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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 6/2001 - JUNE 2001

Trasporto intermodale

Le promesse ferroviarie dell'Asia Centrale

I volumi di traffico generati dalla ferrovia tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale sono relativamente piccoli. Ma parlando cogli operatori ci si rende conto dell'alto livello di ingegnosità richiesto per organizzare i trasporti su rotaie su di una tratta di oltre 11 mila chilometri.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati membri dell'Asia Centrale ex Unione Sovietica è relativamente modesto. I volumi di traffico sono declinati fortemente al tempo della crisi economica che ha colpito la Russia nel 1998, e solo adesso mostrano lievi segni di ripresa, sebbene non siano ancora stati raggiunti i livelli di efficienza passati. Nonostante tutto però gli operatori intermodali vedono gli snodi e i collegamenti ferroviari ancora strategicamente importanti, e ritengono che sia in essi implicita la promessa di aumenti dei traffici, nel contesto di una crescita complessiva delle economie dei Paesi dell'Asia Centrale e del loro livello, in continuo aumento, di imports dagli Stati dell'Europa Occidentale.

Tre operatori che utilizzano per i trasporti treni merci per containers stanno attualmente servendo le vie: Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), con sede centrale a Basle in Svizzera, Transfracht International, situata a Frankfurt am Main e sussidiaria della DB Cargo (il vettore nazionale ferroviario tedesco), e Polzug, l'operatore su treni merci per containers con base ad Amburgo. Tutti e tre acquistano la trazione da compagnie ferroviarie nazionali europee e russe.

La ICT vende i suoi servizi per l'Asia Centrale a circa 20 trasportatori che contano per l'80-90% dei volumi complessivi trasportati. Altri 40-50 trasportatori acquistano invece capacità con frequenze meno regolari. Uno degli acquirenti della capacità è Multimodal Transport Equipment, un nvocc che lavora con la sua propria attrezzatura per containers tra Europa Occidentale e CIS, sebbene anche la Transfracht impieghi ugualmente le sue proprie apparecchiature, che sono rese disponibili per i suoi clienti. La Polzug trasporta invece l'equipaggiamento per containers dei suoi clienti. Però, Manfred Schmidt, amministratore della Polzug, afferma: "Diamo anche assistenza nel rendere disponibili i containers se ce ne fosse eventualmente bisogno".

Una strada chiave per i traffici della ICF in direzione Asia Centrale, su cui l'impresa opera in partnership con la Transfracht e la International Rail Services, è il servizio Ostwind (East Wind) per treni merce containers da Berlino a Mosca. Da Mosca, i containers sono trasferiti su infrastrutture ferroviarie russe che si connettono agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale, come il Kazakhstan (il singolo mercato più grande per livello di traffico, rileva Piet Lamon, coordinatore per lo sviluppo degli affari della ICF), il Turkmenistan, l'Uzbekistan e il Tadzhikistan. La Transfracht lancia il suo servizio in Germania, la maggiore nazione per volumi di traffico generati per il servizio), mentre in altri Paesi Europei è venduto dal dipartimento commerciale del quartier generale della ICF a Basle.

Il traffico di origine Germania direzionato all'Ostwind è trasportato grazie a servizi ferroviari nazionali tedeschi su di un network di terminals DB Cargo che attraversano la Germania. In media ci sono due o tre partenze per l'Ostwind la settimana, ma dipende sempre dal numero di containers e dal loro volume offerto in ogni momento. Nota Markus Schmidle, responsabile dell'operatività del servizio: "Possiamo anche avere cinque partenze in una sola settimana". I tempi complessivi di transito sono comunque difficili da quantificare, dato che dipendono dal tempo che ci vuole per assemblare i treni merci al terminal di Berlino.

Un secondo elemento chiave per i servizi della ICF verso i Paesi dell'Asia Centrale è il servizio Rotterdam-Malaszewicze Container Express (RMCE). Esso è direzionato direttamente da Rotterdam su Frankfurt an-der-Oder e via Polonia per Malaszewicze/Brest, sul confine tra Polonia e Bielorussia, e da qui attraverso la Russia raggiunge le destinazioni prestabilite dell'Asia Centrale. C'è anche un altro servizio prodotto dalla ICF di nome Strela (che in russo vuol dire freccia), ma esso trasporta solamente dai 10 ai 15 containers alla settimana.

Inoltre, il traffico da Francia, Svizzera, Austria, Spagna, Italia e Balcani è trasportato dall'ICF agli Stati dell'Asia Centrale con normali servizi ferroviari via Polonia e Russia. in aggiunta ai treni merci diretti, parte del traffico è fatto passare attraverso il QualityNet System della ICF a Metz. Questo permette ai treni merci di essere assemblati da vagoni singoli che provengono dalle Nazioni di consegna. Comunque, il traffico dalla Scandinavia è fatto passare da Amburgo, e poi è condotto via ferrovia da questa città a Berlino per essere connesso successivamente ai treni merci dell'Ostwind.

Sulla base del dato complessivo sui trasporti del 2000, la ICF osserva che il suo livello totale di traffici, sia verso est che verso ovest, tra l'Europa Occidentale e gli Stati CIS dell'Asia Centrale, è di circa 30.000 Teus all'anno. Approssimativamente, esso consiste in 10.000 Teus per l'Ostwind, 3.000 Teus per il Westwind (il servizio per l'occidente da Mosca a Berlino, operato congiuntamente da ICF e Transfracht), 8.000 Teus sull'RMCE e 9.000 Teus da e per Nazione dell'Europa Occidentale esclusa la Germania e dalla Scandinavia, dalla Spagna e dall'Italia.

Il servizio Polzug Silk Road Express Caucasus/Central Asia utilizza treni merci containers della Polzug che viaggiano da Amburgo/Bremerhaven al suo proprio terminal a Slawkow nel Sud Est della Polonia. I containers sono scaricati e trasferiti poi ai treni, e successivamente fatti viaggiare via Mar Nero e Regioni del Mar Caspio verso Georgi, Azerbaijan, Armenia e destinazioni diverse dell'Asia Centrale. Schmidt, della Polzug, interrogato sui volumi di traffico trasportato, ha così risposto: "I servizi sono solamente all'inizio, ma abbiamo già trasportato un certo numero di containers". La Polzug rende disponibili i suoi servizi ai vari vettori oceanici, agenti marittimi e trasportatori, e direttamente anche a spedizionieri e addetti alle consegne.

Paradossalmente, la DB Cargo compete con se stessa, dato che è sia partner della Polzug, e nell'Ostwind con la sua sussidiaria Transfracht International, sia azionista di rilevanza della ICF.

I trasportatori stradali su camions sono i principali concorrenti della ferrovia sulla tratta Europa Occidentale/Asia Centrale. I treni merci containers terminal-to-terminal, in quanto entità a sé stante, non sono da soli sufficienti a competere con il door-to-door stradale. Di conseguenza, il coinvolgimento di spedizionieri che aggiungano servizi a valore aggiunto elevato per offrire servizi integrati di trasporto agli spedizionieri è cruciale se la ferrovia intende competere.

Con quartier generale è a Frankfurt am Main, ma posseduto da privati Svizzeri, la Multimodal vende servizi intermodali door-to-door, terminal-to-terminal, ovvero terminal-to-freight station esclusivamente a spedizionieri o a vettori oceanici, mai a caricatori, manifattori o importatori. L'amministratore delegato Arkadij Rasin ha spiegato che la capacità dei treni merci che è acquisita direttamente dall'Ostwind, e da altri operatori intermodali, è un segmento del suo servizio.

Un altro segmento è la produzione di equipaggiamento per containers disponibile per gli spedizionieri. La Multimodal opera su un insieme di containers che varia dai 5.000 ai 10.000 Teus e che consiste principalmente in containers per rinfuse solide leased o di seconda mano da 20 o 40ft. Essi sono stoccati in terminals privati nelle maggiori città della Germania e in altre località strategiche dell'Europa. I terminals privati sono preferiti dai Tedeschi. Il general manager della Multimodal Volker Schliesche afferma che è perché "la DB Cargo fa pagare tariffa piena per il trasporto via strada di containers vuoti, pertanto evitiamo di servirci di questa impresa per consegnare i containers ai terminals. In effetti utilizziamo il trasporto sul Reno non appena è possibile, anche e soprattutto perché è molto più economico".

La Multimodal posiziona i containers vuoti per il carico alle banchine dei singoli trasportatori su diretta istruzione dei clienti spedizionieri, ma la principale interfaccia di comunicazione è sempre stata tra shipper e forwarder, mai tra shipper e Multimodal. "Siamo sempre totalmente neutrali", insiste Rasin, "non vogliamo intrometterci in tutti i singoli affari dei trasportatori". Il trasporto in direzione della destinazione finale è poi gestito dalla Multimodal, sia presso un terminal che presso una stazione merci, o direttamente verso il destinatario. In tutto, sono circa 300 le destinazioni CIS servite.

La maggior parte del traffico della Multimodal è proveniente dalla Germania, dall'Austria, dalla Svizzera e dai Paesi del Benelux, ma c'è anche un ammontare significativo di volumi che proviene dall'Italia. Rasin elenca i vantaggi per gli spedizionieri di utilizzare il servizio della Multimodal: essa ha conoscenze specifiche per il mercato dell'Asia Centrale, che certi spedizionieri specializzati possono anche non avere; gli spedizionieri non devono incorrere nel costo di acquistare un container di seconda mano per usarlo su un viaggio a base one-way (che era il caso fino a oggi dello shipping nell'Asia Centrale), né nel costo di riportare i containers vuoti in Europa Occidentale.

"Ci prendiamo cura del back-loading", dice Rasin, "non è molto vero dire che c'è scarsità di cargos in ritorno, e del resto noi abbiamo trovato il modo di bilanciare i carichi". In breve, la Multimodal si addossa il peso di organizzare l'intero processo di equipaggiamento e il carico dei trasporti al posto dei suoi clienti spedizionieri. Gli spedizionieri, però, vendono i servizi agli effettivi utilizzatori finali degli stessi".

A parte il fatto di utilizzare Ostwind, la Multimodal dirige anche i containers in Asia Centrale da Rotterdam e Anversa, dopo il loro arrivo sulle rotte dal Nord America, e utilizza i porti finlandesi come Hamina e Kotka quali porte d'accesso alla regione centrale asiatica.

Ma quanto è veramente efficace l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria in direzione dell'Asia Centrale se comparato al trasporto su gomma? Un portavoce di un operatore ferroviario ha dichiarato che i camions possono subire ritardi anche di due o tre giorni per le procedure di sdoganamento al confine tra Germania e Polonia, mentre i containers su treni merci passano il confine indisturbati e senza fermarsi. Egli aggiunge anche che: "per ragioni pratiche, i camions non possono operare ad Est di Mosca". Rasin della Multimodal afferma: "Utilizziamo solo la ferrovia per gli Stati dell'Asia Centrale perché è il mezzo di trasporto più efficace ed efficiente per quelle destinazioni". Aggiunge anche che i temi di transito della Multimodal sono "in generale veloci almeno quanto quelli di trasportatori su gomma standard, e del resto l'intermodalismo ferroviario, ad esempio dalla Germania, risulta inferiore, in termini di costo, di almeno un 30% rispetto al trasporto stradale sulla stessa tratta".

La ICF sostiene anche che l'intermodalismo su base ferroviaria è efficace in termini di costo e di tempi di transito, e pone l'attenzione sul fatto che molti spedizionieri marittimi preferiscono i superiori gradi di sicurezza garantiti dai containers. L'avanzato sistema gestionale a IT avanzata della ICF si interfaccia continuamente e direttamente con i sistemi operativi delle ferrovie russe (e così fa anche la Multimodal) e riceve in tal modo reports di tracking&tracing giornalieri, che sono poi resi disponibili agli spedizionieri che fanno utilizzo del servizio. Non esiste un equivalente nel trasporto stradale.

Il volume complessivo di traffico generato dai Paesi dell'Asia Centrale trasportato dalla ICF nel 2000 si è accresciuto solamente del 9% rispetto al 1999, e un simile tasso di crescita è stato registrato nel primo trimestre del 2001. Le vie intermodali tra Europa Occidentale e Stati dell'Asia Centrale potranno anche restare minori in termini di volumi di traffico, se non per importanza strategica. Ma essi stanno dimostrando la capacità dell'intermodalità di essere efficace ed efficiente sulle lunghe distanze, oltre gli 11.000 chilometri, con attraversamento di più confini nazionali e cambio di modalità tra differenti linee ferroviarie e tipi di binari. Insomma queste nuove direttrici sono la prova che l'intermodalità può trascendere il gap nella cultura dei trasporti tra l'Est e l'Ovest.
(da: Containerisation International, Giugno 2001)


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Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
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