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03 May 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
01:44 GMT+2
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FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics

LA POLITIQUE PORTUAIRE FRANCAISE

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REPONSE DU MINISTRE DE L’ECONOMIE, DES FINANCES ET DE L’INDUSTRIE

Nous avons pris connaissance avec int'r't du rapport de la Cour des Comptes sur la politique portuaire fran'aise. Ce rapport synth'tise les nombreux travaux de la Cour sur la gestion des ports maritimes, leurs investissements et la r'forme de la manutention. Il dresse un tableau tr's complet de la situation actuelle du monde portuaire, dans un environnement 'conomique et r'glementaire mouvant, et ouvre des pistes pour la n'cessaire 'volution du secteur portuaire.

Il insiste, en particulier, sur la modification du contexte 'conomique, dans lequel la concurrence ne s’exerce plus seulement par les prix mais aussi par la qualit' du service rendu (temps de traitement du navire, infrastructures de transport) et sur l’inadaptation du cadre juridique. De ce point de vue, nombre de recommandations de la Cour rejoignent les pr'occupations du minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie.

Concernant l’organisation et le fonctionnement des ports, le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie partage le souci de la Cour d’une clarification des missions, du cadre juridique et des structures des ports. Cette clarification passe notamment par une refonte des textes qui r'gissent les concessions d’outillage portuaire, anciens et inadapt's aux r'gles juridiques internes et communautaires, et facilitera la n'cessaire r'forme des droits de ports.

La refonte des textes doit avoir pour objectif de mieux identifier les missions qui reviennent aux ports et celles qui peuvent 'tre r'alis'es par des op'rateurs ext'rieurs. Elle doit 'galement permettre d’impliquer de mani're plus 'troite les op'rateurs de la manutention dans les choix, le financement et l’exploitation des 'quipements portuaires, notamment au travers de la mise en place d’op'rateurs uniques de terminaux, permettant par ailleurs d’offrir aux clients un interlocuteur commercial clairement identifi'.

Elle doit poursuivre la r'forme des conseils d’administration des ports autonomes amorc'e par le d'cret n' 99-76 du 5 f'vrier 1999. Ce dernier d'cret instaure une obligation de d'claration, par les administrateurs, de leurs int'r'ts dans les soci't's ou organismes susceptibles, du fait de leur secteur d'activit', de conclure des conventions avec le port autonome ; il introduit une meilleure repr'sentation des personnels, conforme aux r'gles g'n'rales de la loi de d'mocratisation du secteur public du 26 juillet 1983. Le minist're de l’'conomie des finances et de l’industrie prend note des remarques de la Cour sur la composition des conseils d’administration.

Le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie constate, avec la Cour, que le cadre de la politique portuaire est en partie obsol'te. Ainsi la r'f'rence aux notions de ‘port autonome’ et ‘port d’int'r't national’ qui date de 1965 ne correspond plus ' la r'alit' 'conomique actuelle. Les cl's de r'partition du financement qui sont associ'es ' ces statuts sont un frein ' des choix rationnels d’investissement et emp'chent la concentration souhaitable des efforts de l’'tat sur les sites et les projets strat'giques pour le d'veloppement 'conomique. La remise en cause de cette classification pourrait s’accompagner d’une coordination de ports voisins pour aboutir ' une mise en commun de moyens et faire cesser des concurrences aussi co'teuses qu’inutiles.

Cette inadaptation du cadre juridique se double de l’insuffisance des outils de pilotage de la politique portuaire. La Cour rel've l’absence de sch'ma national d’am'nagement et de d'veloppement, ainsi que des sch'mas sectoriels correspondants, pr'vus dans la loi d’orientation pour l’am'nagement du territoire du 4 f'vrier 1995. D’une mani're plus g'n'rale, l’action de l’'tat en mati're de politique portuaire p'tit d’une p'nurie d’information et d’expertise, tant dans la gestion quotidienne o' les informations n'cessaires ' un v'ritable contr'le de gestion sont insuffisantes – avec des cons'quences directes sur l’exercice des tutelles financi're et budg'taire de l’'tat - , que dans le suivi des investissements. La Cour constate ainsi les 'quipements redondants ou sur-dimensionn's et le manque de coh'rence entre investissements, r'sultant notamment d’une m'connaissance r'currente de la dimension intermodale des investissements de transport.

Cependant l’expertise de l’'tat en mati're de choix d’investissement a progress'. La r'forme du FDES, devenu le CIES, a permis d’'tendre son champ d’analyse : il ne limite plus son approche au seul endettement des ports maritimes mais prend en compte ' la fois les projets d’investissement, sur la base d’'tudes de rentabilit' socio-'conomique, et leur financement. Les deux s'ances annuelles du CIES sont pr'par'es par un pr'-examen des dossiers en concertation avec la DTMPL, les commissaires du gouvernement et le contr'leur d’'tat. Le CIES concentre son attention sur les projets des ports autonomes et ceux des ports d’int'r't national d’un montant significatif. Par ailleurs, le CIES exerce un contr'le a posteriori, l’examen de l’ex'cution des programmes permettant de s’assurer que les enveloppes ne sont pas d'pass'es. Sur les projets les plus importants, un contr'le plus approfondi est mis en œuvre qui peut comprendre une mise ' jour des co'ts et un premier bilan des avantages.

Le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie observe enfin qu’il est difficile d’appr'cier l’int'r't de l’'tat pour les ports maritimes au regard du seul montant des interventions publiques qu’il finance. Tout d’abord, il faut noter que d’autres acteurs, dont l’implication est l'gitime, interviennent dans le financement : les collectivit's locales, dont le rapport de la Cour souligne la participation croissante, l’Union europ'enne (fonds FEDER) ou les op'rateurs portuaires priv's. Tous les 'quipements des ports n’ont pas de vocation naturelle ' 'tre subventionn's et devraient avoir une rentabilit' suffisante pour s’autofinancer au moins en partie. Enfin les moyens de l’'tat consacr's ' l’'quipement des ports sont en partie grev's par l’insuffisante ma'trise des co'ts de certaines activit's portuaires -  telles que le dragage - que la Cour met en 'vidence.

La Cour des comptes souligne par ailleurs un certain nombre de points sur lesquels il nous semble opportun d’apporter les pr'cisions suivantes :

1' La Cour estime que les outils comptables des ports sont insuffisants et que les pratiques comptables varient d'un port ' l'autre.

Elle observe que cette situation entra'ne des traitements h't'rog'nes des m'mes op'rations et emp'che de comparer la situation des ports.

Le minist're de l''conomie, des finances et de l'industrie souhaite nuancer ce constat.

En effet, un examen approfondi, men' dans le cadre de la mission Pauillac puis par un groupe de travail associant notamment la DGCP, le contr'le d’'tat et la DTMPL, a 'tabli que les r'gles pr'vues par le plan comptable g'n'ral et reprises par la M9-5, telles qu’elles sont appliqu'es par les comptables des ports, permettaient de donner une image fid'le et sinc're de la situation des ports. Toutefois, il a 't' jug' qu’un certain nombre de points m'ritaient d’'tre clarifi's : une circulaire interminist'rielle doit pr'ciser, d’ici la fin de l’ann'e, les recommandations pratiques communes applicables aux amortissements, aux stocks, aux provisions ainsi qu’' la comptabilisation des remises commerciales et des subventions re'ues.

Au-del' de ces dispositions, la mise en place rapide d’une comptabilit' analytique homog'ne pour l’ensemble des 'tablissements est une condition de l’am'lioration de la gestion des ports. Elle contribuera ' la plus grande efficacit' du contr'le et de l’intervention des tutelles. C’est pourquoi la DTMPL entend initier des travaux en ce sens.

2' La Cour rel've l’am'lioration de fonctionnement, en mati're d’approbation du budget et des comptes, apport'e par la d'concentration de la proc'dure mise en place en 1996.

Depuis lors, d’autres am'liorations ont 't' apport'es. Ainsi le d'cret n' 99-575 du 8 juillet 1999 acc'l're la proc'dure d’approbation du budget et des comptes par les tutelles, en introduisant un d'lai d’un mois apr's r'ception des documents au-del' duquel l’accord tacite est consid'r' comme acquis. La modification de l’article R.* 113-15 du code des ports maritimes pr'voit le report du 1er octobre au 1er d'cembre de la date limite ' laquelle le conseil d’administration arr'te l’'tat pr'visionnel de recettes et de d'penses. Ce report devrait permettre une instruction plus approfondie, par l’ensemble des acteurs portuaires, y compris les tutelles, d’un document bas' sur des hypoth'ses plus r'alistes.

3' La Cour s’interroge sur la compatibilit' des fonctions d’agent comptable et de directeur financier au sein d’un m'me 'tablissement.

D’autres grandes entreprises publiques du secteur des transports (SNCF, RATP, RFF) ne sont en effet pas organis'es comme les ports, la certification de leurs comptes 'tant confi'e ' des commissaires aux comptes.

Le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie estime n'anmoins que le cumul observ' aujourd’hui dans de nombreux ports peut 'tre admis d's lors que les responsabilit's juridiques sont clairement 'tablies. Cette organisation r'pond ' un souci de renforcement de l’efficacit' de gestion dans le contexte concurrentiel auquel sont soumis les ports. En outre, elle ne contrevient pas ' l’esprit des textes dont l’objectif est d’assurer la r'gularit' et le bon emploi des fonds publics : l’agent comptable – chef des services financiers supporte la responsabilit' personnelle et p'cuniaire des contr'les qui lui incombent. Cette r'gle est de nature ' mettre en 'chec, sous le contr'le du juge financier, toute d'cision qui, prise en opportunit', serait entach'e d’irr'gularit'.

4' Le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie a d'cid' la constitution d’un groupe de travail afin d’'tudier la solution ' apporter au sujet de la fiscalit' locale des ports autonomes.

Aux termes des dispositions l'gales, seuls les immeubles, les terrains ainsi que les installations fonci'res qui sont la propri't' de l’'tat ou des collectivit's locales sont exon'r's de taxes fonci'res lorsqu'ils sont affect's ' un service public ou d'utilit' g'n'rale et non productifs de revenus. Mais, compte tenu de la diversit' de situations qui ont pu 'tre recens'es, il est pr'vu qu'un groupe de travail soit constitu' afin d''tudier une refonte des dispositions actuellement appliqu'es.

5' Concernant la gestion et la protection du domaine de l’'tat, plusieurs questions sont soulev'es par la Cour.

Le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie est favorable ' une gestion plus active du patrimoine foncier et immobilier des ports. Les dispositifs en vigueur (le compte de remploi et la restitution de 90 % du produit des cessions fonci'res pr'vue par le d'cret du 29 f'vrier 1996) permettent aux 'tablissements portuaires d’atteindre cet objectif. Il convient cependant de s’interroger avec la Cour sur l’utilit' d’un dispositif peu utilis' par les int'ress's.

Le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie juge par ailleurs que les lacunes du cadastre n’ont pas d’impact sur la rapidit' de la proc'dure domaniale : les d'lais proviennent souvent de la difficult' d’'valuer le bien – et en particulier les plus-values – pour des emprises qui, ' ce stade de la proc'dure, sont connues.

Enfin, des instructions ont 't' donn'es d's janvier 1996 pour que l’administration proc'de ' des revalorisations des redevances pour les nouveaux titres d’occupation du domaine public constitutifs de droits r'els pour tenir compte de la possibilit' d’indemnisation du titulaire en cas de rupture anticip'e du titre. L’augmentation des redevances domaniales dans le cas du renouvellement du titre au profit d’un occupant lorsque celui-ci a valoris' le domaine de l’'tat en y r'alisant des constructions est conforme ' l’article R56 du code du domaine de l’'tat et permet de ne pas faire d'pendre la redevance de la qualit' du b'n'ficiaire.

Enfin, le minist're de l’'conomie, des finances et de l’industrie est favorable ' la mise en place d’un dispositif plus formalis' d’'change d’information entre les services fiscaux et les services de l’'quipement afin de mieux assurer la surveillance des titres arrivant ' expiration et d’'viter les occupations sans titre du domaine public.

 

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Joy Taurus/Verona
Operated by Medlog for the transport of refrigerated goods
EBRD looking for strategic partner for development of Moldovan river port of Giurgiulesti
London
International competition launched
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "New sustainable marine fuels - Decarbonize Shipping" will be held in Genoa on Monday
Genoa
It will take place at the headquarters of the Port Authority of Genoa
"Artificial Intelligence Comes to Port" Conference in Rome on Friday
Rome
It is promoted by the National Union of Port Enterprises
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
Damen Mangalia Unionists Protest Friday Against Possible Closure
(The Romania Journal)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Nicola Zaccheo
Roma, 18 settembre 2024
››› File
Turkish ports set new first-quarter cargo traffic record
Ankara
Historic peak of cargo imported from abroad
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +37.6%
Taranto
Increase of 854 thousand tons of solid bulk and 265 thousand tons of conventional goods
DEME buys Havfram, a company that installs offshore wind farms
Second Right/Washington
Transaction worth approximately 900 million euros
Rail transport of convoys for Rome Metro started from Reggio Calabria
Rome
Contract awarded by Hitachi Rail to Mercitalia Rail
In 2024, the volumes handled by Magli Intermodal Service decreased by -2%
Rezzato
Turnover stable
Yang Ming records first decline in turnover in March after 14 months of growth
Keelung/Taipei
Evergreen and WHL revenue growth continues
The European Commission has approved the acquisition of Germany's Schenker by Denmark's DSV
Brussels
The impact on competition in the markets in which the two companies operate is considered limited
Fincantieri - Kayo Agreement to Promote the Development of the Shipbuilding and Naval Industry in Albania
Trieste
Possible creation of a hub for shipbuilding and refitting in the region
Recent slight reduction in logistics costs for new factory vehicles
Brussels
Montaresi (AdSP Liguria Orientale) awarded with the "Port Oscar"
Miami
The event has reached its eighteenth edition
In the first three months of 2025, containers carried by OOCL vessels increased by +9.3%
Hong Kong
Revenues up +16.8%
The AdSP of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas wins in appeal against Zen Yacht
Joy Taurus
Company ordered to pay back rent
A large shipment of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno
Leghorn
Two tons of drugs identified by Customs and Financial Police personnel
Navantia renews agreement with American cruise group Royal Caribbean
Miami
To date, the Cadiz shipyard has carried out maintenance, repair and refurbishment work on 45 of the group's ships.
Record cruise traffic expected in Italian ports this year
Miami
Cemar believes that growth will not stop even in 2026
HII-HHI Agreement to Accelerate US and South Korean Naval Production
National Harbor
The aim is to strengthen the naval industrial base of the two nations.
Panama Ports Company Accused of Violating Terms of Concession Agreement
Panama
Panama's Auditor General announced the filing of criminal charges
Colombo West International Terminal has become operational
Ahmedabad
It has a traffic capacity of 3.2 million TEUs
The conference "New sustainable marine fuels - Decarbonize Shipping" will be held in Genoa on Monday
Genoa
The new multifunctional border control structure PCF - PED/PDI Point completed in the port of Gioia Tauro
Joy Taurus
"Artificial Intelligence Comes to Port" Conference in Rome on Friday
Rome
It is promoted by the National Union of Port Enterprises
MSC Group's new cruise terminal inaugurated in Miami
Miami
It can accommodate three large ships at the same time
In February, traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.1%
Ravenna
Bulk cargo increases, miscellaneous cargo declines
In 2024, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane recorded a net loss of -208 million euros
Rome
Revenues up by +11.7%. The group's freight transported increased thanks to the acquisition of Exploris
Port of Genoa, Ente Bacini requests new spaces and renewal of the concession
Genoa
Conference to celebrate the centenary of the company
The public meeting of the Italian Port Terminal Operators Association will be held in Rome on June 19th
Genoa
VARD to build offshore dive vessel for Dong Fang Offshore
Alesund/Trieste
The contract is worth 113.5 million euros
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