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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 3/2001 - MARCH 2001

Trasporto marittimo

L'enigma cabotaggio

Possibili accessi al traffico su cabotaggio del Venezuela sono stati proposti come valido mezzo per attrarre i proprietari di navi al registro venezuelano. Le reazioni dei vettori marittimi esteri sono state molte e diverse.

Il Venezuela si deve classificare come una delle Nazioni più instabili al mondo. Allora perché mai il Presidente ex paracadutista, Hugo Chavez, pensa che il suo mercato potrebbe attrarre compagnie di navigazione e fare in modo che registrino le loro imbarcazioni presso il Registro Navale venezuelano, sottoponendosi al regime legislativo di questo Paese?

Non c'è una risposta precisa a questo quesito, ma una ragione chiave per l'ottimismo presidenziale risiede nel bene preziosissimo e utilissimo all'export che il Venezuela possiede: il petrolio. Un altro fattore che potrebbe incoraggiare i proprietari di navi esteri a cambiare bandiera è anche l'accesso al traffico di cabotaggio del Paese. I volumi di traffico cabotiero sono modesti attualmente, ma sono in molti a credere che ci sia un buon potenziale di crescita.

Chavez tiene molto a trovare delle misure che incoraggeranno le compagnie a entrare, o rientrare, a fare parte della bandiera del Venezuela, e così creare fino a 10 mila nuovi posti di lavoro nel settore marittimo. Recentemente c'è stato un esodo - dovuto anche al fatto che gran parte di compagnie petrolifere e di gas sono partecipate dallo Stato attraverso la PDVSA - dalla bandiera venezuelana a tutto vantaggio del vicino e concorrente Panama che ha accolto i fuggiaschi a braccia aperte.

Jose Sabatino, avvocato esperto in diritto marittimo e direttore della Camera di Commercio di Puerto Cabello, che ha avuto anche parte attiva nel formulare e promulgare le leggi oggi vigenti, a dichiarato: "Il Presidente vuole una flotta di bandiera venezuelana forte e intende elaborare una strategia a livello politico statale per raggiungere questo obiettivo". Di solito il Presidente riesce ad ottenere quello che vuole, e questo lo hanno notato anche gli osservatori venezuelani e quelli esteri incaricati di guardare il Venezuela dall'Ottobre 1998, anno in cui è salito al potere Hugo Chavez. Ad esempio, la PDVSA sta riportando sotto la bandiera venezuelana la sua flotta di 21 superpetroliere dal Panama.

Per attirare i proprietari delle navi nel Registro del Venezuela sono stati tutta una serie di accorgimenti:

  • riduzione della tassa di registrazione per il Registro venezuelano dal 25% del valore della nave all'1%;

  • esenzioni di vario tipo: dalla VAT (l'IVA) fino al 75% degli investimenti fatti per acquistare o effettuare un leasing di nuove imbarcazioni per un periodo di tre anni;

  • nessuna tassa sull'import su navi nuove o noleggiate;

  • nessuna tassa doganale sulle navi;

  • una riduzione del 50% delle tariffe per rimorchio e ormeggio;

  • risparmi sulla benzina di circa il 20%.

Chavez, da populista quale è, ritiene che tutti questi incentivi aiuteranno il Registro a crescere ed a generare lavoro genuino e di lunga durata per almeno 54 mila Venezuelani disoccupati del marittimo. Egli si ricorda bene dei giorni di gloria in cui il Venezuela aveva il suo attore internazionale per il general cargo CAVN (Compania Anonima Venezuelana Navegacion).

Come già detto, interessi esteri sono stati attratti dalla possibilità di sfruttare il cabotaggio venezuelano. Questo può ancora essere modesto - stime ufficiali individuano un traffico annuale dagli 8.000 ai 10.000 Teus - ma ha un grosso potenziale di crescita, dato che commercia con le vicine Colombia e Brasile.

I rivali Sud Americani Maersk Sealand e il gruppo Hamburg Sud sono a lungo stati all'erta sul potenziale di servizi operativi che collegano Colombia, Venezuela e Brasile. La Maersk Sealand, che ha iniziato a operare in Venezuela nel 1994, ha lanciato un servizio nell'Ottobre del 2000 (all'origine era solo temporaneo, ma ora è divenuto fisso) che collega le tre Nazioni Sudamericane. Il servizio in questione fa scalo a Itajai, Santos, Rio de Janeiro (tutte località del Brasile), Guanta, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello (Venezuelani) e Cartagena (Colombia, con opzioni di transhipment al porto americano di Houston).

La Hamburg Sud e la Maersk Sealand sono state spesso concorrenti su queste rotte, in particolare per quanto concerne i carichi di pesce surgelato imbarcati al porto di Guanta destinazione Brasile, ma da poco i diversi spedizionieri hanno siglato un accordo di cooperazione preferendo la compagnia di bandiera tedesca.

Fino al Settembre 2000, vettori come Seaboard Marine, Hamburg Sud (Columbus Line) e Maersk Sealand erano sottoposte a delle clausole scritte di rinuncia che permettessero loro di trasportare carichi tra porti del Venezuela. Comunque, ad opera del governo di Chavez - via Ministero dei Trasporti - questi atti sono stati revocati l'anno scorso. Ciò ha causato problemi logistici e di breve periodo per le compagnie che operavano negli specchi acquei del Venezuela.

La Hamburg Sud si è dovuta sbrigare a trovare una valida strategia alternativa per assorbire gli effetti del termine della clausola di rinuncia e come soluzione si è spostata a Curaçao, nelle Indie Occidentali Olandesi, quale porto alternativo di transhipment. Spiega un portavoce della Hamburg Sud in Venezuela: "Il governo del Venezuela è assai nazionalista e le regole sono state cambiate in modo tale che il cabotaggio possa essere intrapreso solamente da compagnie di bandiera venezuelana".

Però questa strategia non è stata il massimo dell'efficacia. Infatti la Hamburg Sud, titolare di marchi quali Columbus Line, Alianca Navegacao e Logistica e Crowley American Transport, e molto forte in Sud America, nonché nei traffici Nord-Sud, adesso non utilizza più Puerto Cabello come scalo a vocazione di transhipment.

Wilson Roque, general manager per la Hamburg Sud e la Columbus Line in Venezuela, dice: "Ora effettuiamo transhipment a Curaçao e non più a Puerto Cabello. In tal modo il Venezuela ha perso una quota rilevante di affari - 100 containers la settimana - da quando il Settembre scorso le clausole scrite di rinuncia sono state abrogate. La strategia ha avuto effetti negativi sulle autorità. La situazione è simile a quella verificatasi negli USA con il Jones Act, ma almeno negli USA i servizi nazionali sono quantomeno buoni e offrono tariffe ragionevoli".

Qui Roque si riferisce all'ammontare estorto di carico per muovere il cargo di cabotaggio lungo le coste del Venezuela. Al momento attuale, la Caboven è l'unica compagnia che muove i containers tra porti venezuelani. Il vettore movimenta due navi di piccole dimensioni, la Tijereto e il Pelicano. Le tariffe della compagnia sono sempre state alte, ma adesso, data la situazione venutasi a creare di quasi monopolio tutto a suo favore, i prezzi sono divenuti veramente stratosferici.

Roque, che è anche il vice Presidente servizi del Venezuela per la Crowley American Transport, dice che le tariffe della Caboven sono eccessivamente elevate e non ha nessun senso dal punto di vista economico che la Hamburg Sud le utilizzi. Dice infatti: "Non capisco come un carico proveniente da Miami destinazione Venezuela per US$750 possa poi venire a costare US$850 per il piccolo tragitto da Porto Cabello a Guanta. Questo non ha alcun senso per me e per la Hamburg Sud, e di certo non ne ha neppure per i nostri clienti".

Il punto è che la Caboven stabilisce le tariffe che vuole perché non c'è un regime concorrenziale. Ma ora sembra che possa cambiare tutto il mercato. Le nuove leggi stanno tentando di aprire la strada a nuovi concorrenti e si spera che quest'auspicata futura onda di concorrenza faccia diminuire i costi per gli spedizionieri.

La legge venezuelana per la Ristrutturazione della Marina Mercantile (RMM) è stata implementata nel Luglio del 2000, portando alla creazione la Legge per la Marina Mercantile e la Legge Organica per gli Specchi Acquei, che però non sono ancora entrate in pieno vigore. Poi ci sono la Legge per il Commercio Marittimo e la Legge per i Porti Nazionali (o NPL). Nell'opinione di Sabatino, queste quattro parti di una legislazione comune sono state programmate per entrare in vigore nel periodo tra Giugno e Luglio 2001. Sabatino ha lavorato con un discreto numero di commissioni governative - accanto ad altri avvocati, ingegneri, marinai, studenti di marittima, ufficiali del governo, ecc… - e tutti hanno deciso concordemente di discutere ed emendare la legislazione marittima.

La legge RMM è simile alla brasiliana AFRMM, che eleva le tasse sull'import per fornire denaro per il rinnovamento del mercato nazionale marittimo. Per la prima volta, permette anche una partecipazione estera del 100% in navi di bandiera nazionale. Mentre le altre due leggi pendenti hanno clausole mirate all'apertura delle industrie marittime venezuelane alla partecipazione straniera.

Similmente, la Seaboard Marine, che ha perduto la sua clausola di rinunzia nel Settembre 2000, dice che sta attualmente prendendo in seria considerazione il cambio di bandiera di una o due sue navi a favore della venezuelana, per partecipare attivamente al traffico di cabotaggio del Venezuela. Andrres Urrea, general manager della Seaboard Marine a Caracas, ha spiegato che la sua compagnia, che ha il quartier generale a Miami, è uno dei maggiori attori nella regione caraibica, compresi il Sud America settentrionale e l'America Centrale.

"Facciamo scalo praticamente ad ogni porto dei Caraibi", dice. Per fare un esempio, la Seaboard Marine gestisce un servizio per il Venezuela dalla Colombia. Questa spedizione comporta il trasporto di numerosi componenti di autovetture, in containers, per la American Dana Corporation, che è attiva in Venezuela attraverso la sua sussidiaria Danaven. Secondo il parere di Urrea, la Seaboard Marine ha operato in Venezuela per oltre 17 anni e le operazioni di carico e scarico sono sempre state perfette almeno fino a quando non vi furono svariate dislocazioni causate da agitazioni alquanto aspre pre-elezioni e la recessione del 1999.

Una volta che i cambiamenti voluti da Chavez sono poi divenuti attivi, le cose andarono di male in peggio, ma ora Urrea ritiene che il peggio sia passato e prevede anzi addirittura crescite del 2,5-3% per l'anno a venire. Un problema rilevante, tra gli altri, che la Seaboard Marine ha incontrato, è stato la perdita della clausola di rinuncia sulla bandiera che aveva sulle sue due portacontainers da 648 Teus operanti da Miami al Venezuela. La Seaboard Florida e la Seaboard Star hanno perso le loro clausole nel Settembre 2000 e ciò ha causato perdite e frammentazione dei servizi di navigazione offerti, nonché il possesso delle due piccole imbarcazioni della Caboven.

"Eravamo abituati ad avere, fino a sei mesi fa, operazioni di bandiera venezuelana che ci aiutavano a venire incontro alle leggi di prenotazione dei cargos", ha spiegato Urrea, "ma abbiamo dovuto fermare tutto questo perché è diventato tutto troppo costoso".

Egli spiega che le domande di previdenza sociale erano tali che per ogni 250 dollari USA pagati ad un marinaio venezuelano se ne dovevano sborsare altri 250 tutti in tasse, nonché in svariate assicurazioni sul lavoro e costi di previdenza. C'erano anche numerosi bonus che dovevano essere pagati periodicamente ai marinai che "provenivano da compagnie di navigazione in dissesto allorché era già iniziata la procedura di liquidazione, siccome essi facevano parte del capitale".

Intervistato alla fine del 2000, Urrea disse che la Seaboard Marine cercava in tutti i modi di cambiare bandiera alle sue due imbarcazioni da 648 Teus percorrenti la tratta Miami-Venezuela o di prendere in gestione una nave di minori dimensioni e operare solamente da feeder lungo la costa venezuelana. La Seaboard Marine (che effettua dai 65 ai 70 scali mensilmente in Venezuela) preferirebbe gestire solamente il servizio di feederaggio. Comunque, questo potrebbe anche non essere possibile dato che gli uomini dei Ministeri sono preoccupati piuttosto di proteggere e ridurre il grado di esposizione internazionale del regime della bandiera del Venezuela sulle navi che servono il mercato della Florida e di Miami con particolare attenzione.
(da: Containerisation International, Marzo 2001)


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Container traffic increased in May at the ports of Singapore and Hong Kong
Singapore/Hong Kong
Singapore sets record bunkering levels for liquefied natural gas and pure B100 biodiesel
Vavassori confirmed as president of the Lombardy Association of Freight Forwarders and Haulers
Milan
Albertina Schiavoni and Mario Zini have been appointed vice-presidents
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
The president of Angopi receives the first professional certificate of competence as a mooring man.
Savona
The certificate must be renewed every five years.
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Mein Schiff Flow to TUI Cruises.
Hamburg/Monfalcone
With a gross tonnage of approximately 160,000 tons, it has a capacity of approximately 4,000 passengers.
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Palermo decreased by -6.3%
Palermo
Traffic also decreased in the ports of Termini Imerese, Trapani, and Licata. Increases occurred in Porto Empedocle and Gela.
The Antitrust Authority has not given its final approval for the acquisition of Armas' assets and activities by Baleària.
Barcelona
Set a series of conditions
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
VARD to build a new generation fishing vessel
Trieste
It was ordered by the Norwegian company Rosund Drift
Royal Caribbean has taken delivery of its new Legend of the Seas cruise ship.
Miami
Built by Meyer Turku, it can accommodate 5,610 passengers
Concentration in the UK shipbuilding sector
London
Baleana buys APCL Group (A&P Tyne, Cammell Laird and A&P Falmouth and Falmouth Docks and Engineering)
Informal hearings of trade union representatives on port governance reform
Rome
At the heart of the critical issues highlighted - confirms Filt-Cgil - is the planned establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Venice, the DPSS confirms the need to build new offshore terminals outside the lagoon.
Venice
The Strategic System Programming Document has been approved by the AdSP Management Committee
The Spinelli Group has joined the Italian Association of Port Terminal Operators
Genoa
The company and Assiterminal expressed satisfaction with the resumption of an important association
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic at UK ports fell by -2.6%
London
More significant decrease (-6.8%) in boarding loads
Mark Hindley is the new president of the European Motor Vehicle Logistics Association
Istanbul
Wolfgang Göbel was elected honorary president
At the Port of Genoa, a tugboat was stopped for irregularities in nitrogen oxide emissions.
Genoa
The vessel is used for the construction works of the new breakwater
In April, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +21.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +2.5% is expected in May
Sallaum Lines to launch dedicated China-Europe service in 2027
Nanjing
Two new 7,400 CEU PCTCs taken delivery
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Naval drone found in Romanian port of Constanta
Bucharest
The device self-destructed without causing any casualties.
HJSC receives approval in principle for the construction of a 10,000 TEU biofuel containership.
Athens
It was released from the Korean Naval Register
Global Ship Lease invests $917 million to purchase ten new container ships
Athens
They will be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2028 and the first quarter of 2030.
WASS (Fincantieri) and Magellan Agreement on Canada's Underwater Defense
Trieste
Industrial cooperation opportunities in the field of heavy torpedoes and countermeasures will be explored
Solutions to overcome the chronic staff shortage in the Italian maritime sector
Procida
Pagano (Maritime Labor Committee): Digitalization, simplification, and cooperation between training and businesses to overcome the crisis
Maritime training agreement signed by Gente di Mare (Cosulich) and Carnival
Genoa
Di Tizio: This collaboration allows us to bring an international project to the territory
Antipollution (V.Group) orders four eco-friendly vessels from ONEX Shipyards & Technologies
Athens
Option for four additional units
Spinelli has ordered three new handling vehicles from FTMH
Genoa
A reach stacker for empty containers has already entered service in the group's Livorno depot
Luigi Merlo to lead MSC Cruises' Italian cruise terminal company
Geneva
Centrone (formerly Fincantieri) takes over as Director of Maritime Policies and Government Affairs for the group in Italy
Greece's Skaramangas Shipyards and South Korea's HD Hyundai sign cooperation agreement
Athens
The aim is to collaborate in the construction of surface military vessels
AD Ports buys the Brazilian Corredor Logística e Infraestrutura
Sao Paulo/Abu Dhabi
The company handles the largest volume of agri-food bulk exports in the South American nation
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has been approved.
Livorno
Unanimous approval from the Management Committee
Chen Lichtenstein appointed president and CEO of ZIM
Haifa
He will replace the resigning Eli Glickman.
Gianluca Croce has been confirmed as president of Assagenti Genova.
Genoa
The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
The Mega Serena ferry has joined the Corsica Sardinia Ferries fleet.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and over 600 vehicles.
The first steel cutting of the Crystal Grace cruise ship took place in Marghera.
Miami
Fincantieri will deliver the vessel in spring 2028
Palumbo Superyacht awarded 13,048 square meters of mooring space to the Port of Ortona.
Ancona
Central Adriatic Port Authority, guidelines for issuing the single ZES authorization
Port of Livorno: Two new FHP MarterNeri warehouses inaugurated
Livorno
Investment exceeding 23 million euros
The Committee of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has decided to close the institution's state of crisis.
Civitavecchia
New solution for exceptional transport on intermodal trains from FS Logistix and Van der Vlist
Verona
Two aerial platforms transported from Verona to Rostock
Port of Naples: Fire aboard GNV's Phoenix ferry
Naples
Flames broke out in the internal areas of deck 6 of the ship
Latrofa has chosen a trusted individual to lead an in-house company within the Lazio Port Authority.
Civitavecchia
The new sole director - he underlined - has been provided with particularly stringent management guidelines
In the first three months of 2026, MPC Container Ships' revenues decreased by -6.4%.
Oslo
Quarterly net income of $40.8 million (-31.8%)
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Sardinian Port Authority has been approved.
Olbia
Green light from the Management Committee
The environmental assessment process for the San Antonio Outer Harbor project has been completed.
Saint Anthony
The Viking Mira cruise ship was delivered at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
It has a gross tonnage of 54,300 tons and a capacity of 998 passengers.
In 2025, RINA recorded revenues of over one billion euros (+11%)
Genoa
Net profit up 30%
The new railway bridge has been installed at the Port of Marina di Carrara.
Marina di Carrara
Pisano: A turning point in the port's logistics organization.
Ports, freight terminals, and corridors. Venice and the Upper Adriatic as a gateway to the East.
Venice
This is the theme of the event that will be held on Thursday in Venice
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Estonian State Fleet orders electric-powered ferry from Polish shipyard Crist
Tallinn
Contract worth 49.93 million euros
In April, Spanish ports handled 1.7 million containers (+1.7%)
Madrid
Cruise passengers down by -18.4%
Container traffic in the port of Valencia decreased by 2.5% in April
Valencia
In the first four months of 2026, almost 1.8 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
Global Ship Lease posts record quarterly revenues again
Athens
Net profit down 24.0%
International cooperation between the Sardinian Port Authority and the Port of Tangier Ville for luxury yachting
Cagliari
Promotion of an integrated nautical circuit between Sardinia and Morocco
The new first aid medical center has been inaugurated in the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
Among the facilities, a first aid clinic and a CMR ambulance
BPER provides financing to Grimaldi Euromed for fleet modernization.
Milan/Naples
Resources used to partially cover the purchase of the ship "Grande Manila"
ASRY and Priya Blue establish ship recycling yard in Bahrain
Al Muharraq/Alang
First ship destined for dismantling has arrived in the Middle Eastern nation
SAAM Towage orders five new tugboats from Turkish shipyard Sanmar Shipyard
Santiago
They will have a pulling capacity of between 70 and 80 tons
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 5.7% last month.
Long Beach/Singapore/Hong Kong
In Singapore, growth of +3.6% was recorded, while in Hong Kong containers decreased by -6.3%.
Carta (Fermerci): Urgent policies are needed to support railway companies.
Rome
In 2025, rail cargo lost approximately 3.5%, in terms of trains/km
Fratelli Neri orders two more new tugboats in Egypt
Ismailia
Contract with the Suez Canal Company for Modern Boats
Container traffic in the port of Barcelona grew by 17.4% in April.
Barcelona/Algeciras
Algeciras port increases by 6.3%.
The Islamabad government has approved the sale of a 30% stake in the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation.
Islamabad
The share will go to the state logistics company NLC which will also assume management control of PNSC
In 2025, the Spanish port system recorded record revenues
Madrid
Pre-tax profit was 349 million euros (+4.2%)
Leapmotor International strengthens its partnership with the Neapolitan Grimaldi shipping group.
Hoofddorp
In the first quarter, approximately 20,000 units were transported from China to the Italian market.
Cruise traffic in German ports reached a new record last year
Wiesbaden
With 1.51 million passengers, growth was +4.1%.
Federazione del Mare joins the celebrations for the International Day for Women in Maritime 2026.
Rome
Mattioli: The maritime economy is losing opportunities and potential.
After years of sustained growth, short sea shipping in Spain has entered a phase of structural slowdown
Madrid
This is what the latest report from the Observatorio Estadístico del Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia reveals.
AD Ports to buy German freight forwarder MBS Logistics
Colony
The company has over 450 employees and 26 offices worldwide.
The Spinelli Group has joined the Sustainable Intermodal Logistics Association
Genoa/Rome
Summary: ALIS can offer our ecosystem strategic added value
$200 million investment to build and equip the new multipurpose terminal at Pointe-Noire
Brazzaville/Abu Dhabi
Ordered three ship-to-shore cranes from ZPMC
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