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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 3/2001 - MARCH 2001

Trasporto marittimo

L'enigma cabotaggio

Possibili accessi al traffico su cabotaggio del Venezuela sono stati proposti come valido mezzo per attrarre i proprietari di navi al registro venezuelano. Le reazioni dei vettori marittimi esteri sono state molte e diverse.

Il Venezuela si deve classificare come una delle Nazioni più instabili al mondo. Allora perché mai il Presidente ex paracadutista, Hugo Chavez, pensa che il suo mercato potrebbe attrarre compagnie di navigazione e fare in modo che registrino le loro imbarcazioni presso il Registro Navale venezuelano, sottoponendosi al regime legislativo di questo Paese?

Non c'è una risposta precisa a questo quesito, ma una ragione chiave per l'ottimismo presidenziale risiede nel bene preziosissimo e utilissimo all'export che il Venezuela possiede: il petrolio. Un altro fattore che potrebbe incoraggiare i proprietari di navi esteri a cambiare bandiera è anche l'accesso al traffico di cabotaggio del Paese. I volumi di traffico cabotiero sono modesti attualmente, ma sono in molti a credere che ci sia un buon potenziale di crescita.

Chavez tiene molto a trovare delle misure che incoraggeranno le compagnie a entrare, o rientrare, a fare parte della bandiera del Venezuela, e così creare fino a 10 mila nuovi posti di lavoro nel settore marittimo. Recentemente c'è stato un esodo - dovuto anche al fatto che gran parte di compagnie petrolifere e di gas sono partecipate dallo Stato attraverso la PDVSA - dalla bandiera venezuelana a tutto vantaggio del vicino e concorrente Panama che ha accolto i fuggiaschi a braccia aperte.

Jose Sabatino, avvocato esperto in diritto marittimo e direttore della Camera di Commercio di Puerto Cabello, che ha avuto anche parte attiva nel formulare e promulgare le leggi oggi vigenti, a dichiarato: "Il Presidente vuole una flotta di bandiera venezuelana forte e intende elaborare una strategia a livello politico statale per raggiungere questo obiettivo". Di solito il Presidente riesce ad ottenere quello che vuole, e questo lo hanno notato anche gli osservatori venezuelani e quelli esteri incaricati di guardare il Venezuela dall'Ottobre 1998, anno in cui è salito al potere Hugo Chavez. Ad esempio, la PDVSA sta riportando sotto la bandiera venezuelana la sua flotta di 21 superpetroliere dal Panama.

Per attirare i proprietari delle navi nel Registro del Venezuela sono stati tutta una serie di accorgimenti:

  • riduzione della tassa di registrazione per il Registro venezuelano dal 25% del valore della nave all'1%;

  • esenzioni di vario tipo: dalla VAT (l'IVA) fino al 75% degli investimenti fatti per acquistare o effettuare un leasing di nuove imbarcazioni per un periodo di tre anni;

  • nessuna tassa sull'import su navi nuove o noleggiate;

  • nessuna tassa doganale sulle navi;

  • una riduzione del 50% delle tariffe per rimorchio e ormeggio;

  • risparmi sulla benzina di circa il 20%.

Chavez, da populista quale è, ritiene che tutti questi incentivi aiuteranno il Registro a crescere ed a generare lavoro genuino e di lunga durata per almeno 54 mila Venezuelani disoccupati del marittimo. Egli si ricorda bene dei giorni di gloria in cui il Venezuela aveva il suo attore internazionale per il general cargo CAVN (Compania Anonima Venezuelana Navegacion).

Come già detto, interessi esteri sono stati attratti dalla possibilità di sfruttare il cabotaggio venezuelano. Questo può ancora essere modesto - stime ufficiali individuano un traffico annuale dagli 8.000 ai 10.000 Teus - ma ha un grosso potenziale di crescita, dato che commercia con le vicine Colombia e Brasile.

I rivali Sud Americani Maersk Sealand e il gruppo Hamburg Sud sono a lungo stati all'erta sul potenziale di servizi operativi che collegano Colombia, Venezuela e Brasile. La Maersk Sealand, che ha iniziato a operare in Venezuela nel 1994, ha lanciato un servizio nell'Ottobre del 2000 (all'origine era solo temporaneo, ma ora è divenuto fisso) che collega le tre Nazioni Sudamericane. Il servizio in questione fa scalo a Itajai, Santos, Rio de Janeiro (tutte località del Brasile), Guanta, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello (Venezuelani) e Cartagena (Colombia, con opzioni di transhipment al porto americano di Houston).

La Hamburg Sud e la Maersk Sealand sono state spesso concorrenti su queste rotte, in particolare per quanto concerne i carichi di pesce surgelato imbarcati al porto di Guanta destinazione Brasile, ma da poco i diversi spedizionieri hanno siglato un accordo di cooperazione preferendo la compagnia di bandiera tedesca.

Fino al Settembre 2000, vettori come Seaboard Marine, Hamburg Sud (Columbus Line) e Maersk Sealand erano sottoposte a delle clausole scritte di rinuncia che permettessero loro di trasportare carichi tra porti del Venezuela. Comunque, ad opera del governo di Chavez - via Ministero dei Trasporti - questi atti sono stati revocati l'anno scorso. Ciò ha causato problemi logistici e di breve periodo per le compagnie che operavano negli specchi acquei del Venezuela.

La Hamburg Sud si è dovuta sbrigare a trovare una valida strategia alternativa per assorbire gli effetti del termine della clausola di rinuncia e come soluzione si è spostata a Curaçao, nelle Indie Occidentali Olandesi, quale porto alternativo di transhipment. Spiega un portavoce della Hamburg Sud in Venezuela: "Il governo del Venezuela è assai nazionalista e le regole sono state cambiate in modo tale che il cabotaggio possa essere intrapreso solamente da compagnie di bandiera venezuelana".

Però questa strategia non è stata il massimo dell'efficacia. Infatti la Hamburg Sud, titolare di marchi quali Columbus Line, Alianca Navegacao e Logistica e Crowley American Transport, e molto forte in Sud America, nonché nei traffici Nord-Sud, adesso non utilizza più Puerto Cabello come scalo a vocazione di transhipment.

Wilson Roque, general manager per la Hamburg Sud e la Columbus Line in Venezuela, dice: "Ora effettuiamo transhipment a Curaçao e non più a Puerto Cabello. In tal modo il Venezuela ha perso una quota rilevante di affari - 100 containers la settimana - da quando il Settembre scorso le clausole scrite di rinuncia sono state abrogate. La strategia ha avuto effetti negativi sulle autorità. La situazione è simile a quella verificatasi negli USA con il Jones Act, ma almeno negli USA i servizi nazionali sono quantomeno buoni e offrono tariffe ragionevoli".

Qui Roque si riferisce all'ammontare estorto di carico per muovere il cargo di cabotaggio lungo le coste del Venezuela. Al momento attuale, la Caboven è l'unica compagnia che muove i containers tra porti venezuelani. Il vettore movimenta due navi di piccole dimensioni, la Tijereto e il Pelicano. Le tariffe della compagnia sono sempre state alte, ma adesso, data la situazione venutasi a creare di quasi monopolio tutto a suo favore, i prezzi sono divenuti veramente stratosferici.

Roque, che è anche il vice Presidente servizi del Venezuela per la Crowley American Transport, dice che le tariffe della Caboven sono eccessivamente elevate e non ha nessun senso dal punto di vista economico che la Hamburg Sud le utilizzi. Dice infatti: "Non capisco come un carico proveniente da Miami destinazione Venezuela per US$750 possa poi venire a costare US$850 per il piccolo tragitto da Porto Cabello a Guanta. Questo non ha alcun senso per me e per la Hamburg Sud, e di certo non ne ha neppure per i nostri clienti".

Il punto è che la Caboven stabilisce le tariffe che vuole perché non c'è un regime concorrenziale. Ma ora sembra che possa cambiare tutto il mercato. Le nuove leggi stanno tentando di aprire la strada a nuovi concorrenti e si spera che quest'auspicata futura onda di concorrenza faccia diminuire i costi per gli spedizionieri.

La legge venezuelana per la Ristrutturazione della Marina Mercantile (RMM) è stata implementata nel Luglio del 2000, portando alla creazione la Legge per la Marina Mercantile e la Legge Organica per gli Specchi Acquei, che però non sono ancora entrate in pieno vigore. Poi ci sono la Legge per il Commercio Marittimo e la Legge per i Porti Nazionali (o NPL). Nell'opinione di Sabatino, queste quattro parti di una legislazione comune sono state programmate per entrare in vigore nel periodo tra Giugno e Luglio 2001. Sabatino ha lavorato con un discreto numero di commissioni governative - accanto ad altri avvocati, ingegneri, marinai, studenti di marittima, ufficiali del governo, ecc… - e tutti hanno deciso concordemente di discutere ed emendare la legislazione marittima.

La legge RMM è simile alla brasiliana AFRMM, che eleva le tasse sull'import per fornire denaro per il rinnovamento del mercato nazionale marittimo. Per la prima volta, permette anche una partecipazione estera del 100% in navi di bandiera nazionale. Mentre le altre due leggi pendenti hanno clausole mirate all'apertura delle industrie marittime venezuelane alla partecipazione straniera.

Similmente, la Seaboard Marine, che ha perduto la sua clausola di rinunzia nel Settembre 2000, dice che sta attualmente prendendo in seria considerazione il cambio di bandiera di una o due sue navi a favore della venezuelana, per partecipare attivamente al traffico di cabotaggio del Venezuela. Andrres Urrea, general manager della Seaboard Marine a Caracas, ha spiegato che la sua compagnia, che ha il quartier generale a Miami, è uno dei maggiori attori nella regione caraibica, compresi il Sud America settentrionale e l'America Centrale.

"Facciamo scalo praticamente ad ogni porto dei Caraibi", dice. Per fare un esempio, la Seaboard Marine gestisce un servizio per il Venezuela dalla Colombia. Questa spedizione comporta il trasporto di numerosi componenti di autovetture, in containers, per la American Dana Corporation, che è attiva in Venezuela attraverso la sua sussidiaria Danaven. Secondo il parere di Urrea, la Seaboard Marine ha operato in Venezuela per oltre 17 anni e le operazioni di carico e scarico sono sempre state perfette almeno fino a quando non vi furono svariate dislocazioni causate da agitazioni alquanto aspre pre-elezioni e la recessione del 1999.

Una volta che i cambiamenti voluti da Chavez sono poi divenuti attivi, le cose andarono di male in peggio, ma ora Urrea ritiene che il peggio sia passato e prevede anzi addirittura crescite del 2,5-3% per l'anno a venire. Un problema rilevante, tra gli altri, che la Seaboard Marine ha incontrato, è stato la perdita della clausola di rinuncia sulla bandiera che aveva sulle sue due portacontainers da 648 Teus operanti da Miami al Venezuela. La Seaboard Florida e la Seaboard Star hanno perso le loro clausole nel Settembre 2000 e ciò ha causato perdite e frammentazione dei servizi di navigazione offerti, nonché il possesso delle due piccole imbarcazioni della Caboven.

"Eravamo abituati ad avere, fino a sei mesi fa, operazioni di bandiera venezuelana che ci aiutavano a venire incontro alle leggi di prenotazione dei cargos", ha spiegato Urrea, "ma abbiamo dovuto fermare tutto questo perché è diventato tutto troppo costoso".

Egli spiega che le domande di previdenza sociale erano tali che per ogni 250 dollari USA pagati ad un marinaio venezuelano se ne dovevano sborsare altri 250 tutti in tasse, nonché in svariate assicurazioni sul lavoro e costi di previdenza. C'erano anche numerosi bonus che dovevano essere pagati periodicamente ai marinai che "provenivano da compagnie di navigazione in dissesto allorché era già iniziata la procedura di liquidazione, siccome essi facevano parte del capitale".

Intervistato alla fine del 2000, Urrea disse che la Seaboard Marine cercava in tutti i modi di cambiare bandiera alle sue due imbarcazioni da 648 Teus percorrenti la tratta Miami-Venezuela o di prendere in gestione una nave di minori dimensioni e operare solamente da feeder lungo la costa venezuelana. La Seaboard Marine (che effettua dai 65 ai 70 scali mensilmente in Venezuela) preferirebbe gestire solamente il servizio di feederaggio. Comunque, questo potrebbe anche non essere possibile dato che gli uomini dei Ministeri sono preoccupati piuttosto di proteggere e ridurre il grado di esposizione internazionale del regime della bandiera del Venezuela sulle navi che servono il mercato della Florida e di Miami con particolare attenzione.
(da: Containerisation International, Marzo 2001)


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Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
Port reform: The majority pushes ahead with Porti d'Italia SpA
Rome
The Chamber's Transport Committee rejects the opposition's suppressive amendments.
Gela's Porto Rifugio has received a favorable opinion for dredging the port's waters.
Palermo
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