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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 7-8/2001 - JULY/AUGUST 2001

Trasporto ferroviario

Tutto cambia in Spagna

La Spagna è l'unico Paese ad avere infrastrutture ferroviarie differenti dal resto dell'Europa, e in tal modo il trasporto via treno intraeuropeo risulta essere molto più difficoltoso. Ma un collegamento ferroviario standard ad alta velocità è pronto per essere aperto tra la Francia e la Spagna nel 2004, e questo evento potrebbe segnare l'inizio di una nuova era per il trasporto su treni nel Paese. Nel frattempo sono stati studiati altri sistemi per migliorare il trasporto intermodale.

Barcellona può essere considerato un porto d'importanza mondiale, ma le sue chances di diventare una delle principali porte d'accesso per l'Europa dipendono grandemente dalla sua abilità di migliorare i collegamenti ferroviari con il resto del Continente.

Dato che la Spagna trasporta su binari ferroviari di misure differenti dal resto dell'Europa, non è per niente facile. Tutto l'equipaggiamento ferroviario deve essere cambiato al confine settentrionale con la Francia, non solo le locomotive e i conducenti. Questo comprende trasferire i carichi da un vagone ferroviario di un tipo a un altro di tipo differente, con conseguenti problemi nella gestione della fluidità del flusso di merci.

Come risultato, tenendo conto anche delle lunghe distanze coinvolte, la maggioranza del traffico da e per l'Europa del Nord è movimentato ancora su gomma, e i servizi intermodali domestici sono abbandonati a se stessi. In altri Paesi, i treni merci locali sono diventati la base delle movimentazioni del traffico combinato nazionale e intraeuropeo.

Per dimostrare il punto, solo circa il 5% del traffico dell'hinterland di Barcellona attualmente si muove via ferrovia, comparato al 10-15% di quello dei porti di Amburgo/Le Havre dove le distanze però sono anche più brevi e pertanto più adatte al trasporto su gomma. In più, la maggior parte del traffico ferroviario spagnolo si muove sull'arteria di 620km tra Barcellona e Madrid, e tra i porti di Barcellona e Valencia.

Però, quale parte di un'iniziativa dell'Unione Europea di più vasta portata nell'ottica di un miglioramento del trasporto ferroviario attraverso l'Europa, un nuovo collegamento ferroviario standard sarà aperto nel 2004 tra Perpignan (Francia) e Madrid via Barcellona, che modificherà il background in maniera radicale.

Lo sviluppo deve essere visto nel contesto di un'apertura del network ferroviario dell'Unione Europea agli operatori privati per il 2007. Come spiega Kirsten Sterner, consigliere della Commissione Europea, questa situazione non deve sfuggire dalle mani.

Assieme a tariffe ferroviarie d'accesso più competitive, rappresenterà una minaccia per l'intera comunità internazionale di trasporto stradale, specialmente per le distanze coinvolte. Qualunque spedizione che preveda un viaggio superiore a una giornata in durata richiede almeno due guidatori o una dispendiosa sosta notturna. In più, l'accesso ai veicoli commerciali pesanti alla Francia è vietato di solito durante i weekends.

Per spianare la strada a questo sviluppo si stanno facendo piccoli passi, e tra questi l'apertura di un nuovo porto a Coslava, appena fuori da Madrid. José-Ignacio Aguada, direttore del settore commerciale della Teco (Transporte Combinado), business unit intermodale della compagnia statale Renfe, così commenta: "Sebbene il terminal sia aperto solo da poco, sta già fornendo molta capacità ferroviaria extra a Madrid. In più, siccome si trova al di fuori della città, evita un sacco di congestioni stradali all'interno della città stessa".

La Teco ora fornisce un servizio giornaliero per Coslava da Barcellona, in aggiunta a due altri servizi giornalieri già presenti per il terminal di Abronigal nel centro di Madrid. In ogni caso, si offrono partenze per un determinato giorno A e arrivi in un altro giorno B. dice Aguada; "In generale tutti i nostri servizi domestici lavorano con una base hub and spoke da e per Madrid con tempi di transito A/B".

La Renfe, che in un paio d'anni potrebbe essere privatizzata, stima che le sue tariffe ferroviarie siano del 15% circa più contenute rispetto a quelle stradali, a seconda della distanza coinvolta e dell'ammontare di trasporto stradale necessario successivamente. Complessivamente l'anno scorso ha movimentato poco più di 900 mila Teus, di cui solo un terzo era traffico internazionale.

Sebbene non fossero disponibili dati precisi, secondo la maggior parte delle fonti industriali il traffico intermodale tra l'Europa del Nord e la Spagna è in costante crescita e nuovi operatori door-to-door stanno sistematicamente facendo il loro ingresso nel mercato.

Uno di questi operatori è la Contship Overland, società con sede principale in Gran Bretagna, una divisione di trasporto inland della Contship Containerlines. Gavin Roser, amministratore delegato della compagnia, così commenta: "Il mercato intermodale tra Gran Bretagna e Spagna sta crescendo in parte a causa del puro business intraeuropeo, ma anche per il livello sempre peggiore di congestionamento di traffico stradale in Europa. Sebbene il trasporto stradale sia molto più veloce, è anche molto più costoso e sta diventando sempre più inaffidabile".

La Contship Overland è meglio conosciuta per i suoi servizi tra Gran Bretagna e Italia, dove correntemente movimenta all'incirca 600 Teus a settimana. I suoi servizi verso la Spagna, che sono iniziati solamente nel Giugno 2000, sono gestiti attraverso i servizi giornalieri della ACI nel Canale della Manica tra cinque depositi in Gran Bretagna e a Perpignan in Francia. La Contship Overland ha la sua propria flotta di containers, compresi pallet-wide boxes di 45ft.

Continua Roser: "per i problemi di passaggio ferroviario tra Francia e Spagna, la consegna locale da e per Perpignan è per la maggioranza gestita via camion, comprese le consegne per Barcellona e Madrid. È molto più veloce e affidabile. Questo scenario potrà anche evolversi e mutare dopo l'apertura nel 2004 del nuovo collegamento ferroviario, ma si aggirerà questo ostacolo solamente al momento opportuno". I tempi di transito tra Daventry in Gran Bretagna e Barcellona è dato come day A/C, e dalla Scozia come day A/D.

La Contship Overland gestisce il suo servizio spagnolo con la Witty SA di Barcellona, e già è molto forte nel commercio con le isole mediterranee delle Baleari. Però la maggior parte del traffico tra Spagna e resto dell'Europa è soprattutto settentrionale, e comprende prodotti come frutta, materiali in ceramica e bevande alcoliche, quali lo sherry.

È interessante notare che la Transfea, specialista dell'intermodalità in Spagna, ha un solo modo di trattare con il problema delle ferrovie al confine franco-spagnolo. Invece di effettuare dei laboriosi cambi di vagoni, essa fornisce il suo proprio equipaggiamento con parti intercambiabili. Di solito consistono di due vagoni. All'arrivo al confine spagnolo ogni vagone è sollevato e le ruote sono riassettate per avere un perfetto fit con i nuovi binari.

Sebbene l'operazione sia piuttosto veloce in sé, in quanto richiede solo un paio d'ore, richiede prima un sacco di preparazione. La Transfea gestisce soprattutto veicoli a motore o parti di essi di grandi dimensioni e traffico di rinfuse.

La Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), il maggiore operatore europeo su ferrovie, invece continua a voler cambiare tutto l'equipaggiamento al confine, eccetto pochi traffici nel corridoio di Barcellona. Essa offre una vasta gamma di servizi ferroviari mediante i suoi terminals hub a Metz (Francia), Port-Bou (a Sud di Perpignan, sulla costa del Mediterraneo) e Irun (costa Atlantica, a Sud di Biarritz). Ora come ora fa viaggiare cinque treni merci ogni settimana sulla prima strada e tre sulla seconda. Questi si connettono con i servizi della Renfe da e per tutte le destinazioni della Spagna.

Alan Bennet, manager di divisione per la ICF per i servizi in questione, commenta così: "In generale offriamo consegne del tipo day A/C sulla maggior parte delle strade utilizzando questi hubs, così ci sentiamo più che competitivi con gli altri operatori. L'anno scorso abbiamo trasportato un totale di 70-75 mila Teus in entrambe le direzioni".

Continua: "Difficile è fare un confronto tra le performances attuali e quelle degli anni passati a causa del significativo impatto che alcuni dei più grossi veicoli a motore possono avere sui volumi complessivi. Al momento presente non ne trasportiamo tra l'altro moltissimi anche perché offrono un margine assai ridotto, e pertanto i nostri traffici potrebbero sembrare in declino". I principali competitors dell'impresa su questo segmento di mercato sono la Transfea, la Novatrans e la Kombiverkehr.

Come detto precedentemente, i servizi domestici intermodali danno un piccolo sostegno al traffico intraeuropeo, che così deve mantenersi in piedi da solo. Ciononostante la maggior parte del traffico tra Barcellona e Madrid si muove via treno, e lo fa dalle principali porte d'accesso alla Regione, ossia Bilbao e Valencia.

Miguel Duro, shipment manager della P&O Nedlloyd (P&=N) a Barcellona, osserva: "In generale, la maggior parte del nostro traffico da e per Madrid si muove su ferrovia. Il traffico dovrebbe crescere ora che il porto di Coslava è stato aperto, vi sarà meno congestione e un servizio Teco giornaliero che si muoverà direttamente dai terminal containers del porto".

Secondo l'opinione di Duro, la maggior parte dei vettori oceanici negoziano normalmente contratti di trasporto annuali con Teco. La P&ON movimenta i suoi traffici soprattutto tra Barcellona e Valencia via ferrovia.

Continua poi: "Altri due servizi della Teco da e per Abronigal a Madrid viaggiano via Morrot, appena al di fuori di Barcellona, e non direttamente per il terminal containers, mettendoci così più tempo. Dall'altro lato, si deve dire che Coslava è un nuovo terminal che deve ancora mettersi alla prova, con particolare riguardo per le procedure di sdoganamento. Alcuni spedizionieri, dal canto loro, preferiscono ancora trattare con i propri uffici stanziati a Abronigal".

Duro dice anche che mentre i servizi della Teco si stanno migliorando, la compagnia potrebbe fare ancora molto di più per venire incontro alle esigenze della sua clientela. Dice pertanto: "Per esempio, il collegamento ferroviario di Renfe appena al di fuori da Barcellona non è controllato da Teco. Se qualcosa va storto laggiù a volte non è possibile ricevere delle informazioni accurate che potrebbero essere utili a risolvere il problema".

Dall'altro lato, John O'Sullivan, direttore commerciale della Andrew Weir Shipping, afferma che il servizio della Teco tra Bilbao e Madrid, l'altra principale arteria di traffico, funziona molto bene: la ragione risiede nel fatto che la Mac Andrews con i suoi servizi è divenuta al maggiore cliente.

Spiega altresì: "Noi procuriamo un servizio door-to-door dalla Gran Bretagna utilizzando le nostre barche per la parte di tratto marittimo. Per competere con le tratte tuttostrada, molto più veloci, ma anche più costose, dobbiamo garantire una maggiore affidabilità, e non solo per quanto concerne il tratto marittimo. Per questo motivo, negli anni il nostro ufficio a Bilbao ha costruito una stretta relazione di networking con tutte le divisioni della Renfe, perché sanno che se noi non riusciamo a impadronirci del business, probabilmente non ce la faranno nemmeno loro".

Cosa molto interessante, circa il 16% del traffico containerizzato di Bilbao mosso via strada l'anno scorso, circa 70 mila Teus, proviene o è diretto verso l'area di Madrid.

Le ferrovie spagnole, almeno così sembrerebbe, potrebbero avere ancora molta strada da fare per essere competitive nei confronti della strada, ma ora come ora si stanno già riprendendo bene, e riceveranno senza alcun dubbio una spinta ulteriore quando verrà aperto il collegamento ferroviario ad alta velocità con la Francia nel 2004. Fino ad allora non ci resta che aspettare.
(da: Containerisation International, Giugno 2001)


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Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
MacGregor opens a new technical assistance center in Trieste
Stockholm
The main focus will be the European area, including the specialized megayacht sector.
Tanker hit by three shells in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
An accident also in the Indian Ocean
Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
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