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03 July 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 7-8/2001 - JULY/AUGUST 2001

Trasporto ferroviario

Tutto cambia in Spagna

La Spagna è l'unico Paese ad avere infrastrutture ferroviarie differenti dal resto dell'Europa, e in tal modo il trasporto via treno intraeuropeo risulta essere molto più difficoltoso. Ma un collegamento ferroviario standard ad alta velocità è pronto per essere aperto tra la Francia e la Spagna nel 2004, e questo evento potrebbe segnare l'inizio di una nuova era per il trasporto su treni nel Paese. Nel frattempo sono stati studiati altri sistemi per migliorare il trasporto intermodale.

Barcellona può essere considerato un porto d'importanza mondiale, ma le sue chances di diventare una delle principali porte d'accesso per l'Europa dipendono grandemente dalla sua abilità di migliorare i collegamenti ferroviari con il resto del Continente.

Dato che la Spagna trasporta su binari ferroviari di misure differenti dal resto dell'Europa, non è per niente facile. Tutto l'equipaggiamento ferroviario deve essere cambiato al confine settentrionale con la Francia, non solo le locomotive e i conducenti. Questo comprende trasferire i carichi da un vagone ferroviario di un tipo a un altro di tipo differente, con conseguenti problemi nella gestione della fluidità del flusso di merci.

Come risultato, tenendo conto anche delle lunghe distanze coinvolte, la maggioranza del traffico da e per l'Europa del Nord è movimentato ancora su gomma, e i servizi intermodali domestici sono abbandonati a se stessi. In altri Paesi, i treni merci locali sono diventati la base delle movimentazioni del traffico combinato nazionale e intraeuropeo.

Per dimostrare il punto, solo circa il 5% del traffico dell'hinterland di Barcellona attualmente si muove via ferrovia, comparato al 10-15% di quello dei porti di Amburgo/Le Havre dove le distanze però sono anche più brevi e pertanto più adatte al trasporto su gomma. In più, la maggior parte del traffico ferroviario spagnolo si muove sull'arteria di 620km tra Barcellona e Madrid, e tra i porti di Barcellona e Valencia.

Però, quale parte di un'iniziativa dell'Unione Europea di più vasta portata nell'ottica di un miglioramento del trasporto ferroviario attraverso l'Europa, un nuovo collegamento ferroviario standard sarà aperto nel 2004 tra Perpignan (Francia) e Madrid via Barcellona, che modificherà il background in maniera radicale.

Lo sviluppo deve essere visto nel contesto di un'apertura del network ferroviario dell'Unione Europea agli operatori privati per il 2007. Come spiega Kirsten Sterner, consigliere della Commissione Europea, questa situazione non deve sfuggire dalle mani.

Assieme a tariffe ferroviarie d'accesso più competitive, rappresenterà una minaccia per l'intera comunità internazionale di trasporto stradale, specialmente per le distanze coinvolte. Qualunque spedizione che preveda un viaggio superiore a una giornata in durata richiede almeno due guidatori o una dispendiosa sosta notturna. In più, l'accesso ai veicoli commerciali pesanti alla Francia è vietato di solito durante i weekends.

Per spianare la strada a questo sviluppo si stanno facendo piccoli passi, e tra questi l'apertura di un nuovo porto a Coslava, appena fuori da Madrid. José-Ignacio Aguada, direttore del settore commerciale della Teco (Transporte Combinado), business unit intermodale della compagnia statale Renfe, così commenta: "Sebbene il terminal sia aperto solo da poco, sta già fornendo molta capacità ferroviaria extra a Madrid. In più, siccome si trova al di fuori della città, evita un sacco di congestioni stradali all'interno della città stessa".

La Teco ora fornisce un servizio giornaliero per Coslava da Barcellona, in aggiunta a due altri servizi giornalieri già presenti per il terminal di Abronigal nel centro di Madrid. In ogni caso, si offrono partenze per un determinato giorno A e arrivi in un altro giorno B. dice Aguada; "In generale tutti i nostri servizi domestici lavorano con una base hub and spoke da e per Madrid con tempi di transito A/B".

La Renfe, che in un paio d'anni potrebbe essere privatizzata, stima che le sue tariffe ferroviarie siano del 15% circa più contenute rispetto a quelle stradali, a seconda della distanza coinvolta e dell'ammontare di trasporto stradale necessario successivamente. Complessivamente l'anno scorso ha movimentato poco più di 900 mila Teus, di cui solo un terzo era traffico internazionale.

Sebbene non fossero disponibili dati precisi, secondo la maggior parte delle fonti industriali il traffico intermodale tra l'Europa del Nord e la Spagna è in costante crescita e nuovi operatori door-to-door stanno sistematicamente facendo il loro ingresso nel mercato.

Uno di questi operatori è la Contship Overland, società con sede principale in Gran Bretagna, una divisione di trasporto inland della Contship Containerlines. Gavin Roser, amministratore delegato della compagnia, così commenta: "Il mercato intermodale tra Gran Bretagna e Spagna sta crescendo in parte a causa del puro business intraeuropeo, ma anche per il livello sempre peggiore di congestionamento di traffico stradale in Europa. Sebbene il trasporto stradale sia molto più veloce, è anche molto più costoso e sta diventando sempre più inaffidabile".

La Contship Overland è meglio conosciuta per i suoi servizi tra Gran Bretagna e Italia, dove correntemente movimenta all'incirca 600 Teus a settimana. I suoi servizi verso la Spagna, che sono iniziati solamente nel Giugno 2000, sono gestiti attraverso i servizi giornalieri della ACI nel Canale della Manica tra cinque depositi in Gran Bretagna e a Perpignan in Francia. La Contship Overland ha la sua propria flotta di containers, compresi pallet-wide boxes di 45ft.

Continua Roser: "per i problemi di passaggio ferroviario tra Francia e Spagna, la consegna locale da e per Perpignan è per la maggioranza gestita via camion, comprese le consegne per Barcellona e Madrid. È molto più veloce e affidabile. Questo scenario potrà anche evolversi e mutare dopo l'apertura nel 2004 del nuovo collegamento ferroviario, ma si aggirerà questo ostacolo solamente al momento opportuno". I tempi di transito tra Daventry in Gran Bretagna e Barcellona è dato come day A/C, e dalla Scozia come day A/D.

La Contship Overland gestisce il suo servizio spagnolo con la Witty SA di Barcellona, e già è molto forte nel commercio con le isole mediterranee delle Baleari. Però la maggior parte del traffico tra Spagna e resto dell'Europa è soprattutto settentrionale, e comprende prodotti come frutta, materiali in ceramica e bevande alcoliche, quali lo sherry.

È interessante notare che la Transfea, specialista dell'intermodalità in Spagna, ha un solo modo di trattare con il problema delle ferrovie al confine franco-spagnolo. Invece di effettuare dei laboriosi cambi di vagoni, essa fornisce il suo proprio equipaggiamento con parti intercambiabili. Di solito consistono di due vagoni. All'arrivo al confine spagnolo ogni vagone è sollevato e le ruote sono riassettate per avere un perfetto fit con i nuovi binari.

Sebbene l'operazione sia piuttosto veloce in sé, in quanto richiede solo un paio d'ore, richiede prima un sacco di preparazione. La Transfea gestisce soprattutto veicoli a motore o parti di essi di grandi dimensioni e traffico di rinfuse.

La Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), il maggiore operatore europeo su ferrovie, invece continua a voler cambiare tutto l'equipaggiamento al confine, eccetto pochi traffici nel corridoio di Barcellona. Essa offre una vasta gamma di servizi ferroviari mediante i suoi terminals hub a Metz (Francia), Port-Bou (a Sud di Perpignan, sulla costa del Mediterraneo) e Irun (costa Atlantica, a Sud di Biarritz). Ora come ora fa viaggiare cinque treni merci ogni settimana sulla prima strada e tre sulla seconda. Questi si connettono con i servizi della Renfe da e per tutte le destinazioni della Spagna.

Alan Bennet, manager di divisione per la ICF per i servizi in questione, commenta così: "In generale offriamo consegne del tipo day A/C sulla maggior parte delle strade utilizzando questi hubs, così ci sentiamo più che competitivi con gli altri operatori. L'anno scorso abbiamo trasportato un totale di 70-75 mila Teus in entrambe le direzioni".

Continua: "Difficile è fare un confronto tra le performances attuali e quelle degli anni passati a causa del significativo impatto che alcuni dei più grossi veicoli a motore possono avere sui volumi complessivi. Al momento presente non ne trasportiamo tra l'altro moltissimi anche perché offrono un margine assai ridotto, e pertanto i nostri traffici potrebbero sembrare in declino". I principali competitors dell'impresa su questo segmento di mercato sono la Transfea, la Novatrans e la Kombiverkehr.

Come detto precedentemente, i servizi domestici intermodali danno un piccolo sostegno al traffico intraeuropeo, che così deve mantenersi in piedi da solo. Ciononostante la maggior parte del traffico tra Barcellona e Madrid si muove via treno, e lo fa dalle principali porte d'accesso alla Regione, ossia Bilbao e Valencia.

Miguel Duro, shipment manager della P&O Nedlloyd (P&=N) a Barcellona, osserva: "In generale, la maggior parte del nostro traffico da e per Madrid si muove su ferrovia. Il traffico dovrebbe crescere ora che il porto di Coslava è stato aperto, vi sarà meno congestione e un servizio Teco giornaliero che si muoverà direttamente dai terminal containers del porto".

Secondo l'opinione di Duro, la maggior parte dei vettori oceanici negoziano normalmente contratti di trasporto annuali con Teco. La P&ON movimenta i suoi traffici soprattutto tra Barcellona e Valencia via ferrovia.

Continua poi: "Altri due servizi della Teco da e per Abronigal a Madrid viaggiano via Morrot, appena al di fuori di Barcellona, e non direttamente per il terminal containers, mettendoci così più tempo. Dall'altro lato, si deve dire che Coslava è un nuovo terminal che deve ancora mettersi alla prova, con particolare riguardo per le procedure di sdoganamento. Alcuni spedizionieri, dal canto loro, preferiscono ancora trattare con i propri uffici stanziati a Abronigal".

Duro dice anche che mentre i servizi della Teco si stanno migliorando, la compagnia potrebbe fare ancora molto di più per venire incontro alle esigenze della sua clientela. Dice pertanto: "Per esempio, il collegamento ferroviario di Renfe appena al di fuori da Barcellona non è controllato da Teco. Se qualcosa va storto laggiù a volte non è possibile ricevere delle informazioni accurate che potrebbero essere utili a risolvere il problema".

Dall'altro lato, John O'Sullivan, direttore commerciale della Andrew Weir Shipping, afferma che il servizio della Teco tra Bilbao e Madrid, l'altra principale arteria di traffico, funziona molto bene: la ragione risiede nel fatto che la Mac Andrews con i suoi servizi è divenuta al maggiore cliente.

Spiega altresì: "Noi procuriamo un servizio door-to-door dalla Gran Bretagna utilizzando le nostre barche per la parte di tratto marittimo. Per competere con le tratte tuttostrada, molto più veloci, ma anche più costose, dobbiamo garantire una maggiore affidabilità, e non solo per quanto concerne il tratto marittimo. Per questo motivo, negli anni il nostro ufficio a Bilbao ha costruito una stretta relazione di networking con tutte le divisioni della Renfe, perché sanno che se noi non riusciamo a impadronirci del business, probabilmente non ce la faranno nemmeno loro".

Cosa molto interessante, circa il 16% del traffico containerizzato di Bilbao mosso via strada l'anno scorso, circa 70 mila Teus, proviene o è diretto verso l'area di Madrid.

Le ferrovie spagnole, almeno così sembrerebbe, potrebbero avere ancora molta strada da fare per essere competitive nei confronti della strada, ma ora come ora si stanno già riprendendo bene, e riceveranno senza alcun dubbio una spinta ulteriore quando verrà aperto il collegamento ferroviario ad alta velocità con la Francia nel 2004. Fino ad allora non ci resta che aspettare.
(da: Containerisation International, Giugno 2001)


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Kuehne+Nagel has opened a new branch in Naples
Milan
The aim is to support the operational growth of the group in Southern Italy
RINA has acquired the entire capital of Finnish Foreship
Helsinki
The Helsinki-based company specializes in consulting in the field of marine and mechanical engineering.
Container traffic down at Barcelona and Valencia ports in May
Barcelona/Valencia
Resumption of containers in transit at the Catalan port
Annual cargo traffic in Greek ports stable in 2024
Piraeus
Domestic volumes are growing, while foreign trade is decreasing
Perplexity of freight forwarders, customs agents and maritime agents of La Spezia at the transfer of the port of Carrara to the Tuscan AdSP
The Spice
Timidly, they "hope for consideration for the progress made so far"
Francesco Mastro appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Rome
He will take up office on June 30th.
John Denholm to be new president of the International Chamber of Shipping
Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Amadei: Our sector is ready and the time has come for courageous industrial choices
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
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