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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 6/2001 - JUNE 2001

Trasporto intermodale

Le promesse ferroviarie dell'Asia Centrale

I volumi di traffico generati dalla ferrovia tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale sono relativamente piccoli. Ma parlando cogli operatori ci si rende conto dell'alto livello di ingegnosità richiesto per organizzare i trasporti su rotaie su di una tratta di oltre 11 mila chilometri.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati membri dell'Asia Centrale ex Unione Sovietica è relativamente modesto. I volumi di traffico sono declinati fortemente al tempo della crisi economica che ha colpito la Russia nel 1998, e solo adesso mostrano lievi segni di ripresa, sebbene non siano ancora stati raggiunti i livelli di efficienza passati. Nonostante tutto però gli operatori intermodali vedono gli snodi e i collegamenti ferroviari ancora strategicamente importanti, e ritengono che sia in essi implicita la promessa di aumenti dei traffici, nel contesto di una crescita complessiva delle economie dei Paesi dell'Asia Centrale e del loro livello, in continuo aumento, di imports dagli Stati dell'Europa Occidentale.

Tre operatori che utilizzano per i trasporti treni merci per containers stanno attualmente servendo le vie: Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), con sede centrale a Basle in Svizzera, Transfracht International, situata a Frankfurt am Main e sussidiaria della DB Cargo (il vettore nazionale ferroviario tedesco), e Polzug, l'operatore su treni merci per containers con base ad Amburgo. Tutti e tre acquistano la trazione da compagnie ferroviarie nazionali europee e russe.

La ICT vende i suoi servizi per l'Asia Centrale a circa 20 trasportatori che contano per l'80-90% dei volumi complessivi trasportati. Altri 40-50 trasportatori acquistano invece capacità con frequenze meno regolari. Uno degli acquirenti della capacità è Multimodal Transport Equipment, un nvocc che lavora con la sua propria attrezzatura per containers tra Europa Occidentale e CIS, sebbene anche la Transfracht impieghi ugualmente le sue proprie apparecchiature, che sono rese disponibili per i suoi clienti. La Polzug trasporta invece l'equipaggiamento per containers dei suoi clienti. Però, Manfred Schmidt, amministratore della Polzug, afferma: "Diamo anche assistenza nel rendere disponibili i containers se ce ne fosse eventualmente bisogno".

Una strada chiave per i traffici della ICF in direzione Asia Centrale, su cui l'impresa opera in partnership con la Transfracht e la International Rail Services, è il servizio Ostwind (East Wind) per treni merce containers da Berlino a Mosca. Da Mosca, i containers sono trasferiti su infrastrutture ferroviarie russe che si connettono agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale, come il Kazakhstan (il singolo mercato più grande per livello di traffico, rileva Piet Lamon, coordinatore per lo sviluppo degli affari della ICF), il Turkmenistan, l'Uzbekistan e il Tadzhikistan. La Transfracht lancia il suo servizio in Germania, la maggiore nazione per volumi di traffico generati per il servizio), mentre in altri Paesi Europei è venduto dal dipartimento commerciale del quartier generale della ICF a Basle.

Il traffico di origine Germania direzionato all'Ostwind è trasportato grazie a servizi ferroviari nazionali tedeschi su di un network di terminals DB Cargo che attraversano la Germania. In media ci sono due o tre partenze per l'Ostwind la settimana, ma dipende sempre dal numero di containers e dal loro volume offerto in ogni momento. Nota Markus Schmidle, responsabile dell'operatività del servizio: "Possiamo anche avere cinque partenze in una sola settimana". I tempi complessivi di transito sono comunque difficili da quantificare, dato che dipendono dal tempo che ci vuole per assemblare i treni merci al terminal di Berlino.

Un secondo elemento chiave per i servizi della ICF verso i Paesi dell'Asia Centrale è il servizio Rotterdam-Malaszewicze Container Express (RMCE). Esso è direzionato direttamente da Rotterdam su Frankfurt an-der-Oder e via Polonia per Malaszewicze/Brest, sul confine tra Polonia e Bielorussia, e da qui attraverso la Russia raggiunge le destinazioni prestabilite dell'Asia Centrale. C'è anche un altro servizio prodotto dalla ICF di nome Strela (che in russo vuol dire freccia), ma esso trasporta solamente dai 10 ai 15 containers alla settimana.

Inoltre, il traffico da Francia, Svizzera, Austria, Spagna, Italia e Balcani è trasportato dall'ICF agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale con normali servizi ferroviari via Polonia e Russia. in aggiunta ai treni merci diretti, parte del traffico è fatto passare attraverso il QualityNet System della ICF a Metz. Questo permette ai treni merci di essere assemblati da vagoni singoli che provengono dalle Nazioni di consegna. Comunque, il traffico dalla Scandinavia è fatto passare da Amburgo, e poi è condotto via ferrovia da questa città a Berlino per essere connesso successivamente ai treni merci dell'Ostwind.

Sulla base del dato complessivo sui trasporti del 2000, la ICF osserva che il suo livello totale di traffici, sia verso est che verso ovest, tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati CIS dell'Asia Centrale, è di circa 30.000 Teus all'anno. Approssimativamente, esso consiste in 10.000 Teus per l'Ostwind, 3.000 Teus per il Westwind (il servizio per l'occidente da Mosca a Berlino, operato congiuntamente da ICF e Transfracht), 8.000 Teus sull'RMCE e 9.000 Teus da e per Nazione dell'Europa Occidentale esclusa la Germania e dalla Scandinavia, dalla Spagna e dall'Italia.

Il servizio Polzug Silk Road Express Caucasus/Central Asia utilizza treni merci containers della Polzug che viaggiano da Amburgo/Bremerhaven al suo proprio terminal a Slawkow nel Sud Est della Polonia. I containers sono scaricati e trasferiti poi ai treni, e successivamente fatti viaggiare via Mar Nero e Regioni del Mar Caspio verso Georgi, Azerbaijan, Armenia e destinazioni diverse dell'Asia Centrale. Schmidt, della Polzug, interrogato sui volumi di traffico trasportato, ha così risposto: "I servizi sono solamente all'inizio, ma abbiamo già trasportato un certo numero di containers". La Polzug rende disponibili i suoi servizi ai vari vettori oceanici, agenti marittimi e trasportatori, e direttamente anche a spedizionieri e addetti alle consegne.

Paradossalmente, la DB Cargo compete con se stessa, dato che è sia partner della Polzug, e nell'Ostwind con la sua sussidiaria Transfracht International, sia azionista di rilevanza della ICF.

I trasportatori stradali su camions sono i principali concorrenti della ferrovia sulla tratta Europa Occidentale/Asia Centrale. I treni merci containers terminal-to-terminal, in quanto entità a sé stante, non sono da soli sufficienti a competere con il door-to-door stradale. Di conseguenza, il coinvolgimento di spedizionieri che aggiungano servizi a valore aggiunto elevato per offrire servizi integrati di trasporto agli spedizionieri è cruciale se la ferrovia intende competere.

Con quartier generale è a Frankfurt am Main, ma posseduto da privati Svizzeri, la Multimodal vende servizi intermodali door-to-door, terminal-to-terminal, ovvero terminal-to-freight station esclusivamente a spedizionieri o a vettori oceanici, mai a caricatori, manifattori o importatori. L'amministratore delegato Arkadij Rasin ha spiegato che la capacità dei treni merci che è acquisita direttamente dall'Ostwind, e da altri operatori intermodali, è un segmento del suo servizio.

Un altro segmento è la produzione di equipaggiamento per containers disponibile per gli spedizionieri. La Multimodal opera su un insieme di containers che varia dai 5.000 ai 10.000 Teus e che consiste principalmente in containers per rinfuse solide leased o di seconda mano da 20 o 40ft. Essi sono stoccati in terminals privati nelle maggiori città della Germania e in altre località strategiche dell'Europa. I terminals privati sono preferiti dai Tedeschi. Il general manager della Multimodal Volker Schliesche afferma che è perché "la DB Cargo fa pagare tariffa piena per il trasporto via strada di containers vuoti, pertanto evitiamo di servirci di questa impresa per consegnare i containers ai terminals. In effetti utilizziamo il trasporto sul Reno non appena è possibile, anche e soprattutto perché è molto più economico".

La Multimodal posiziona i containers vuoti per il carico alle banchine dei singoli trasportatori su diretta istruzione dei clienti spedizionieri, ma la principale interfaccia di comunicazione è sempre stata tra shipper e forwarder, mai tra shipper e Multimodal. "Siamo sempre totalmente neutrali", insiste Rasin, "non vogliamo intrometterci in tutti i singoli affari dei trasportatori". Il trasporto in direzione della destinazione finale è poi gestito dalla Multimodal, sia presso un terminal che presso una stazione merci, o direttamente verso il destinatario. In tutto, sono circa 300 le destinazioni CIS servite.

La maggior parte del traffico della Multimodal è proveniente dalla Germania, dall'Austria, dalla Svizzera e dai Paesi del Benelux, ma c'è anche un ammontare significativo di volumi che proviene dall'Italia. Rasin elenca i vantaggi per gli spedizionieri di utilizzare il servizio della Multimodal: essa ha conoscenze specifiche per il mercato dell'Asia Centrale, che certi spedizionieri specializzati possono anche non avere; gli spedizionieri non devono incorrere nel costo di acquistare un container di seconda mano per usarlo su un viaggio a base one-way (che era il caso fino a oggi dello shipping nell'Asia Centrale), né nel costo di riportare i containers vuoti in Europa Occidentale.

"Ci prendiamo cura del back-loading", dice Rasin, "non è molto vero dire che c'è scarsità di cargos in ritorno, e del resto noi abbiamo trovato il modo di bilanciare i carichi". In breve, la Multimodal si addossa il peso di organizzare l'intero processo di equipaggiamento e il carico dei trasporti al posto dei suoi clienti spedizionieri. Gli spedizionieri, però, vendono i servizi agli effettivi utilizzatori finali degli stessi".

A parte il fatto di utilizzare Ostwind, la Multimodal dirige anche i containers in Asia Centrale da Rotterdam e Anversa, dopo il loro arrivo sulle rotte dal Nord America, e utilizza i porti finlandesi come Hamina e Kotka quali porte d'accesso alla regione centrale asiatica.

Ma quanto è veramente efficace l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria in direzione dell'Asia Centrale se comparato al trasporto su gomma? Un portavoce di un operatore ferroviario ha dichiarato che i camions possono subire ritardi anche di due o tre giorni per le procedure di sdoganamento al confine tra Germania e Polonia, mentre i containers su treni merci passano il confine indisturbati e senza fermarsi. Egli aggiunge anche che: "per ragioni pratiche, i camions non possono operare ad Est di Mosca". Rasin della Multimodal afferma: "Utilizziamo solo la ferrovia per gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale perché è il mezzo di trasporto più efficace ed efficiente per quelle destinazioni". Aggiunge anche che i temi di transito della Multimodal sono "in generale veloci almeno quanto quelli di trasportatori su gomma standard, e del resto l'intermodalismo ferroviario, ad esempio dalla Germania, risulta inferiore, in termini di costo, di almeno un 30% rispetto al trasporto stradale sulla stessa tratta".

La ICF sostiene anche che l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria è efficace in termini di costo e di tempi di transito, e pone l'attenzione sul fatto che molti spedizionieri marittimi preferiscono i superiori gradi di sicurezza garantiti dai containers. L'avanzato sistema gestionale a IT avanzata della ICF si interfaccia continuamente e direttamente con i sistemi operativi delle ferrovie russe (e così fa anche la Multimodal) e riceve in tal modo reports di tracking&tracing giornalieri, che sono poi resi disponibili agli spedizionieri che fanno utilizzo del servizio. Non esiste un equivalente nel trasporto stradale.

Il volume complessivo di traffico generato dai Paesi dell'Asia Centrale trasportato dalla ICF nel 2000 si è accresciuto solamente del 9% rispetto al 1999, e un simile tasso di crescita è stato registrato nel primo trimestre del 2001. Le vie intermodali tra Europa Occidentale e Stati dell'Asia Centrale potranno anche restare minori in termini di volumi di traffico, se non per importanza strategica. Ma essi stanno dimostrando la capacità dell'intermodalità di essere efficace ed efficiente sulle lunghe distanze, oltre gli 11.000 chilometri, con attraversamento di più confini nazionali e cambio di modalità tra differenti linee ferroviarie e tipi di binari. Insomma queste nuove direttrici sono la prova che l'intermodalità può trascendere il gap nella cultura dei trasporti tra l'Est e l'Ovest.
(da: Containerisation International, Giugno 2001)


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- country
- geographical areas
FedEx's earnings are rising, but net profit falls 68%.
Memphis
The non-cash capital loss related to the spin-off of FedEx Freight weighs heavily
Kalmar recorded a 22% growth in new orders in the third quarter
Helsinki
Turnover stable. Net profit down 14%.
In the third quarter, sales of containers produced by CIMC increased by +30%
Hong Kong
Commercial activity driven by dry boxes (+36%). Reefer units dropped by 28%.
Ports, new investments in Tuscany and Sardinia
Livorno/Cagliari
The 2027 budget estimates for the two Port Authorities have been approved. Highlights include the Piombino dock, works in Livorno, and dredging and electrification projects in Sardinian ports.
Finding qualified personnel in Italian ports is increasingly difficult.
Naples
An analysis by Randstad Research of 13 professional profiles also highlights a marked gender imbalance
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record third-quarter revenue
Hong Kong
In the July-September period, net profit was 102.5 million dollars (+3.4%)
Approval for the 2027 budget forecast and the 2027-2029 POT of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Gioia Tauro
The forecast document shows revenues of approximately 24 million euros and expenses of approximately 88 million
Ravenna native Bongiovanni confirmed as president of the Federagenti Youth Committee.
Rome
Renewal of the federation's board of directors
The 2027-2029 Three-Year Operational Plan for the Central Adriatic Port System has been approved.
Ancona
308 million euros of investments are planned, of which 218 million for the Marche region and 91 million for Abruzzo.
The 2027 budget forecast for the Western Liguria Port Authority has been approved.
Genoa
New surcharge on goods postponed to 2028
DP World opens a temperature-controlled warehouse near Bologna
Bologna
Surface area of 22 thousand square meters
Saipem wins two new offshore drilling contracts
Milan
The total value of the orders is approximately 121 million dollars.
Hanwha brings Philadelphia Naval Shipyard under Defense Division control
Arlington
The goal is to integrate the construction of commercial and military ships
The Ports of La Spezia and Carrara approve the 2027-2029 Three-Year Public Works Program and the 2027 Budget.
La Spezia
Pisano: PTLP concrete and consistent with currently available resources
Port concessions: Regional Administrative Court (TAR) blocks 2025 fee increase
Rome
The appeal of Assiterminal and sixteen port companies has been accepted.
Wärtsilä sees quarterly order increases, but not in the Marine segment
Helsinki
In the period July-September the company recorded a net profit of 125 million euros (-31%)
Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A conference on the present and future of Motorways of the Sea in Italy will take place in Ravenna on November 17th.
Ravenna
In 1991 the Ravenna-Catania maritime line began
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
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