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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 5/99 - MAY 1999

Studies and Research

I contenitori vuoti: problemi e soluzioni

La movimentazione di contenitori vuoti è sempre stata un'attività costosa per i vettori marittimi ed i recenti, notevoli incrementi dello squilibrio nell'ambito delle attrezzature containerizzate nei traffici transpacifici ed Europa/Asia hanno posto in evidenza il problema. Nell'analisi che segue, Maurice V. Jarman (1) quantifica i problemi esistenti e suggerisce una nuova soluzione.

Tempo fa, è stato detto da un importante consulente del settore containerizzato che "il tallone d'Achille del settore è il contenitore vuoto".

Una dettagliata analisi delle movimentazioni containerizzate a partire dal 1989, riportata con precisione sui Containerisation International Yearbooks degli anni successivi, conferma quest'affermazione e mostra un continuo peggioramento degli effetti comportati dal dover tenere in deposito ed imbarcare questi massicci e crescenti volumi di contenitori vuoti.

Si stima che il costo attuale di movimentazione dei contenitori vuoti in tutto il mondo adesso superi i 25 miliardi di dollari USA l'anno e possa superare i 50 miliardi di dollari entro il 2010 se persiste l'attuale tendenza. Inoltre, il costo di realizzazione di ulteriori depositi interni e di infrastrutture di ormeggio allo scopo di accogliere tali containers vuoti potrebbe comportare la spesa di miliardi di dollari. Tale situazione, inoltre, cagionerebbe lo sfruttamento di prezioso territorio nelle adiacenze delle aree portuali.

Grosse somme di denaro sono state spese al fine di far fronte ai costi di movimentazione e di deposito delle unità vuote; tali costi finiscono semplicemente per essere trasferiti agli attuali clienti che non dispongono di mezzi alternativi di trasporto. L'aumento dei costi di trasporto merci è inoltre particolarmente serio per quei Paesi meno industrializzati in cui il numero dei vuoti esportati è maggiore del numero dei contenitori pieni esportati.

Il settore da tempo alza le spalle, commentando: "Cosa altro potremmo fare, se la logistica ci chiede di movimentare e tenere in deposito questi contenitori vuoti?". I governi di tutto il mondo non si sono per nulla agitati in ordine a questo problema, essendo stati avvertiti dai propri consulenti e dal settore medesimo che nulla può essere fatto al riguardo; ma le cose stanno davvero così? Naturalmente, ci si può fare qualcosa, ma prima vediamo di esaminare lo stato attuale della situazione.

La Tabella 1 mostra le tendenze delle movimentazioni mondiali di contenitori dal 1990. Il numero totale di contenitori caricati e scaricati è stato preso direttamente dal Containerisation International Yearbook. Il numero registrato a proposito dei containers vuoti, tuttavia, diventa sempre più impreciso man mano che passano gli anni, dato che gli Stati Uniti e la Cina comunicano i dati relativi solamente alla metà dei contenitori vuoti spediti e sbarcati.

L'esame dei dati forniti al Containerisation International Yearbook mostra come nell'ambito dei contenitori caricati e scaricati non venga fatta distinzione alcuna in ordine ai contenitori carichi e vuoti da parte di molti porti statunitensi e cinesi, i soli due Paesi che seguono tale prassi. Questi vuoti non registrati, tuttavia, assommano ad un ottavo dei vuoti movimentati e depositati a livello mondiale.

TABELLA 1
MOVIMENTAZIONI MONDIALI CONTAINERIZZATE
(IN MILIONI DI TEU)

Anno

Pieni

Vuoti

Totale
Percentuale
di vuoti rispetto
al totale
199066 1783 20,5
199280 20100 20,0
1994100 24124 19,4
1996119 28147 19,0
1998134 33167 19,8
2000 *152 38190 20,0
2002 *162 41203 20,0
2004 *171 44215 20,0
2006 *180 46226 20,0
2008 *190 48238 20,0
2010 *200 50250 20,0
Note: * = stime.
Fonte: dati del Containerisation International Yearbook

Di modo che, al fine di completare il quadro delle movimentazioni dei contenitori vuoti, l'autore della ricerca ha cercato di stimare i valori inerenti a queste cifre mancanti mediante una esauriente analisi delle registrazioni effettuate dal 1990; tali valori sono stati inseriti nella Tabella 1.

Nella suddetta tabella ed in quelle seguenti l'autore è partito dal presupposto di una previsione di incrementi annui del 5% in relazione ai contenitori carichi dopo l'anno 2000, ovviamente presumendo che la crescita riprenda dopo l'attuale callo. Tuttavia, il calo in questione ha provocato un serio aumento delle movimentazioni e del deposito di contenitori vuoti, specialmente nei traffici da e per l'Asia, di modo che - qualsiasi cosa accada alla crescita dopo il 2000 - il numero delle movimentazioni di vuoti continuerà a mostrare un aumento inaccettabile.

TABELLA 2
MOVIMENTAZIONI CONTAINERIZZATE NAZIONALI (IN MIGLIAIA DI TEU)
Paese 1990 1992 1994 1996 %
Vuoti/Totale
 Totale Vuoti TotaleVuoti Totale VuotiTotale Vuoti  
U.S.A.15.240 3.27018.125 3.44918.968 3.74320.558 4.28020,79
Cina6.245 1.20511.212 2.08214.188 2.45717.927 3.50019,52
Giappone8.129 1.3739.322 1.5389.981 1.91412.381 1.89015,27
Singapore5.223 6889.046 1.28110.800 1.22812.944 1.54611,94
Taiwan5.553 1.0057.473 1.1898.341 1.2168.078 1.42017,58
Italia1.793 5152.914 7962.873 6983.768 1.00026,54
Germania3.485 6364.986 6104.955 7084.657 71615,37
Regno Unito 3.051655 3.434515 4.277571 5.090588 11,55
Paesi Bassi 3.757566 4.290579 3.385640 5.081689 13,56
Emirati Arabi Uniti 1.563387 2.914796 2.380540 3.807293 7,70
Fonte: dati del Containerisation International Yearbook

Le differenze tra le previsioni ed i volumi reali non comportano conseguenze di rilievo circa la serietà del problema, né sono in grado di fornire una soluzione per il medesimo.

La Tabella 2 - le cui cifre relative ai contenitori vuoti sono state stimate allo stesso modo - elenca quei paesi che guidano la classifica internazionale delle movimentazioni di vuoti. Vi sono pochi cambiamenti quanto alle posizioni, fatta eccezione per la Cina, che ha raggiunto il secondo posto e prima che passi molto tempo potrebbe superare gli Stati Uniti.

TABELLA 3
ZONE CON LA PIU' ALTA PERCENTUALE
DI CONTENITORI VUOTI MOVIMENTATI (IN MIGLIAIA DI TEU)
Zona 1992 1994 1996
 Totale Vuoti % V/TTotale Vuoti % V/TTotale Vuoti % V/T
Caraibi2.341 96841,34 2.5761.035 40,172.391 91738,35
Centro America 1.070370 34,58943 28630,33 1.202364 30,28
Medio Oriente 5.3611.631 30,424.235 1.11026,20 6.3461.882 29,66
Sudamericana 2.510528 21,033.102 65721,18 3.114921 29,58
Fonte: dati del Containerisation International Yearbook

La Tabella 3 elenca le zone in cui i contenitori vuoti costituiscono la percentuale più elevata dei contenitori imbarcati complessivamente.

L'apporto di miglioramenti alla logistica delle movimentazioni di contenitori vuoti ha comportato la riduzione del costo di tali movimentazioni, ma l'introduzione di containers pieghevoli potrebbe indurre miglioramenti ancora maggiori. Non solo vi sarebbe meno spazio occupato a bordo delle navi, ma la movimentazione di un numero tre volte superiore di vuoti nello stesso spazio in precedenza occupato dai contenitori standard non pieghevoli avrebbe un effetto positivo. Il maggior numero di vuoti che potrebbero essere imbarcati ridurrebbe le attuali esigenze logistiche di deposito.

L'effetto comportato dai containers pieghevoli sul trasporto marittimo e sui depositi è illustrato dal seguente esempio. Partendo dal presupposto che un normale gruppo di 100 containers da 20 piedi (100 TEU) venisse sostituito da un 25% di unità non pieghevoli più un 75% di unità pieghevoli, i volumi complessivi di trasporto o deposito equivarrebbero a 25 più 75/3, vale a dire 50 TEU.

La Tabella 4 indica l'effetto previsto, calcolato come appena detto, sui futuri dati mondiali per le movimentazioni containerizzate dei vuoti e totali conseguenti all'introduzione dei contenitori pieghevoli.

TABELLA 4
L'EFFETTO DEI CONTENITORI PIEGHEVOLI
SULLE MOVIMENTAZIONI CONTAINERIZZATE MONDIALI (IN MILIONI DI TEU)
 50% pieghevoli nel 2010 75% pieghevoli nel 2010

Anno

Carichi
Vuoti
non piegh.

Totale

Vuoti

Totale

Vuoti

Totale
2000152 38190 38190 38190
2002162 41203 40201 40201
2004171 44215 39210 39210
2006180 46226 38218 36216
2008190 48238 36226 31221
2010200 50250 33233 25225
Fonte: Maurice V. Jarman

La Tabella svela il potenziale di riduzione delle movimentazioni containerizzate complessive in base a due distinti livelli di utilizzazione dei contenitori pieghevoli entro il 2010. Viene indicato il livello presunto dei contenitori pieghevoli vuoti in uso in proporzione a quelli caricati e scaricati, tenuto conto che i contenitori pieghevoli potrebbero essere impilati tre alla volta allorquando vengono messi assieme per il viaggio.

Se nel 2010 il 75% dei containers vuoti spediti fossero del tipo pieghevole, ciò comporterebbe ad un risparmio di circa 25 milioni di TEU all'anno in termini di trasporto marittimo, ovvero il 50% dei volumi complessivi di contenitori vuoti spediti.

In termini finanziari, ciò equivarrebbe a più di 1.000 dollari USA per contenitore vuoto in caso di utilizzazione di unità pieghevoli, il che rappresenta un notevole vantaggio per i caricatori, in particolar modo nei Paesi in via di sviluppo industriale in cui le movimentazioni di contenitori vuoti costituiscono dal 30 al 40% di tutti i contenitori trasportati. Le tariffe inerenti al servizio aumentano costantemente ma sicuramente l'uso dei contenitori pieghevoli è l'unico modo che consentirebbe di ridurle.

Passando ora a prendere in considerazione l'effetto di tutto ciò sulle esigenze di deposito per i contenitori vuoti sulle preziosissime aree adiacenti alle zone portuali di tutto il mondo, l'espansione delle infrastrutture portuali e di deposito di Singapore, Hong Kong e Rotterdam, tanto per citare solo alcune località, negli ultimi tempi è costata molti milioni di dollari, comportando l'occupazione di territori di prima scelta che altrimenti avrebbero potuto essere utilizzati dall'industria. I governi possono permettere che questa perdita di terreni avvenga senza discussione alcuna per tutto il prossimo secolo? L'autore della ricerca ritiene che essi non possano più continuare ad ignorare questa tendenza.

TABELLA 5
L'EFFETTO DEI CONTENITORI PIEGHEVOLI SUL DEPOSITO DI CONTENITORI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE CON INDICAZIONE DELL'INCREMENTO PERCENTUALE
DELLE ESIGENZE DI DEPOSITO DOPO IL 2000
AnnoPrevisione dei contenitori vuoti
trasportati ogni anno
Spazio richiesto per il deposito
in base alla percentuale di utilizzazione
dei contenitori pieghevoli
 Milioni di TEU Incremento %Incremento %
rispetto a 50% nel 2010
Incremento %
rispetto a 75% nel 2010
2000330 00
2002418 55
20044416 33
20064621 0-5
20084826 -5-18
20105032 -13-34
Fonte: Maurice V. Jarman

La Tabella 5 illustra il possibile il possibile effetto che i contenitori pieghevoli potrebbero avere sulle necessità di territorio richiesto ai fini del deposito di contenitori vuoti per il 2010 nel caso che le esigenze di utilizzazione dei contenitori vuoti restassero quelle mostrate nella Tabella 1, ma con percentuali variabili di contenitori pieghevoli utilizzati.

Queste cifre mostrano il notevolissimo impatto che l'introduzione del tipo suddetto di contenitori potrebbe avere sulle esigenze di territorio per i depositi.

Ma il problema delle movimentazioni dei vuoti nel suo complesso può essere risolto solamente per mezzo dell'introduzione di contenitori pieghevoli di nuova tecnologia. Gli attuali containers "di dimensioni riducibili" per il trasporto presentano lo svantaggio derivante dalla possibile perdita di parti mobili, dai problemi di allineamento e dalle limitazioni sotto sforzo. Alcuni hanno anche dovuto essere sottoposti a saldatura dopo il trasporto al fine di una completa ricostituzione, oppure non dispongono di pareti di acciaio e presentano corni d'angolo che si piegano. Il contenitore pieghevole ideale sarebbe un'unità abbastanza resistente da poter essere caricata da entrambe le estremità, che non abbia parti mobili, a tenuta stagna, nonché pieghevole e rispiegabile in fretta con poco sforzo. Un settore così grande e prospero può ammettere di non essere in grado di progettare un contenitore pieghevole dalle suddette caratteristiche di cui si avverte così tanto il bisogno?

Al fine di far fronte a tale domanda di nuova progettualità nel settore dei contenitori pieghevoli, non dovrebbe essere troppo difficile produrre tali unità in quantità sufficiente a centrare l'obiettivo del 75% entro il 2010 come prospettato poc'anzi. La produzione delle circa 140 fabbriche di tutto il mondo potrebbe assicurare il triplo dell'attuale domanda mondiale, vendendo più di 1 milione di TEU all'anno. Il costo aggiuntivo dei nuovi contenitori pieghevoli sarebbe senz'altro ripagato dai notevoli risparmi conseguiti e dai cospicui proventi sul capitale impiegato.
(da: Containerisation International, aprile 1999)



(1) Maurice V. Jarman ha ricoperto vari incarichi tecnici ed amministrativi presso industrie automobilistiche e cantieri navali prima di aggregarsi ad un gruppo multinazionale di Singapore, dove ha rivestito la funzione di direttore esecutivo. Dopo essere tornato nel Regno Unito quale consulente manageriale, Jarman ' tornato a Singapore per svolgere il ruolo di capo del Dipartimento Politecnico, prima di reinserirsi sul mercato operativo del Sud-Est asiatico e dell'Asia quale libero consulente. Ritiratosi dall'attività, ha elaborato uno studio particolareggiato sul trasporto ed il deposito dei containers vuoti nel corso degli ultimi cinque anni.

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Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
MacGregor opens a new technical assistance center in Trieste
Stockholm
The main focus will be the European area, including the specialized megayacht sector.
Tanker hit by three shells in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
An accident also in the Indian Ocean
Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
MSC installs Jotun's proactive hull cleaning system on MSC Daniela
Sandefjord
Combines advanced antifouling technology with robotic inspection and cleaning
Wan Hai Lines reports a 965.6% increase in quarterly profit
Taipei
The company orders six new 11,000 TEU containerships
In the second quarter, cargo traffic in Montenegrin ports decreased by -5.8%
Podgorica
Cargoes to and from Italy dropped by -40.6%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Pacifico
Naples
The vessel is the first of five new sister PCTCs with a capacity of 9,800 ceu
In 2025, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues amounted to 1.9 billion euros (-11.5%)
Genoa
Net profit of 20.0 million euros (-3.0%)
Maurizio Longo, Secretary General of Trasportounito, has passed away.
Rome
He passed away in Rome after a long illness.
Terminal Investment Limited abandons Tercat acquisition
Brussels
It provided for joint control of the Barcelona terminal with Hutchison Ports
Work has been completed to activate cold ironing at the Porto Corsini cruise terminal in Ravenna.
Ravenna
Acceleration of the redevelopment process for the former CIVAM area in the port of Vibo Valentia Marina
Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
They will be sold to the US Open Gate Capital, specialized in industrial carve-out operations
In the April-June quarter, the port of Venice handled 6.3 million tons of goods (-1.2%)
Venice
Cruise passengers down by -15.3%
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna recorded a sharp increase of +10.9%
Ravenna
In the first six months of 2026 the increase was +5.9%
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