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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 6/2001 - JUNE 2001

Trasporto intermodale

Le promesse ferroviarie dell'Asia Centrale

I volumi di traffico generati dalla ferrovia tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale sono relativamente piccoli. Ma parlando cogli operatori ci si rende conto dell'alto livello di ingegnosità richiesto per organizzare i trasporti su rotaie su di una tratta di oltre 11 mila chilometri.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati membri dell'Asia Centrale ex Unione Sovietica è relativamente modesto. I volumi di traffico sono declinati fortemente al tempo della crisi economica che ha colpito la Russia nel 1998, e solo adesso mostrano lievi segni di ripresa, sebbene non siano ancora stati raggiunti i livelli di efficienza passati. Nonostante tutto però gli operatori intermodali vedono gli snodi e i collegamenti ferroviari ancora strategicamente importanti, e ritengono che sia in essi implicita la promessa di aumenti dei traffici, nel contesto di una crescita complessiva delle economie dei Paesi dell'Asia Centrale e del loro livello, in continuo aumento, di imports dagli Stati dell'Europa Occidentale.

Tre operatori che utilizzano per i trasporti treni merci per containers stanno attualmente servendo le vie: Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), con sede centrale a Basle in Svizzera, Transfracht International, situata a Frankfurt am Main e sussidiaria della DB Cargo (il vettore nazionale ferroviario tedesco), e Polzug, l'operatore su treni merci per containers con base ad Amburgo. Tutti e tre acquistano la trazione da compagnie ferroviarie nazionali europee e russe.

La ICT vende i suoi servizi per l'Asia Centrale a circa 20 trasportatori che contano per l'80-90% dei volumi complessivi trasportati. Altri 40-50 trasportatori acquistano invece capacità con frequenze meno regolari. Uno degli acquirenti della capacità è Multimodal Transport Equipment, un nvocc che lavora con la sua propria attrezzatura per containers tra Europa Occidentale e CIS, sebbene anche la Transfracht impieghi ugualmente le sue proprie apparecchiature, che sono rese disponibili per i suoi clienti. La Polzug trasporta invece l'equipaggiamento per containers dei suoi clienti. Però, Manfred Schmidt, amministratore della Polzug, afferma: "Diamo anche assistenza nel rendere disponibili i containers se ce ne fosse eventualmente bisogno".

Una strada chiave per i traffici della ICF in direzione Asia Centrale, su cui l'impresa opera in partnership con la Transfracht e la International Rail Services, è il servizio Ostwind (East Wind) per treni merce containers da Berlino a Mosca. Da Mosca, i containers sono trasferiti su infrastrutture ferroviarie russe che si connettono agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale, come il Kazakhstan (il singolo mercato più grande per livello di traffico, rileva Piet Lamon, coordinatore per lo sviluppo degli affari della ICF), il Turkmenistan, l'Uzbekistan e il Tadzhikistan. La Transfracht lancia il suo servizio in Germania, la maggiore nazione per volumi di traffico generati per il servizio), mentre in altri Paesi Europei è venduto dal dipartimento commerciale del quartier generale della ICF a Basle.

Il traffico di origine Germania direzionato all'Ostwind è trasportato grazie a servizi ferroviari nazionali tedeschi su di un network di terminals DB Cargo che attraversano la Germania. In media ci sono due o tre partenze per l'Ostwind la settimana, ma dipende sempre dal numero di containers e dal loro volume offerto in ogni momento. Nota Markus Schmidle, responsabile dell'operatività del servizio: "Possiamo anche avere cinque partenze in una sola settimana". I tempi complessivi di transito sono comunque difficili da quantificare, dato che dipendono dal tempo che ci vuole per assemblare i treni merci al terminal di Berlino.

Un secondo elemento chiave per i servizi della ICF verso i Paesi dell'Asia Centrale è il servizio Rotterdam-Malaszewicze Container Express (RMCE). Esso è direzionato direttamente da Rotterdam su Frankfurt an-der-Oder e via Polonia per Malaszewicze/Brest, sul confine tra Polonia e Bielorussia, e da qui attraverso la Russia raggiunge le destinazioni prestabilite dell'Asia Centrale. C'è anche un altro servizio prodotto dalla ICF di nome Strela (che in russo vuol dire freccia), ma esso trasporta solamente dai 10 ai 15 containers alla settimana.

Inoltre, il traffico da Francia, Svizzera, Austria, Spagna, Italia e Balcani è trasportato dall'ICF agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale con normali servizi ferroviari via Polonia e Russia. in aggiunta ai treni merci diretti, parte del traffico è fatto passare attraverso il QualityNet System della ICF a Metz. Questo permette ai treni merci di essere assemblati da vagoni singoli che provengono dalle Nazioni di consegna. Comunque, il traffico dalla Scandinavia è fatto passare da Amburgo, e poi è condotto via ferrovia da questa città a Berlino per essere connesso successivamente ai treni merci dell'Ostwind.

Sulla base del dato complessivo sui trasporti del 2000, la ICF osserva che il suo livello totale di traffici, sia verso est che verso ovest, tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati CIS dell'Asia Centrale, è di circa 30.000 Teus all'anno. Approssimativamente, esso consiste in 10.000 Teus per l'Ostwind, 3.000 Teus per il Westwind (il servizio per l'occidente da Mosca a Berlino, operato congiuntamente da ICF e Transfracht), 8.000 Teus sull'RMCE e 9.000 Teus da e per Nazione dell'Europa Occidentale esclusa la Germania e dalla Scandinavia, dalla Spagna e dall'Italia.

Il servizio Polzug Silk Road Express Caucasus/Central Asia utilizza treni merci containers della Polzug che viaggiano da Amburgo/Bremerhaven al suo proprio terminal a Slawkow nel Sud Est della Polonia. I containers sono scaricati e trasferiti poi ai treni, e successivamente fatti viaggiare via Mar Nero e Regioni del Mar Caspio verso Georgi, Azerbaijan, Armenia e destinazioni diverse dell'Asia Centrale. Schmidt, della Polzug, interrogato sui volumi di traffico trasportato, ha così risposto: "I servizi sono solamente all'inizio, ma abbiamo già trasportato un certo numero di containers". La Polzug rende disponibili i suoi servizi ai vari vettori oceanici, agenti marittimi e trasportatori, e direttamente anche a spedizionieri e addetti alle consegne.

Paradossalmente, la DB Cargo compete con se stessa, dato che è sia partner della Polzug, e nell'Ostwind con la sua sussidiaria Transfracht International, sia azionista di rilevanza della ICF.

I trasportatori stradali su camions sono i principali concorrenti della ferrovia sulla tratta Europa Occidentale/Asia Centrale. I treni merci containers terminal-to-terminal, in quanto entità a sé stante, non sono da soli sufficienti a competere con il door-to-door stradale. Di conseguenza, il coinvolgimento di spedizionieri che aggiungano servizi a valore aggiunto elevato per offrire servizi integrati di trasporto agli spedizionieri è cruciale se la ferrovia intende competere.

Con quartier generale è a Frankfurt am Main, ma posseduto da privati Svizzeri, la Multimodal vende servizi intermodali door-to-door, terminal-to-terminal, ovvero terminal-to-freight station esclusivamente a spedizionieri o a vettori oceanici, mai a caricatori, manifattori o importatori. L'amministratore delegato Arkadij Rasin ha spiegato che la capacità dei treni merci che è acquisita direttamente dall'Ostwind, e da altri operatori intermodali, è un segmento del suo servizio.

Un altro segmento è la produzione di equipaggiamento per containers disponibile per gli spedizionieri. La Multimodal opera su un insieme di containers che varia dai 5.000 ai 10.000 Teus e che consiste principalmente in containers per rinfuse solide leased o di seconda mano da 20 o 40ft. Essi sono stoccati in terminals privati nelle maggiori città della Germania e in altre località strategiche dell'Europa. I terminals privati sono preferiti dai Tedeschi. Il general manager della Multimodal Volker Schliesche afferma che è perché "la DB Cargo fa pagare tariffa piena per il trasporto via strada di containers vuoti, pertanto evitiamo di servirci di questa impresa per consegnare i containers ai terminals. In effetti utilizziamo il trasporto sul Reno non appena è possibile, anche e soprattutto perché è molto più economico".

La Multimodal posiziona i containers vuoti per il carico alle banchine dei singoli trasportatori su diretta istruzione dei clienti spedizionieri, ma la principale interfaccia di comunicazione è sempre stata tra shipper e forwarder, mai tra shipper e Multimodal. "Siamo sempre totalmente neutrali", insiste Rasin, "non vogliamo intrometterci in tutti i singoli affari dei trasportatori". Il trasporto in direzione della destinazione finale è poi gestito dalla Multimodal, sia presso un terminal che presso una stazione merci, o direttamente verso il destinatario. In tutto, sono circa 300 le destinazioni CIS servite.

La maggior parte del traffico della Multimodal è proveniente dalla Germania, dall'Austria, dalla Svizzera e dai Paesi del Benelux, ma c'è anche un ammontare significativo di volumi che proviene dall'Italia. Rasin elenca i vantaggi per gli spedizionieri di utilizzare il servizio della Multimodal: essa ha conoscenze specifiche per il mercato dell'Asia Centrale, che certi spedizionieri specializzati possono anche non avere; gli spedizionieri non devono incorrere nel costo di acquistare un container di seconda mano per usarlo su un viaggio a base one-way (che era il caso fino a oggi dello shipping nell'Asia Centrale), né nel costo di riportare i containers vuoti in Europa Occidentale.

"Ci prendiamo cura del back-loading", dice Rasin, "non è molto vero dire che c'è scarsità di cargos in ritorno, e del resto noi abbiamo trovato il modo di bilanciare i carichi". In breve, la Multimodal si addossa il peso di organizzare l'intero processo di equipaggiamento e il carico dei trasporti al posto dei suoi clienti spedizionieri. Gli spedizionieri, però, vendono i servizi agli effettivi utilizzatori finali degli stessi".

A parte il fatto di utilizzare Ostwind, la Multimodal dirige anche i containers in Asia Centrale da Rotterdam e Anversa, dopo il loro arrivo sulle rotte dal Nord America, e utilizza i porti finlandesi come Hamina e Kotka quali porte d'accesso alla regione centrale asiatica.

Ma quanto è veramente efficace l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria in direzione dell'Asia Centrale se comparato al trasporto su gomma? Un portavoce di un operatore ferroviario ha dichiarato che i camions possono subire ritardi anche di due o tre giorni per le procedure di sdoganamento al confine tra Germania e Polonia, mentre i containers su treni merci passano il confine indisturbati e senza fermarsi. Egli aggiunge anche che: "per ragioni pratiche, i camions non possono operare ad Est di Mosca". Rasin della Multimodal afferma: "Utilizziamo solo la ferrovia per gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale perché è il mezzo di trasporto più efficace ed efficiente per quelle destinazioni". Aggiunge anche che i temi di transito della Multimodal sono "in generale veloci almeno quanto quelli di trasportatori su gomma standard, e del resto l'intermodalismo ferroviario, ad esempio dalla Germania, risulta inferiore, in termini di costo, di almeno un 30% rispetto al trasporto stradale sulla stessa tratta".

La ICF sostiene anche che l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria è efficace in termini di costo e di tempi di transito, e pone l'attenzione sul fatto che molti spedizionieri marittimi preferiscono i superiori gradi di sicurezza garantiti dai containers. L'avanzato sistema gestionale a IT avanzata della ICF si interfaccia continuamente e direttamente con i sistemi operativi delle ferrovie russe (e così fa anche la Multimodal) e riceve in tal modo reports di tracking&tracing giornalieri, che sono poi resi disponibili agli spedizionieri che fanno utilizzo del servizio. Non esiste un equivalente nel trasporto stradale.

Il volume complessivo di traffico generato dai Paesi dell'Asia Centrale trasportato dalla ICF nel 2000 si è accresciuto solamente del 9% rispetto al 1999, e un simile tasso di crescita è stato registrato nel primo trimestre del 2001. Le vie intermodali tra Europa Occidentale e Stati dell'Asia Centrale potranno anche restare minori in termini di volumi di traffico, se non per importanza strategica. Ma essi stanno dimostrando la capacità dell'intermodalità di essere efficace ed efficiente sulle lunghe distanze, oltre gli 11.000 chilometri, con attraversamento di più confini nazionali e cambio di modalità tra differenti linee ferroviarie e tipi di binari. Insomma queste nuove direttrici sono la prova che l'intermodalità può trascendere il gap nella cultura dei trasporti tra l'Est e l'Ovest.
(da: Containerisation International, Giugno 2001)


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Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
MSC installs Jotun's proactive hull cleaning system on MSC Daniela
Sandefjord
Combines advanced antifouling technology with robotic inspection and cleaning
Wan Hai Lines reports a 965.6% increase in quarterly profit
Taipei
The company orders six new 11,000 TEU containerships
In the second quarter, cargo traffic in Montenegrin ports decreased by -5.8%
Podgorica
Cargoes to and from Italy dropped by -40.6%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Pacifico
Naples
The vessel is the first of five new sister PCTCs with a capacity of 9,800 ceu
In 2025, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues amounted to 1.9 billion euros (-11.5%)
Genoa
Net profit of 20.0 million euros (-3.0%)
Maurizio Longo, Secretary General of Trasportounito, has passed away.
Rome
He passed away in Rome after a long illness.
Terminal Investment Limited abandons Tercat acquisition
Brussels
It provided for joint control of the Barcelona terminal with Hutchison Ports
Work has been completed to activate cold ironing at the Porto Corsini cruise terminal in Ravenna.
Ravenna
Acceleration of the redevelopment process for the former CIVAM area in the port of Vibo Valentia Marina
Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
They will be sold to the US Open Gate Capital, specialized in industrial carve-out operations
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