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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 3/2001 - MARCH 2001

Trasporto marittimo

L'enigma cabotaggio

Possibili accessi al traffico su cabotaggio del Venezuela sono stati proposti come valido mezzo per attrarre i proprietari di navi al registro venezuelano. Le reazioni dei vettori marittimi esteri sono state molte e diverse.

Il Venezuela si deve classificare come una delle Nazioni più instabili al mondo. Allora perché mai il Presidente ex paracadutista, Hugo Chavez, pensa che il suo mercato potrebbe attrarre compagnie di navigazione e fare in modo che registrino le loro imbarcazioni presso il Registro Navale venezuelano, sottoponendosi al regime legislativo di questo Paese?

Non c'è una risposta precisa a questo quesito, ma una ragione chiave per l'ottimismo presidenziale risiede nel bene preziosissimo e utilissimo all'export che il Venezuela possiede: il petrolio. Un altro fattore che potrebbe incoraggiare i proprietari di navi esteri a cambiare bandiera è anche l'accesso al traffico di cabotaggio del Paese. I volumi di traffico cabotiero sono modesti attualmente, ma sono in molti a credere che ci sia un buon potenziale di crescita.

Chavez tiene molto a trovare delle misure che incoraggeranno le compagnie a entrare, o rientrare, a fare parte della bandiera del Venezuela, e così creare fino a 10 mila nuovi posti di lavoro nel settore marittimo. Recentemente c'è stato un esodo - dovuto anche al fatto che gran parte di compagnie petrolifere e di gas sono partecipate dallo Stato attraverso la PDVSA - dalla bandiera venezuelana a tutto vantaggio del vicino e concorrente Panama che ha accolto i fuggiaschi a braccia aperte.

Jose Sabatino, avvocato esperto in diritto marittimo e direttore della Camera di Commercio di Puerto Cabello, che ha avuto anche parte attiva nel formulare e promulgare le leggi oggi vigenti, a dichiarato: "Il Presidente vuole una flotta di bandiera venezuelana forte e intende elaborare una strategia a livello politico statale per raggiungere questo obiettivo". Di solito il Presidente riesce ad ottenere quello che vuole, e questo lo hanno notato anche gli osservatori venezuelani e quelli esteri incaricati di guardare il Venezuela dall'Ottobre 1998, anno in cui è salito al potere Hugo Chavez. Ad esempio, la PDVSA sta riportando sotto la bandiera venezuelana la sua flotta di 21 superpetroliere dal Panama.

Per attirare i proprietari delle navi nel Registro del Venezuela sono stati tutta una serie di accorgimenti:

  • riduzione della tassa di registrazione per il Registro venezuelano dal 25% del valore della nave all'1%;

  • esenzioni di vario tipo: dalla VAT (l'IVA) fino al 75% degli investimenti fatti per acquistare o effettuare un leasing di nuove imbarcazioni per un periodo di tre anni;

  • nessuna tassa sull'import su navi nuove o noleggiate;

  • nessuna tassa doganale sulle navi;

  • una riduzione del 50% delle tariffe per rimorchio e ormeggio;

  • risparmi sulla benzina di circa il 20%.

Chavez, da populista quale è, ritiene che tutti questi incentivi aiuteranno il Registro a crescere ed a generare lavoro genuino e di lunga durata per almeno 54 mila Venezuelani disoccupati del marittimo. Egli si ricorda bene dei giorni di gloria in cui il Venezuela aveva il suo attore internazionale per il general cargo CAVN (Compania Anonima Venezuelana Navegacion).

Come già detto, interessi esteri sono stati attratti dalla possibilità di sfruttare il cabotaggio venezuelano. Questo può ancora essere modesto - stime ufficiali individuano un traffico annuale dagli 8.000 ai 10.000 Teus - ma ha un grosso potenziale di crescita, dato che commercia con le vicine Colombia e Brasile.

I rivali Sud Americani Maersk Sealand e il gruppo Hamburg Sud sono a lungo stati all'erta sul potenziale di servizi operativi che collegano Colombia, Venezuela e Brasile. La Maersk Sealand, che ha iniziato a operare in Venezuela nel 1994, ha lanciato un servizio nell'Ottobre del 2000 (all'origine era solo temporaneo, ma ora è divenuto fisso) che collega le tre Nazioni Sudamericane. Il servizio in questione fa scalo a Itajai, Santos, Rio de Janeiro (tutte località del Brasile), Guanta, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello (Venezuelani) e Cartagena (Colombia, con opzioni di transhipment al porto americano di Houston).

La Hamburg Sud e la Maersk Sealand sono state spesso concorrenti su queste rotte, in particolare per quanto concerne i carichi di pesce surgelato imbarcati al porto di Guanta destinazione Brasile, ma da poco i diversi spedizionieri hanno siglato un accordo di cooperazione preferendo la compagnia di bandiera tedesca.

Fino al Settembre 2000, vettori come Seaboard Marine, Hamburg Sud (Columbus Line) e Maersk Sealand erano sottoposte a delle clausole scritte di rinuncia che permettessero loro di trasportare carichi tra porti del Venezuela. Comunque, ad opera del governo di Chavez - via Ministero dei Trasporti - questi atti sono stati revocati l'anno scorso. Ciò ha causato problemi logistici e di breve periodo per le compagnie che operavano negli specchi acquei del Venezuela.

La Hamburg Sud si è dovuta sbrigare a trovare una valida strategia alternativa per assorbire gli effetti del termine della clausola di rinuncia e come soluzione si è spostata a Curaçao, nelle Indie Occidentali Olandesi, quale porto alternativo di transhipment. Spiega un portavoce della Hamburg Sud in Venezuela: "Il governo del Venezuela è assai nazionalista e le regole sono state cambiate in modo tale che il cabotaggio possa essere intrapreso solamente da compagnie di bandiera venezuelana".

Però questa strategia non è stata il massimo dell'efficacia. Infatti la Hamburg Sud, titolare di marchi quali Columbus Line, Alianca Navegacao e Logistica e Crowley American Transport, e molto forte in Sud America, nonché nei traffici Nord-Sud, adesso non utilizza più Puerto Cabello come scalo a vocazione di transhipment.

Wilson Roque, general manager per la Hamburg Sud e la Columbus Line in Venezuela, dice: "Ora effettuiamo transhipment a Curaçao e non più a Puerto Cabello. In tal modo il Venezuela ha perso una quota rilevante di affari - 100 containers la settimana - da quando il Settembre scorso le clausole scrite di rinuncia sono state abrogate. La strategia ha avuto effetti negativi sulle autorità. La situazione è simile a quella verificatasi negli USA con il Jones Act, ma almeno negli USA i servizi nazionali sono quantomeno buoni e offrono tariffe ragionevoli".

Qui Roque si riferisce all'ammontare estorto di carico per muovere il cargo di cabotaggio lungo le coste del Venezuela. Al momento attuale, la Caboven è l'unica compagnia che muove i containers tra porti venezuelani. Il vettore movimenta due navi di piccole dimensioni, la Tijereto e il Pelicano. Le tariffe della compagnia sono sempre state alte, ma adesso, data la situazione venutasi a creare di quasi monopolio tutto a suo favore, i prezzi sono divenuti veramente stratosferici.

Roque, che è anche il vice Presidente servizi del Venezuela per la Crowley American Transport, dice che le tariffe della Caboven sono eccessivamente elevate e non ha nessun senso dal punto di vista economico che la Hamburg Sud le utilizzi. Dice infatti: "Non capisco come un carico proveniente da Miami destinazione Venezuela per US$750 possa poi venire a costare US$850 per il piccolo tragitto da Porto Cabello a Guanta. Questo non ha alcun senso per me e per la Hamburg Sud, e di certo non ne ha neppure per i nostri clienti".

Il punto è che la Caboven stabilisce le tariffe che vuole perché non c'è un regime concorrenziale. Ma ora sembra che possa cambiare tutto il mercato. Le nuove leggi stanno tentando di aprire la strada a nuovi concorrenti e si spera che quest'auspicata futura onda di concorrenza faccia diminuire i costi per gli spedizionieri.

La legge venezuelana per la Ristrutturazione della Marina Mercantile (RMM) è stata implementata nel Luglio del 2000, portando alla creazione la Legge per la Marina Mercantile e la Legge Organica per gli Specchi Acquei, che però non sono ancora entrate in pieno vigore. Poi ci sono la Legge per il Commercio Marittimo e la Legge per i Porti Nazionali (o NPL). Nell'opinione di Sabatino, queste quattro parti di una legislazione comune sono state programmate per entrare in vigore nel periodo tra Giugno e Luglio 2001. Sabatino ha lavorato con un discreto numero di commissioni governative - accanto ad altri avvocati, ingegneri, marinai, studenti di marittima, ufficiali del governo, ecc… - e tutti hanno deciso concordemente di discutere ed emendare la legislazione marittima.

La legge RMM è simile alla brasiliana AFRMM, che eleva le tasse sull'import per fornire denaro per il rinnovamento del mercato nazionale marittimo. Per la prima volta, permette anche una partecipazione estera del 100% in navi di bandiera nazionale. Mentre le altre due leggi pendenti hanno clausole mirate all'apertura delle industrie marittime venezuelane alla partecipazione straniera.

Similmente, la Seaboard Marine, che ha perduto la sua clausola di rinunzia nel Settembre 2000, dice che sta attualmente prendendo in seria considerazione il cambio di bandiera di una o due sue navi a favore della venezuelana, per partecipare attivamente al traffico di cabotaggio del Venezuela. Andrres Urrea, general manager della Seaboard Marine a Caracas, ha spiegato che la sua compagnia, che ha il quartier generale a Miami, è uno dei maggiori attori nella regione caraibica, compresi il Sud America settentrionale e l'America Centrale.

"Facciamo scalo praticamente ad ogni porto dei Caraibi", dice. Per fare un esempio, la Seaboard Marine gestisce un servizio per il Venezuela dalla Colombia. Questa spedizione comporta il trasporto di numerosi componenti di autovetture, in containers, per la American Dana Corporation, che è attiva in Venezuela attraverso la sua sussidiaria Danaven. Secondo il parere di Urrea, la Seaboard Marine ha operato in Venezuela per oltre 17 anni e le operazioni di carico e scarico sono sempre state perfette almeno fino a quando non vi furono svariate dislocazioni causate da agitazioni alquanto aspre pre-elezioni e la recessione del 1999.

Una volta che i cambiamenti voluti da Chavez sono poi divenuti attivi, le cose andarono di male in peggio, ma ora Urrea ritiene che il peggio sia passato e prevede anzi addirittura crescite del 2,5-3% per l'anno a venire. Un problema rilevante, tra gli altri, che la Seaboard Marine ha incontrato, è stato la perdita della clausola di rinuncia sulla bandiera che aveva sulle sue due portacontainers da 648 Teus operanti da Miami al Venezuela. La Seaboard Florida e la Seaboard Star hanno perso le loro clausole nel Settembre 2000 e ciò ha causato perdite e frammentazione dei servizi di navigazione offerti, nonché il possesso delle due piccole imbarcazioni della Caboven.

"Eravamo abituati ad avere, fino a sei mesi fa, operazioni di bandiera venezuelana che ci aiutavano a venire incontro alle leggi di prenotazione dei cargos", ha spiegato Urrea, "ma abbiamo dovuto fermare tutto questo perché è diventato tutto troppo costoso".

Egli spiega che le domande di previdenza sociale erano tali che per ogni 250 dollari USA pagati ad un marinaio venezuelano se ne dovevano sborsare altri 250 tutti in tasse, nonché in svariate assicurazioni sul lavoro e costi di previdenza. C'erano anche numerosi bonus che dovevano essere pagati periodicamente ai marinai che "provenivano da compagnie di navigazione in dissesto allorché era già iniziata la procedura di liquidazione, siccome essi facevano parte del capitale".

Intervistato alla fine del 2000, Urrea disse che la Seaboard Marine cercava in tutti i modi di cambiare bandiera alle sue due imbarcazioni da 648 Teus percorrenti la tratta Miami-Venezuela o di prendere in gestione una nave di minori dimensioni e operare solamente da feeder lungo la costa venezuelana. La Seaboard Marine (che effettua dai 65 ai 70 scali mensilmente in Venezuela) preferirebbe gestire solamente il servizio di feederaggio. Comunque, questo potrebbe anche non essere possibile dato che gli uomini dei Ministeri sono preoccupati piuttosto di proteggere e ridurre il grado di esposizione internazionale del regime della bandiera del Venezuela sulle navi che servono il mercato della Florida e di Miami con particolare attenzione.
(da: Containerisation International, Marzo 2001)


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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
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Among the objectives, the strengthening of operational infrastructures on land and dredging
Conference on the culture of prevention in the Italian logistics supply chain
Rome
Organized by Sanilog, it will be held on November 13th in Rome
The PCTC Grande Melbourne was christened and delivered to the Grimaldi Group in China.
Naples
It has a capacity of 9,241 CEUs
A new record in cruise traffic is expected in Italian ports in 2026
Catania
In Catania, Risposte Turismo presented the new edition of the "Italian Cruise Watch" report.
Quarterly freight traffic growth at the port of Barcelona. Declining in Algeciras.
Barcelona/Algeciras
In the period July-September, percentage variations of +1.8% and -4.1% respectively were recorded
Fincantieri launches the first integrated underwater drone system
Trieste
Tested at the Naval Support and Experimentation Center in La Spezia
Filt Cgil: The method adopted to define the port reform is unacceptable.
Rome
The union denounces the lack of involvement of workers' representatives and the lack of prior consultation.
General Assembly of Logistics: Northwest Alliance Renewed
Turin
Liguria, Lombardy, and Piedmont Regions, MIT, RFI, and Ferrovienord Sign Agreement
Konecranes reports quarterly revenue decline while orders rise.
Helsinki
In the period July-September, orders acquired for 1.15 billion euros (+20.1%)
GNV has taken delivery of the new ro-pax GNV Virgo in China
Genoa
It is the first ship powered by liquefied natural gas in the company's fleet.
A new maritime service for rolling stock to North Africa is underway at the Vado Ligure Reefer Terminal.
Vado Ligure
Connection with the Libyan port of Misurata
Grimaldi and China Merchants Shenzhen RoRo Shipping sign cooperation agreement
Naples
Expected to offer greater capacity and a broader and more efficient service network to support Chinese exports
The 2026 budget forecast and the POT of the Port System Authority of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas have been adopted.
Gioia Tauro
Piacenza: Cold ironing is also important to avoid having to face significant fines.
The Port of La Spezia has completed its first cold ironing tests at Molo Garibaldi.
La Spezia
The transformation cabin at the dock has been connected to the cruise ship "MSC Seaview"
Global Ports Holding has signed a contract to manage the Casablanca cruise terminal.
Istanbul
15-year agreement with option for a 20-year extension
A conference on e-commerce returns at LIUC
Castellanza
In the fashion sector they represent over 30% of online orders in Europe
Fincantieri and Defcomm sign agreement for the development of surface drones.
Trieste
Co-investment to accelerate its industrialization
Australian Scott McKay is the new president of the International Cargo Handling Association.
London
He took over from John Beckett
Container traffic in the port of Valencia fell by 11.6% in September.
Valencia
In the third quarter of 2025, overall freight traffic decreased by -3.2%
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 0.7% in the third quarter.
Long Beach
Empty spaces are rising. Full capacity at boarding and disembarking is down 1.0% and 8.5% respectively.
Piacenza: The port of Gioia Tauro aims to handle seven million containers by 2029.
Genoa
Transhipment - he underlined - represents an essential gateway for international goods into the national market.
Arkas Line's new direct service connects the Eastern Mediterranean and Italy with West Africa.
Izmir
It will be held on a weekly basis
Assocostieri urges revitalization of the national bunkering sector
Genoa
Among the proposals, making it possible to use barges as floating storage facilities for alternative fuels
The Ministry of Transport has requested an agreement for Consalvo to become president of the Eastern Adriatic Port Authority.
Rome/Trieste
Fedriga: The Friuli Venezia Giulia Region will express its agreement
Federmar-Cisal proposes a new distribution of the tonnage tax benefits
Rome
Pico: For maritime personnel, financial recognition is not always proportionate to the essential role they play
P&O Maritime Logistics completes acquisition of controlling stake in NovaAlgoma Cement Carriers
Lugano
Obtained the necessary regulatory approvals
Fatal accident in the port of Ravenna
Ravenna
A 67-year-old truck driver lost his life at the Sapir terminal.
A Norwegian delegation visits the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority
Livorno
ABB's quarterly financial performance shows sharp growth
Zurich
In the period July-September the value of new orders increased by +11.6%
Fratelli Neri buys two tugboats produced by Egypt's Misr Tugboats Factory
Ismailia
They will be taken into delivery in the first quarter of 2026
COSCO Shipping Ports Sets New Quarterly Container Traffic Record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September, 29.8 million TEUs were handled (+3.6%)
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by -9.2% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
A 16.3% drop was recorded in September
Port of Civitavecchia appoints members of the Marine Resources Partnership Body
Civitavecchia
He will remain in office for four years
New quarterly record for container traffic handled by CMPort port terminals
Hong Kong
New highs recorded both in China and at overseas ports
CMA CGM to order six feeder containerships from Cochin Shipyard
Kochi
Order worth approximately 300 million dollars
Efficient solutions for the port launching of floating wind turbines are being studied in France
Trondheim/Brest
Agreement between the Norwegian BOA and the port of Brest
Augusta Due has acquired a second new tanker built by Fujian Southeast Shipbuilding Co.
Rome
It has a capacity of 18,590 deadweight tons.
IRU, CLECAT, ESC and GCCA oppose binding targets for demand for zero-emission trucks
Brussels
They ask to focus instead on creating favorable conditions for operators to be able to use them.
Marialaura Dell'Abate is the new president of Confitarma's Young Shipowners' Group.
Rome
In the third quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports grew by +4%
St. Petersburg
Only import loads are decreasing
Matteo Caiti appointed country manager for Italy at Forto
Milan
The goal is to consolidate growth on the Italian market
DP World to build and operate multimodal terminal in Uzbekistan
Dubai
Joint venture with Tashkent Invest
Applications for rail freight transport incentives are now open.
Rome
From today the requests to access the Ferrobonus
Confitarma welcomes Senate approval of simplification measures for the maritime transport sector.
Rome
A rapid approval in the Chamber is also hoped for
The maritime, port and logistics sector asks the Ministry of Transport for clarification on the regulation on waiting times for loading and unloading goods
Rome
A dialogue was called to determine the identification of correct application indications of the law
Four icebreakers for the U.S. Coast Guard will be built in Finland.
Washington
Agreement signed by Presidents Donald Trump and Alexander Stubb
PSA International wins the "Best Singapore Investor in Italy" award.
Genoa
It was awarded by the Italian Chamber of Commerce in Singapore
The Italian Navy's Olterra ship was launched in Genoa.
Genoa
It is the first military project built by the T. Mariotti shipyard
The first ferry owned by the Sicilian Region launched in Palermo
Palermo
Folgiero: Revitalization of the Sicilian shipyard as part of Fincantieri's new industrial plan
In the third quarter, containers carried by OOCL vessels increased by +0.7%
Hong Kong
Accentuation of the reduction in revenues which fell by -25.9%
Offshore wind farm in the port of Augusta ready in two or three years
Palermo
Di Sarcina: We are confident in a rapid allocation of the planned resources, amounting to approximately 50 million euros.
Assologistica approves new rules on pallet exchange
Rome
Approved by the Senate, the text moves to the Chamber of Deputies
In the Netherlands, a self-driving vessel has been authorised to sail outside a restricted area.
Rotterdam
German company Helsing acquires Blue Ocean Monitoring
London
Australian company builds self-driving submarines
The decree designating the port of Taranto as a national offshore wind hub has been made official.
Taranto
Gugliotti: Unlock resources for modernizing and upgrading port areas
One of two injured sailors from vessel attacked in Gulf of Aden dies
Amsterdam/London
Dominquez (IMO): Strong condemnation of any type of attack against ships
Salvini met with the deputy CEO of the Turkish terminal operator Yilport.
Rome
At the centre of the meeting was the dredging of the port of Taranto.
The Logistics & Sea Academy has equipped itself with new simulators for operating ships, tugboats, trains and port cranes
Venice
Investment of four million euros
Giovanni Punzo, founder and president of CIS - Interporto Campano for thirty years, has died.
Nola
Among the founders of Italo, the first private Italian operator on the high-speed rail network
The new two-masted ro-ro ship Neoliner Origin will arrive in Livorno tomorrow.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of 1,200 linear meters of rolling stock
The refinancing of the Setramar group's capital structure has been completed.
Ravenna
Merli: a crucial step in our growth journey
Liguori's term as head of the Trieste Port Authority has been extended.
Rome
Confirmed in the role of extraordinary commissioner of the institution
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The National Maritime Fund has organised a meeting with the ITS Mare and the maritime training centres
Conference on the culture of prevention in the Italian logistics supply chain
Rome
Organized by Sanilog, it will be held on November 13th in Rome
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Foreign firms to operate 3 terminals under Ctg Port for up to 30 years; deals by December
(The Business Standard)
We'II Rebuild Apapa, Tin-Can Ports In 48 Months - Dantsoho
(Leadership)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Agreement to complete electrification work on the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
The 70 million euro investment to complete the project has been confirmed.
A Maersk delegation at the Grendi Group's container terminal in Cagliari's Porto Canale.
Milan
At the centre of the debate is the development of traffic towards North Africa
Port of Livorno: Protests over Gaza must not block operations.
Livorno
The members of the Partnership Body highlighted the need for it to be accessible to all vessels
Geodis appoints Maurizio Bortolan as CEO for Italy
Milan
It will coordinate the three business lines Contract Logistics, Freight Forwarding and Road Transport
GNV, agreement with Sicilian terminal operator Portitalia is positive.
Genoa
The company specified that the aim was exclusively to temporarily supplement the tariffs.
Two days of work with ESPO in Rome on the Mediterranean and European ports
Rome
Meetings organized by Assoporti
In 2024, 112 million counterfeit items were seized in the European Union.
Brussels
Record estimated value of 3.8 billion euros
Strikes and protests in ports, request for information from the Guarantor
Rome
Request for information from prefects, port authorities, and port authorities
Danaos Corporation has ordered two 7,165 TEU containerships from Dalian Shanhaiguan.
Athens
They will be taken into delivery in the third quarter of 2027
In the second quarter, freight traffic on the Austrian rail network fell by -1.4%.
Vienna
Only domestic traffic is growing
ALS (FBH Group) has acquired 80% of Trans World Shipping and Moda Express of USA.
Rozzano
The two companies have 500 employees and are active in Italy, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Circle's revenue increased by 62.1% in the first half of 2025
Milan
Net profit of over 1.0 million euros (+1.8%)
A Ukrainian delegation hosted by the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority
Livorno
Cooperation in the field of training and safety at work in ports
The EIB is financing Phase A of Genoa's new breakwater with €300 million.
Luxembourg
The total investment is 937 million euros
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