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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 3/2001 - MARCH 2001

Trasporto marittimo

L'enigma cabotaggio

Possibili accessi al traffico su cabotaggio del Venezuela sono stati proposti come valido mezzo per attrarre i proprietari di navi al registro venezuelano. Le reazioni dei vettori marittimi esteri sono state molte e diverse.

Il Venezuela si deve classificare come una delle Nazioni più instabili al mondo. Allora perché mai il Presidente ex paracadutista, Hugo Chavez, pensa che il suo mercato potrebbe attrarre compagnie di navigazione e fare in modo che registrino le loro imbarcazioni presso il Registro Navale venezuelano, sottoponendosi al regime legislativo di questo Paese?

Non c'è una risposta precisa a questo quesito, ma una ragione chiave per l'ottimismo presidenziale risiede nel bene preziosissimo e utilissimo all'export che il Venezuela possiede: il petrolio. Un altro fattore che potrebbe incoraggiare i proprietari di navi esteri a cambiare bandiera è anche l'accesso al traffico di cabotaggio del Paese. I volumi di traffico cabotiero sono modesti attualmente, ma sono in molti a credere che ci sia un buon potenziale di crescita.

Chavez tiene molto a trovare delle misure che incoraggeranno le compagnie a entrare, o rientrare, a fare parte della bandiera del Venezuela, e così creare fino a 10 mila nuovi posti di lavoro nel settore marittimo. Recentemente c'è stato un esodo - dovuto anche al fatto che gran parte di compagnie petrolifere e di gas sono partecipate dallo Stato attraverso la PDVSA - dalla bandiera venezuelana a tutto vantaggio del vicino e concorrente Panama che ha accolto i fuggiaschi a braccia aperte.

Jose Sabatino, avvocato esperto in diritto marittimo e direttore della Camera di Commercio di Puerto Cabello, che ha avuto anche parte attiva nel formulare e promulgare le leggi oggi vigenti, a dichiarato: "Il Presidente vuole una flotta di bandiera venezuelana forte e intende elaborare una strategia a livello politico statale per raggiungere questo obiettivo". Di solito il Presidente riesce ad ottenere quello che vuole, e questo lo hanno notato anche gli osservatori venezuelani e quelli esteri incaricati di guardare il Venezuela dall'Ottobre 1998, anno in cui è salito al potere Hugo Chavez. Ad esempio, la PDVSA sta riportando sotto la bandiera venezuelana la sua flotta di 21 superpetroliere dal Panama.

Per attirare i proprietari delle navi nel Registro del Venezuela sono stati tutta una serie di accorgimenti:

  • riduzione della tassa di registrazione per il Registro venezuelano dal 25% del valore della nave all'1%;

  • esenzioni di vario tipo: dalla VAT (l'IVA) fino al 75% degli investimenti fatti per acquistare o effettuare un leasing di nuove imbarcazioni per un periodo di tre anni;

  • nessuna tassa sull'import su navi nuove o noleggiate;

  • nessuna tassa doganale sulle navi;

  • una riduzione del 50% delle tariffe per rimorchio e ormeggio;

  • risparmi sulla benzina di circa il 20%.

Chavez, da populista quale è, ritiene che tutti questi incentivi aiuteranno il Registro a crescere ed a generare lavoro genuino e di lunga durata per almeno 54 mila Venezuelani disoccupati del marittimo. Egli si ricorda bene dei giorni di gloria in cui il Venezuela aveva il suo attore internazionale per il general cargo CAVN (Compania Anonima Venezuelana Navegacion).

Come già detto, interessi esteri sono stati attratti dalla possibilità di sfruttare il cabotaggio venezuelano. Questo può ancora essere modesto - stime ufficiali individuano un traffico annuale dagli 8.000 ai 10.000 Teus - ma ha un grosso potenziale di crescita, dato che commercia con le vicine Colombia e Brasile.

I rivali Sud Americani Maersk Sealand e il gruppo Hamburg Sud sono a lungo stati all'erta sul potenziale di servizi operativi che collegano Colombia, Venezuela e Brasile. La Maersk Sealand, che ha iniziato a operare in Venezuela nel 1994, ha lanciato un servizio nell'Ottobre del 2000 (all'origine era solo temporaneo, ma ora è divenuto fisso) che collega le tre Nazioni Sudamericane. Il servizio in questione fa scalo a Itajai, Santos, Rio de Janeiro (tutte località del Brasile), Guanta, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello (Venezuelani) e Cartagena (Colombia, con opzioni di transhipment al porto americano di Houston).

La Hamburg Sud e la Maersk Sealand sono state spesso concorrenti su queste rotte, in particolare per quanto concerne i carichi di pesce surgelato imbarcati al porto di Guanta destinazione Brasile, ma da poco i diversi spedizionieri hanno siglato un accordo di cooperazione preferendo la compagnia di bandiera tedesca.

Fino al Settembre 2000, vettori come Seaboard Marine, Hamburg Sud (Columbus Line) e Maersk Sealand erano sottoposte a delle clausole scritte di rinuncia che permettessero loro di trasportare carichi tra porti del Venezuela. Comunque, ad opera del governo di Chavez - via Ministero dei Trasporti - questi atti sono stati revocati l'anno scorso. Ciò ha causato problemi logistici e di breve periodo per le compagnie che operavano negli specchi acquei del Venezuela.

La Hamburg Sud si è dovuta sbrigare a trovare una valida strategia alternativa per assorbire gli effetti del termine della clausola di rinuncia e come soluzione si è spostata a Curaçao, nelle Indie Occidentali Olandesi, quale porto alternativo di transhipment. Spiega un portavoce della Hamburg Sud in Venezuela: "Il governo del Venezuela è assai nazionalista e le regole sono state cambiate in modo tale che il cabotaggio possa essere intrapreso solamente da compagnie di bandiera venezuelana".

Però questa strategia non è stata il massimo dell'efficacia. Infatti la Hamburg Sud, titolare di marchi quali Columbus Line, Alianca Navegacao e Logistica e Crowley American Transport, e molto forte in Sud America, nonché nei traffici Nord-Sud, adesso non utilizza più Puerto Cabello come scalo a vocazione di transhipment.

Wilson Roque, general manager per la Hamburg Sud e la Columbus Line in Venezuela, dice: "Ora effettuiamo transhipment a Curaçao e non più a Puerto Cabello. In tal modo il Venezuela ha perso una quota rilevante di affari - 100 containers la settimana - da quando il Settembre scorso le clausole scrite di rinuncia sono state abrogate. La strategia ha avuto effetti negativi sulle autorità. La situazione è simile a quella verificatasi negli USA con il Jones Act, ma almeno negli USA i servizi nazionali sono quantomeno buoni e offrono tariffe ragionevoli".

Qui Roque si riferisce all'ammontare estorto di carico per muovere il cargo di cabotaggio lungo le coste del Venezuela. Al momento attuale, la Caboven è l'unica compagnia che muove i containers tra porti venezuelani. Il vettore movimenta due navi di piccole dimensioni, la Tijereto e il Pelicano. Le tariffe della compagnia sono sempre state alte, ma adesso, data la situazione venutasi a creare di quasi monopolio tutto a suo favore, i prezzi sono divenuti veramente stratosferici.

Roque, che è anche il vice Presidente servizi del Venezuela per la Crowley American Transport, dice che le tariffe della Caboven sono eccessivamente elevate e non ha nessun senso dal punto di vista economico che la Hamburg Sud le utilizzi. Dice infatti: "Non capisco come un carico proveniente da Miami destinazione Venezuela per US$750 possa poi venire a costare US$850 per il piccolo tragitto da Porto Cabello a Guanta. Questo non ha alcun senso per me e per la Hamburg Sud, e di certo non ne ha neppure per i nostri clienti".

Il punto è che la Caboven stabilisce le tariffe che vuole perché non c'è un regime concorrenziale. Ma ora sembra che possa cambiare tutto il mercato. Le nuove leggi stanno tentando di aprire la strada a nuovi concorrenti e si spera che quest'auspicata futura onda di concorrenza faccia diminuire i costi per gli spedizionieri.

La legge venezuelana per la Ristrutturazione della Marina Mercantile (RMM) è stata implementata nel Luglio del 2000, portando alla creazione la Legge per la Marina Mercantile e la Legge Organica per gli Specchi Acquei, che però non sono ancora entrate in pieno vigore. Poi ci sono la Legge per il Commercio Marittimo e la Legge per i Porti Nazionali (o NPL). Nell'opinione di Sabatino, queste quattro parti di una legislazione comune sono state programmate per entrare in vigore nel periodo tra Giugno e Luglio 2001. Sabatino ha lavorato con un discreto numero di commissioni governative - accanto ad altri avvocati, ingegneri, marinai, studenti di marittima, ufficiali del governo, ecc… - e tutti hanno deciso concordemente di discutere ed emendare la legislazione marittima.

La legge RMM è simile alla brasiliana AFRMM, che eleva le tasse sull'import per fornire denaro per il rinnovamento del mercato nazionale marittimo. Per la prima volta, permette anche una partecipazione estera del 100% in navi di bandiera nazionale. Mentre le altre due leggi pendenti hanno clausole mirate all'apertura delle industrie marittime venezuelane alla partecipazione straniera.

Similmente, la Seaboard Marine, che ha perduto la sua clausola di rinunzia nel Settembre 2000, dice che sta attualmente prendendo in seria considerazione il cambio di bandiera di una o due sue navi a favore della venezuelana, per partecipare attivamente al traffico di cabotaggio del Venezuela. Andrres Urrea, general manager della Seaboard Marine a Caracas, ha spiegato che la sua compagnia, che ha il quartier generale a Miami, è uno dei maggiori attori nella regione caraibica, compresi il Sud America settentrionale e l'America Centrale.

"Facciamo scalo praticamente ad ogni porto dei Caraibi", dice. Per fare un esempio, la Seaboard Marine gestisce un servizio per il Venezuela dalla Colombia. Questa spedizione comporta il trasporto di numerosi componenti di autovetture, in containers, per la American Dana Corporation, che è attiva in Venezuela attraverso la sua sussidiaria Danaven. Secondo il parere di Urrea, la Seaboard Marine ha operato in Venezuela per oltre 17 anni e le operazioni di carico e scarico sono sempre state perfette almeno fino a quando non vi furono svariate dislocazioni causate da agitazioni alquanto aspre pre-elezioni e la recessione del 1999.

Una volta che i cambiamenti voluti da Chavez sono poi divenuti attivi, le cose andarono di male in peggio, ma ora Urrea ritiene che il peggio sia passato e prevede anzi addirittura crescite del 2,5-3% per l'anno a venire. Un problema rilevante, tra gli altri, che la Seaboard Marine ha incontrato, è stato la perdita della clausola di rinuncia sulla bandiera che aveva sulle sue due portacontainers da 648 Teus operanti da Miami al Venezuela. La Seaboard Florida e la Seaboard Star hanno perso le loro clausole nel Settembre 2000 e ciò ha causato perdite e frammentazione dei servizi di navigazione offerti, nonché il possesso delle due piccole imbarcazioni della Caboven.

"Eravamo abituati ad avere, fino a sei mesi fa, operazioni di bandiera venezuelana che ci aiutavano a venire incontro alle leggi di prenotazione dei cargos", ha spiegato Urrea, "ma abbiamo dovuto fermare tutto questo perché è diventato tutto troppo costoso".

Egli spiega che le domande di previdenza sociale erano tali che per ogni 250 dollari USA pagati ad un marinaio venezuelano se ne dovevano sborsare altri 250 tutti in tasse, nonché in svariate assicurazioni sul lavoro e costi di previdenza. C'erano anche numerosi bonus che dovevano essere pagati periodicamente ai marinai che "provenivano da compagnie di navigazione in dissesto allorché era già iniziata la procedura di liquidazione, siccome essi facevano parte del capitale".

Intervistato alla fine del 2000, Urrea disse che la Seaboard Marine cercava in tutti i modi di cambiare bandiera alle sue due imbarcazioni da 648 Teus percorrenti la tratta Miami-Venezuela o di prendere in gestione una nave di minori dimensioni e operare solamente da feeder lungo la costa venezuelana. La Seaboard Marine (che effettua dai 65 ai 70 scali mensilmente in Venezuela) preferirebbe gestire solamente il servizio di feederaggio. Comunque, questo potrebbe anche non essere possibile dato che gli uomini dei Ministeri sono preoccupati piuttosto di proteggere e ridurre il grado di esposizione internazionale del regime della bandiera del Venezuela sulle navi che servono il mercato della Florida e di Miami con particolare attenzione.
(da: Containerisation International, Marzo 2001)


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The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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