: si trova giusto alla sua soglia e le sue cifre relative al 2007 quasi rivaleggiano con lo spunto di crescita del 20% di Guangzhou.
Secondo le "Linee Guida" nel 2010 si dovrebbe assistere al raggiungimento del valore di 200 miliardi di dollari da parte delle esportazioni ed importazioni del porto, nonché del risultato di 10 milioni di TEU, sulla scorta del massiccio sviluppo di impianti di produzione e lavorazione nella regione, con 20 nuovi ormeggi per container ed il dragaggio in profondità dei canali di navigazione, oltre all'area portuale doganale di Dongjiang.

Peraltro, sebbene i dati relativi al 2008 fissino ancora i risultati in 8,5 milioni di TEU, il porto è vulnerabile alle eccentricità del mercato dei box e la recessione è lì, pronta a mordere.
Tuttavia, sembra che altri riescano a vedere anche la possibilità che Bo Hai possa costituire un buon approdo nella tempesta.

La Shenzhen Yantian Port Group e la Hutchison Port Holdings hanno appena annunciato piani congiunti finalizzati alla realizzazione di un nuovo terminal contenitori a Yantian, sulla cima del promontorio che fronteggia Shandong a nord.

La fase iniziale comporterà la costruzione di un'area operativa di 1,39 milioni di metri2 collegati ad una banchina lunga 1.442 metri, il tutto mirato ad intrappolare il traffico diretto nella Cina settentrionale.

Il porto di Dalian, appollaiato sulla penisola nord-orientale di Liaodong, si trova in una buona posizione per le proprie attività di trasbordo del Pacifico (le seconde in ordine di grandezza nel continente).

La stessa importanza, peraltro, riveste l'altra sua branca principale, quella di maggiore terminal petrolifero cinese.

Circa la metà dei trasporti marittimi che passano attraverso Dalian è costituita da petrolio - un mercato più stabile per sua natura - il che significa che Dalian è in condizione di sopportare meglio i colpi provenienti dall'economia mondiale.

Tuttavia, il governo centrale non vuole correre rischi e quindi sta concedendo incentivi anche qui.

A gennaio sono state elaborate sette iniziative di politica preferenziale, fra cui pacchetti di rilevante entità relativi all'assistenza finanziaria, agli investimenti ed al supporto, oltre ad un favorevole regime fiscale che entrerà in vigore nella Zona Franca.

A febbraio, poi, i prezzi condivisi dei principali porti e delle maggiori linee di navigazione cinesi come CSD, Jinhui Holdings e Cosco sono balzati in alto, apparentemente sulla scorta delle aspettative sul pacchetto di stimoli del governo cinese.
A metà della linea costiera vi sono il delta del fiume Yangtze ed il raggruppamento dei porti attorno a Shanghai, fra cui Ningbo (il terzo in ordine di grandezza), giusto al di là del fiume.

I porti di Ningbo, Shanghai e Qingdao hanno effettuato notevoli investimenti negli ultimi anni; lo sviluppo marittimo di Shanghai vanta una banchina marittima lunga 3.000 metri e 120 gru a cavaliere su gomma, oltre ad un sofisticato parco logistico: Qingdao recentemente ha speso denari per attirare i traffici di box reefer box con 55.000 metri2 di magazzini del freddo assieme alla specialista Eimskip.

Tuttavia, come è successo dappertutto, i risultati recentemente sono calati drasticamente, sebbene un inatteso "rimbalzo" dei prezzi è derivato da Shanghai quando il governo ha annunciato che avrebbe ancora una volta sostenuto le ambizioni del suo porto di punta.

Inoltre, come spiega Su, tutte queste realizzazioni sulla costa orientale hanno comportato il mancato sfruttamento di estese zone.

"Ciò sarà al centro di nuove attenzioni da parte dei cinesi" afferma.

"Il governo ha cercato di incoraggiare gli investimenti e lo sviluppo spostandoli dalle zone orientali a quelle centro-occidentali" il che implica un ulteriore sviluppo dei porti del fiume Yangzte quali Chonqging, Wuhan e Nanjing.

E' interessante registrare quanto affermato da David Lammie della Yangtze Business Services: "Noi guardiamo alla domanda interna e, a dispetto della situazione a livello globale, i dati relativi al periodo dalla fine dell'anno scorso a gennaio di quest'anno mostrano una crescita ragionevolmente salda, in parte basata sullo sforzo di ricostruzione in seguito al terremoto di Sichuan, ma anche sulle derrate che vanno su e giù per il fiume, che contribuiscono a sostenere alquanto i traffici".

Lammie prosegue affermando che in parte le iniziative del governo mirano a spostare l'attenzione dalla linea costiera ulteriormente ad ovest.

"E' stato molto più costoso sulla costa orientale; pertanto, prendendo in considerazione le sole questioni logistiche, ciò che occorre per un ulteriore sviluppo è aprire l'interno della Cina agli investimenti in entrata" conclude, aggiungendo che ci si aspetta di aprire nuove zone di traffico con la Thailandia ed altri paesi asiatici.

Inoltre, Su ha evidenziato un altro paio di minacce nei confronti della Cina.

In primo luogo, la Cina sta cercando di coltivare il mercato delle partecipazioni private nella regione; d'altro canto, "il consolidamento è una cosa buona per il mercato" per quanto riguarda il governo cinese, tanto che quest'ultimo sta attivamente agevolando le acquisizioni e le fusioni.

Pertanto, da questi segnali si ricava il dato apparente che le questioni inerenti ai porti minori possano essere escluse nell'attuale clima.
Resta il problema, ovviamente, che, malgrado l'asserzione del premier cinese Wen secondo cui egli "confida che la Cina lavorerà con la comunità internazionale per superare assieme i momenti difficili ", se il governo cinese dovesse appoggiare certi porti alle estremità del mercato, è inevitabile che le altre regioni che non traggono vantaggi da tale supporto possano scoprire subito, piuttosto che dopo, che la fortuna è girata per le proprie attività portuali.
(da: portstrategy.com, 24.03.2009)



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Piraeus
Domestic volumes are growing, while foreign trade is decreasing
Perplexity of freight forwarders, customs agents and maritime agents of La Spezia at the transfer of the port of Carrara to the Tuscan AdSP
The Spice
Timidly, they "hope for consideration for the progress made so far"
Francesco Mastro appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Rome
He will take up office on June 30th.
John Denholm to be new president of the International Chamber of Shipping
Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Amadei: Our sector is ready and the time has come for courageous industrial choices
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
The ferry industry elite will attend the Interferry conference in Salerno in October
Victoria
Event titled "Connections"
Uniport launches an initiative to support ALS research
Rome
Fundraising for the NeMO Clinical Center Serena Foundation Onlus
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