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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 6/2001 - JUNE 2001

Trasporto intermodale

Le promesse ferroviarie dell'Asia Centrale

I volumi di traffico generati dalla ferrovia tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale sono relativamente piccoli. Ma parlando cogli operatori ci si rende conto dell'alto livello di ingegnosità richiesto per organizzare i trasporti su rotaie su di una tratta di oltre 11 mila chilometri.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati membri dell'Asia Centrale ex Unione Sovietica è relativamente modesto. I volumi di traffico sono declinati fortemente al tempo della crisi economica che ha colpito la Russia nel 1998, e solo adesso mostrano lievi segni di ripresa, sebbene non siano ancora stati raggiunti i livelli di efficienza passati. Nonostante tutto però gli operatori intermodali vedono gli snodi e i collegamenti ferroviari ancora strategicamente importanti, e ritengono che sia in essi implicita la promessa di aumenti dei traffici, nel contesto di una crescita complessiva delle economie dei Paesi dell'Asia Centrale e del loro livello, in continuo aumento, di imports dagli Stati dell'Europa Occidentale.

Tre operatori che utilizzano per i trasporti treni merci per containers stanno attualmente servendo le vie: Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), con sede centrale a Basle in Svizzera, Transfracht International, situata a Frankfurt am Main e sussidiaria della DB Cargo (il vettore nazionale ferroviario tedesco), e Polzug, l'operatore su treni merci per containers con base ad Amburgo. Tutti e tre acquistano la trazione da compagnie ferroviarie nazionali europee e russe.

La ICT vende i suoi servizi per l'Asia Centrale a circa 20 trasportatori che contano per l'80-90% dei volumi complessivi trasportati. Altri 40-50 trasportatori acquistano invece capacità con frequenze meno regolari. Uno degli acquirenti della capacità è Multimodal Transport Equipment, un nvocc che lavora con la sua propria attrezzatura per containers tra Europa Occidentale e CIS, sebbene anche la Transfracht impieghi ugualmente le sue proprie apparecchiature, che sono rese disponibili per i suoi clienti. La Polzug trasporta invece l'equipaggiamento per containers dei suoi clienti. Però, Manfred Schmidt, amministratore della Polzug, afferma: "Diamo anche assistenza nel rendere disponibili i containers se ce ne fosse eventualmente bisogno".

Una strada chiave per i traffici della ICF in direzione Asia Centrale, su cui l'impresa opera in partnership con la Transfracht e la International Rail Services, è il servizio Ostwind (East Wind) per treni merce containers da Berlino a Mosca. Da Mosca, i containers sono trasferiti su infrastrutture ferroviarie russe che si connettono agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale, come il Kazakhstan (il singolo mercato più grande per livello di traffico, rileva Piet Lamon, coordinatore per lo sviluppo degli affari della ICF), il Turkmenistan, l'Uzbekistan e il Tadzhikistan. La Transfracht lancia il suo servizio in Germania, la maggiore nazione per volumi di traffico generati per il servizio), mentre in altri Paesi Europei è venduto dal dipartimento commerciale del quartier generale della ICF a Basle.

Il traffico di origine Germania direzionato all'Ostwind è trasportato grazie a servizi ferroviari nazionali tedeschi su di un network di terminals DB Cargo che attraversano la Germania. In media ci sono due o tre partenze per l'Ostwind la settimana, ma dipende sempre dal numero di containers e dal loro volume offerto in ogni momento. Nota Markus Schmidle, responsabile dell'operatività del servizio: "Possiamo anche avere cinque partenze in una sola settimana". I tempi complessivi di transito sono comunque difficili da quantificare, dato che dipendono dal tempo che ci vuole per assemblare i treni merci al terminal di Berlino.

Un secondo elemento chiave per i servizi della ICF verso i Paesi dell'Asia Centrale è il servizio Rotterdam-Malaszewicze Container Express (RMCE). Esso è direzionato direttamente da Rotterdam su Frankfurt an-der-Oder e via Polonia per Malaszewicze/Brest, sul confine tra Polonia e Bielorussia, e da qui attraverso la Russia raggiunge le destinazioni prestabilite dell'Asia Centrale. C'è anche un altro servizio prodotto dalla ICF di nome Strela (che in russo vuol dire freccia), ma esso trasporta solamente dai 10 ai 15 containers alla settimana.

Inoltre, il traffico da Francia, Svizzera, Austria, Spagna, Italia e Balcani è trasportato dall'ICF agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale con normali servizi ferroviari via Polonia e Russia. in aggiunta ai treni merci diretti, parte del traffico è fatto passare attraverso il QualityNet System della ICF a Metz. Questo permette ai treni merci di essere assemblati da vagoni singoli che provengono dalle Nazioni di consegna. Comunque, il traffico dalla Scandinavia è fatto passare da Amburgo, e poi è condotto via ferrovia da questa città a Berlino per essere connesso successivamente ai treni merci dell'Ostwind.

Sulla base del dato complessivo sui trasporti del 2000, la ICF osserva che il suo livello totale di traffici, sia verso est che verso ovest, tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati CIS dell'Asia Centrale, è di circa 30.000 Teus all'anno. Approssimativamente, esso consiste in 10.000 Teus per l'Ostwind, 3.000 Teus per il Westwind (il servizio per l'occidente da Mosca a Berlino, operato congiuntamente da ICF e Transfracht), 8.000 Teus sull'RMCE e 9.000 Teus da e per Nazione dell'Europa Occidentale esclusa la Germania e dalla Scandinavia, dalla Spagna e dall'Italia.

Il servizio Polzug Silk Road Express Caucasus/Central Asia utilizza treni merci containers della Polzug che viaggiano da Amburgo/Bremerhaven al suo proprio terminal a Slawkow nel Sud Est della Polonia. I containers sono scaricati e trasferiti poi ai treni, e successivamente fatti viaggiare via Mar Nero e Regioni del Mar Caspio verso Georgi, Azerbaijan, Armenia e destinazioni diverse dell'Asia Centrale. Schmidt, della Polzug, interrogato sui volumi di traffico trasportato, ha così risposto: "I servizi sono solamente all'inizio, ma abbiamo già trasportato un certo numero di containers". La Polzug rende disponibili i suoi servizi ai vari vettori oceanici, agenti marittimi e trasportatori, e direttamente anche a spedizionieri e addetti alle consegne.

Paradossalmente, la DB Cargo compete con se stessa, dato che è sia partner della Polzug, e nell'Ostwind con la sua sussidiaria Transfracht International, sia azionista di rilevanza della ICF.

I trasportatori stradali su camions sono i principali concorrenti della ferrovia sulla tratta Europa Occidentale/Asia Centrale. I treni merci containers terminal-to-terminal, in quanto entità a sé stante, non sono da soli sufficienti a competere con il door-to-door stradale. Di conseguenza, il coinvolgimento di spedizionieri che aggiungano servizi a valore aggiunto elevato per offrire servizi integrati di trasporto agli spedizionieri è cruciale se la ferrovia intende competere.

Con quartier generale è a Frankfurt am Main, ma posseduto da privati Svizzeri, la Multimodal vende servizi intermodali door-to-door, terminal-to-terminal, ovvero terminal-to-freight station esclusivamente a spedizionieri o a vettori oceanici, mai a caricatori, manifattori o importatori. L'amministratore delegato Arkadij Rasin ha spiegato che la capacità dei treni merci che è acquisita direttamente dall'Ostwind, e da altri operatori intermodali, è un segmento del suo servizio.

Un altro segmento è la produzione di equipaggiamento per containers disponibile per gli spedizionieri. La Multimodal opera su un insieme di containers che varia dai 5.000 ai 10.000 Teus e che consiste principalmente in containers per rinfuse solide leased o di seconda mano da 20 o 40ft. Essi sono stoccati in terminals privati nelle maggiori città della Germania e in altre località strategiche dell'Europa. I terminals privati sono preferiti dai Tedeschi. Il general manager della Multimodal Volker Schliesche afferma che è perché "la DB Cargo fa pagare tariffa piena per il trasporto via strada di containers vuoti, pertanto evitiamo di servirci di questa impresa per consegnare i containers ai terminals. In effetti utilizziamo il trasporto sul Reno non appena è possibile, anche e soprattutto perché è molto più economico".

La Multimodal posiziona i containers vuoti per il carico alle banchine dei singoli trasportatori su diretta istruzione dei clienti spedizionieri, ma la principale interfaccia di comunicazione è sempre stata tra shipper e forwarder, mai tra shipper e Multimodal. "Siamo sempre totalmente neutrali", insiste Rasin, "non vogliamo intrometterci in tutti i singoli affari dei trasportatori". Il trasporto in direzione della destinazione finale è poi gestito dalla Multimodal, sia presso un terminal che presso una stazione merci, o direttamente verso il destinatario. In tutto, sono circa 300 le destinazioni CIS servite.

La maggior parte del traffico della Multimodal è proveniente dalla Germania, dall'Austria, dalla Svizzera e dai Paesi del Benelux, ma c'è anche un ammontare significativo di volumi che proviene dall'Italia. Rasin elenca i vantaggi per gli spedizionieri di utilizzare il servizio della Multimodal: essa ha conoscenze specifiche per il mercato dell'Asia Centrale, che certi spedizionieri specializzati possono anche non avere; gli spedizionieri non devono incorrere nel costo di acquistare un container di seconda mano per usarlo su un viaggio a base one-way (che era il caso fino a oggi dello shipping nell'Asia Centrale), né nel costo di riportare i containers vuoti in Europa Occidentale.

"Ci prendiamo cura del back-loading", dice Rasin, "non è molto vero dire che c'è scarsità di cargos in ritorno, e del resto noi abbiamo trovato il modo di bilanciare i carichi". In breve, la Multimodal si addossa il peso di organizzare l'intero processo di equipaggiamento e il carico dei trasporti al posto dei suoi clienti spedizionieri. Gli spedizionieri, però, vendono i servizi agli effettivi utilizzatori finali degli stessi".

A parte il fatto di utilizzare Ostwind, la Multimodal dirige anche i containers in Asia Centrale da Rotterdam e Anversa, dopo il loro arrivo sulle rotte dal Nord America, e utilizza i porti finlandesi come Hamina e Kotka quali porte d'accesso alla regione centrale asiatica.

Ma quanto è veramente efficace l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria in direzione dell'Asia Centrale se comparato al trasporto su gomma? Un portavoce di un operatore ferroviario ha dichiarato che i camions possono subire ritardi anche di due o tre giorni per le procedure di sdoganamento al confine tra Germania e Polonia, mentre i containers su treni merci passano il confine indisturbati e senza fermarsi. Egli aggiunge anche che: "per ragioni pratiche, i camions non possono operare ad Est di Mosca". Rasin della Multimodal afferma: "Utilizziamo solo la ferrovia per gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale perché è il mezzo di trasporto più efficace ed efficiente per quelle destinazioni". Aggiunge anche che i temi di transito della Multimodal sono "in generale veloci almeno quanto quelli di trasportatori su gomma standard, e del resto l'intermodalismo ferroviario, ad esempio dalla Germania, risulta inferiore, in termini di costo, di almeno un 30% rispetto al trasporto stradale sulla stessa tratta".

La ICF sostiene anche che l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria è efficace in termini di costo e di tempi di transito, e pone l'attenzione sul fatto che molti spedizionieri marittimi preferiscono i superiori gradi di sicurezza garantiti dai containers. L'avanzato sistema gestionale a IT avanzata della ICF si interfaccia continuamente e direttamente con i sistemi operativi delle ferrovie russe (e così fa anche la Multimodal) e riceve in tal modo reports di tracking&tracing giornalieri, che sono poi resi disponibili agli spedizionieri che fanno utilizzo del servizio. Non esiste un equivalente nel trasporto stradale.

Il volume complessivo di traffico generato dai Paesi dell'Asia Centrale trasportato dalla ICF nel 2000 si è accresciuto solamente del 9% rispetto al 1999, e un simile tasso di crescita è stato registrato nel primo trimestre del 2001. Le vie intermodali tra Europa Occidentale e Stati dell'Asia Centrale potranno anche restare minori in termini di volumi di traffico, se non per importanza strategica. Ma essi stanno dimostrando la capacità dell'intermodalità di essere efficace ed efficiente sulle lunghe distanze, oltre gli 11.000 chilometri, con attraversamento di più confini nazionali e cambio di modalità tra differenti linee ferroviarie e tipi di binari. Insomma queste nuove direttrici sono la prova che l'intermodalità può trascendere il gap nella cultura dei trasporti tra l'Est e l'Ovest.
(da: Containerisation International, Giugno 2001)


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Paris
The establishment of a joint venture is planned
Study on the divergences between the EU Ship Recycling Regulation and the Hong Kong Convention
Brussels/London
It has been published by ECSA and ICS
The 2026-2028 POT of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has been approved.
Gioia Tauro
Approval also granted to the 2026 budget forecast variation and to the update of the Port's Staffing Plan.
Autonomous Navigation: ABS, Polaris Shipping, HHI, and AVIKUS Sign Agreement
Athens
It will be tested on a VLOC under certain low-risk conditions
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
The topics of discussion will include energy transition in the maritime industry, maritime education and training.
The Municipality of Bologna is reconsidering the divestment of its stake in Interporto Bologna.
Bologna/Bentivoglio
An institutional delegation from Flanders visited the interport
Eni and Fincantieri sign agreement to develop innovative underwater monitoring technologies.
Milan/Trieste
Agreement focused on Eni's "Clean Sea" technology
In 2025, LNG consumption in Italy grew by +11% driven by industry and new uses, with the debut in the naval segment
Rome
Amadei (Federchimica LNG Group): Use ETS and FuelEU revenues to support investments and deployment of lower-carbon fuels.
RT&L partners with China's Guangzhou Salvage to strengthen its project cargo segment
Genoa
Bizzarri: the sector is characterised by wide margins for development and profitability
Last year, cargo traffic in Greek ports amounted to 140.8 million tons (-1.5%)
Piraeus
Goods volumes remained unchanged in the fourth quarter only
The International Container Study Center's board and governing body have been renewed.
Genoa
Filippo Gallo confirmed as president and Paolo Pessina as vice-president
Catani (GNV): allocate ETS proceeds to the development of synthetic fuel production chains.
Rome
Resources - he specified - also for port infrastructures and the reduction of the cost differential compared to traditional fuels
Consultation launched on plans to expand the port areas of Fos
Marseille
The goal is to involve residents and local stakeholders
Somec signs €60 million contract with Finnish shipyard
San Vendemiano
One of the most complex interventions ever entrusted to the Horizons division
Daniele Rossi, former president of the port of Ravenna, has passed away.
Rome
He led the port authority for over eight years
ONE will remove calls in Greece and Türkiye from its Adriatic Service 1 service.
Singapore
In Italy it touches the ports of Venice and Ancona
The first phase of the APM Terminals terminal in the port of Suape has been inaugurated.
Suape
It will become operational in the second half of this year
Container traffic increased in May at the ports of Singapore and Hong Kong
Singapore/Hong Kong
Singapore sets record bunkering levels for liquefied natural gas and pure B100 biodiesel
Vavassori confirmed as president of the Lombardy Association of Freight Forwarders and Haulers
Milan
Albertina Schiavoni and Mario Zini have been appointed vice-presidents
The president of Angopi receives the first professional certificate of competence as a mooring man.
Savona
The certificate must be renewed every five years.
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Mein Schiff Flow to TUI Cruises.
Hamburg/Monfalcone
With a gross tonnage of approximately 160,000 tons, it has a capacity of approximately 4,000 passengers.
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Palermo decreased by -6.3%
Palermo
Traffic also decreased in the ports of Termini Imerese, Trapani, and Licata. Increases occurred in Porto Empedocle and Gela.
The Antitrust Authority has not given its final approval for the acquisition of Armas' assets and activities by Baleària.
Barcelona
Set a series of conditions
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
VARD to build a new generation fishing vessel
Trieste
It was ordered by the Norwegian company Rosund Drift
Royal Caribbean has taken delivery of its new Legend of the Seas cruise ship.
Miami
Built by Meyer Turku, it can accommodate 5,610 passengers
Concentration in the UK shipbuilding sector
London
Baleana buys APCL Group (A&P Tyne, Cammell Laird and A&P Falmouth and Falmouth Docks and Engineering)
Informal hearings of trade union representatives on port governance reform
Rome
At the heart of the critical issues highlighted - confirms Filt-Cgil - is the planned establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Venice, the DPSS confirms the need to build new offshore terminals outside the lagoon.
Venice
The Strategic System Programming Document has been approved by the AdSP Management Committee
The Spinelli Group has joined the Italian Association of Port Terminal Operators
Genoa
The company and Assiterminal expressed satisfaction with the resumption of an important association
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic at UK ports fell by -2.6%
London
More significant decrease (-6.8%) in boarding loads
Mark Hindley is the new president of the European Motor Vehicle Logistics Association
Istanbul
Wolfgang Göbel was elected honorary president
At the Port of Genoa, a tugboat was stopped for irregularities in nitrogen oxide emissions.
Genoa
The vessel is used for the construction works of the new breakwater
In April, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +21.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +2.5% is expected in May
Sallaum Lines to launch dedicated China-Europe service in 2027
Nanjing
Two new 7,400 CEU PCTCs taken delivery
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Naval drone found in Romanian port of Constanta
Bucharest
The device self-destructed without causing any casualties.
HJSC receives approval in principle for the construction of a 10,000 TEU biofuel containership.
Athens
It was released from the Korean Naval Register
Global Ship Lease invests $917 million to purchase ten new container ships
Athens
They will be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2028 and the first quarter of 2030.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
The topics of discussion will include energy transition in the maritime industry, maritime education and training.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
WASS (Fincantieri) and Magellan Agreement on Canada's Underwater Defense
Trieste
Industrial cooperation opportunities in the field of heavy torpedoes and countermeasures will be explored
Solutions to overcome the chronic staff shortage in the Italian maritime sector
Procida
Pagano (Maritime Labor Committee): Digitalization, simplification, and cooperation between training and businesses to overcome the crisis
Maritime training agreement signed by Gente di Mare (Cosulich) and Carnival
Genoa
Di Tizio: This collaboration allows us to bring an international project to the territory
Antipollution (V.Group) orders four eco-friendly vessels from ONEX Shipyards & Technologies
Athens
Option for four additional units
Luigi Merlo to lead MSC Cruises' Italian cruise terminal company
Geneva
Centrone (formerly Fincantieri) takes over as Director of Maritime Policies and Government Affairs for the group in Italy
Spinelli has ordered three new handling vehicles from FTMH
Genoa
A reach stacker for empty containers has already entered service in the group's Livorno depot
Greece's Skaramangas Shipyards and South Korea's HD Hyundai sign cooperation agreement
Athens
The aim is to collaborate in the construction of surface military vessels
AD Ports buys the Brazilian Corredor Logística e Infraestrutura
Sao Paulo/Abu Dhabi
The company handles the largest volume of agri-food bulk exports in the South American nation
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has been approved.
Livorno
Unanimous approval from the Management Committee
Chen Lichtenstein appointed president and CEO of ZIM
Haifa
He will replace the resigning Eli Glickman.
Gianluca Croce has been confirmed as president of Assagenti Genova.
Genoa
The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
The Mega Serena ferry has joined the Corsica Sardinia Ferries fleet.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and over 600 vehicles.
The first steel cutting of the Crystal Grace cruise ship took place in Marghera.
Miami
Fincantieri will deliver the vessel in spring 2028
Palumbo Superyacht awarded 13,048 square meters of mooring space to the Port of Ortona.
Ancona
Central Adriatic Port Authority, guidelines for issuing the single ZES authorization
Port of Livorno: Two new FHP MarterNeri warehouses inaugurated
Livorno
Investment exceeding 23 million euros
The Committee of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has decided to close the institution's state of crisis.
Civitavecchia
New solution for exceptional transport on intermodal trains from FS Logistix and Van der Vlist
Verona
Two aerial platforms transported from Verona to Rostock
Port of Naples: Fire aboard GNV's Phoenix ferry
Naples
Flames broke out in the internal areas of deck 6 of the ship
Latrofa has chosen a trusted individual to lead an in-house company within the Lazio Port Authority.
Civitavecchia
The new sole director - he underlined - has been provided with particularly stringent management guidelines
In the first three months of 2026, MPC Container Ships' revenues decreased by -6.4%.
Oslo
Quarterly net income of $40.8 million (-31.8%)
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Sardinian Port Authority has been approved.
Olbia
Green light from the Management Committee
The environmental assessment process for the San Antonio Outer Harbor project has been completed.
Saint Anthony
The Viking Mira cruise ship was delivered at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
It has a gross tonnage of 54,300 tons and a capacity of 998 passengers.
In 2025, RINA recorded revenues of over one billion euros (+11%)
Genoa
Net profit up 30%
The new railway bridge has been installed at the Port of Marina di Carrara.
Marina di Carrara
Pisano: A turning point in the port's logistics organization.
Ports, freight terminals, and corridors. Venice and the Upper Adriatic as a gateway to the East.
Venice
This is the theme of the event that will be held on Thursday in Venice
Estonian State Fleet orders electric-powered ferry from Polish shipyard Crist
Tallinn
Contract worth 49.93 million euros
In April, Spanish ports handled 1.7 million containers (+1.7%)
Madrid
Cruise passengers down by -18.4%
Container traffic in the port of Valencia decreased by 2.5% in April
Valencia
In the first four months of 2026, almost 1.8 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
Global Ship Lease posts record quarterly revenues again
Athens
Net profit down 24.0%
International cooperation between the Sardinian Port Authority and the Port of Tangier Ville for luxury yachting
Cagliari
Promotion of an integrated nautical circuit between Sardinia and Morocco
The new first aid medical center has been inaugurated in the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
Among the facilities, a first aid clinic and a CMR ambulance
BPER provides financing to Grimaldi Euromed for fleet modernization.
Milan/Naples
Resources used to partially cover the purchase of the ship "Grande Manila"
ASRY and Priya Blue establish ship recycling yard in Bahrain
Al Muharraq/Alang
First ship destined for dismantling has arrived in the Middle Eastern nation
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