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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 5/2002 - MAY 2002

Trasporto ferroviario

La liberalizzazione delle infrastrutture ferroviarie dell'Unione Europea

L'infrastruttura ferroviaria dell'Unione Europea dovrebbe aprirsi alla libera e leale concorrenza in relazione al traffico containerizzato di attraversamento transfrontaliero entro il marzo 2003. In teoria, questo significa che servizi di treni-blocco più veloci e maggiormente affidabili potrebbero presto divenire la realtà. La domanda, peraltro, è: chi li fornirà?

Mentre alcuni nuovi operatori stanno già cominciando a sgomitare per guadagnare posizioni, un certo numero di soggetti già presenti nel settore si sono messi in azione allo scopo di affrontare la sfida. Uno di questi è l'operatore di trasporto merci ferroviario nazionale belga B Cargo, la divisione della società ferroviaria statale (SNCB) che fornisce servizi di trasporto merci.

Il nome non sarà familiare a molti, dato che la B Cargo raramente dialoga direttamente con i caricatori o con i vettori marittimi per il trasporto containerizzato. Fino adesso, essa ha invece preferito lavorare mediante "aggregatori" per questa parte della propria attività, quali la IFB (Interferry Boats) e la (ICF) Intercontainer-Interfrigo per i contenitori marittimi, nonché la Hupac e la TRW per i carichi intra-europei.

In ogni caso, essa funge un po' da cavallo da tiro dietro le quinte. Nel 2001, infatti, ha trasportato circa 61 milioni di tonnellate di carichi per conto di tutti i clienti, due terzi delle quali erano costituite da traffico internazionale ed un terzo invece da carichi locali. Il traffico intermodale rappresenta una parte importante della sua attività, costituendo il 25% circa del suo totale.

A differenza della B Cargo, la IFB rappresenta una consociata della SNCB separatamente quotata in borsa, con la società-madre che possiede l'87% delle sue quote. Lo scorso anno la IFB ha trasportato circa 370.000 TEU, per lo più inerenti ad attività marittime, rispetto ai 426.000 TEU del 2000. La differenza è stata principalmente dovuta al ritiro a giugno della Maersk Sealand dai suoi servizi ferroviari da Anversa a Rotterdam a favore del trasporto con chiatte. Ciò ha rappresentato una perdita di circa 70.000 TEU. Un altro servizio era in predicato di prendere il suo posto con altri clienti nel primo trimestre del 2002.

Altri 18.000 TEU sono andati perduti quando la Evergreen ha ridotto la propria domanda da Zeebrugge ad Anversa per una parte dell'anno, mentre 15.000 TEU di traffico interportuale ad Anversa sono stati perduti a causa della carenza di carri ferroviari.

Anche la IFB ha acquistato servizi di treni-blocco dalla B Cargo in ordine a svariati servizi navetta che passano attraverso il centro di snodo ferroviario di Muizen a cura della NEN (North European Network Group). La sua composizione azionaria attualmente comprende la Maersk Sealand, la P&O Nedlloyd, la francese CNC, l'operatore terminalistico belga Athus e la IFB. Nel 2001, la NEN ha movimentato complessivamente circa 115.000 TEU, al 50% dei quali ha provveduto la IFB.

La SNCB, e quindi la B Cargo, possiede altresì il 45% circa dell'aggregatore di carichi intra-europei con sede in Belgio TRW, il che sottolinea ancora di più la natura "incestuosa" del mercato ferroviario belga. E non è il solo: altri paesi sono non meno colpevoli, di modo che non è difficile capire come mai sia stato così difficile per i nuovi concorrenti entrare nel mercato.

Ad esempio, se la Maersk Sealand volesse dare inizio ad un servizio in Belgio competitivo nei confronti della IFB, dovrebbe prima prendere contatti per l'assistenza con il maggiore azionista del suo concorrente. Questa è l'area in cui ci si aspetta che il mercato cambi dopo il marzo 2003 e dove, infatti, esso ha già cominciato a cambiare.

Detto ciò, la SNCB è stata una dei pochi a fornire supporto finanziario alla TRW in un momento in cui il trasporto intermodale in Belgio ne aveva grande bisogno e sarebbe potuto sparire del tutto se non fosse stato per tale investimento. In altre parole, la sua quota attuale era stata costituita solamente al fine di prendere il posto degli investitori privati ritiratisi. Inoltre, si dice che le relazioni della B Cargo con la IFB siano abbastanza allentate allo scopo di proteggere le sue relazioni con gli altri clienti che domandano accesso leale alle quotazioni di trasporto.

In questo momento è di moda censurare i monoliti ferroviari statali per avere causato il declino degli standard di servizio ferroviario in Europa negli ultimi 30 anni, il che ha comportato il calo della quota di mercato delle ferrovie dal 35% al 15%, in particolar modo sulle corte distanze. I governi, peraltro, sono stati senza alcun dubbio colpevoli di scarso finanziamento e di indecisione.

Albert Counet, direttore generale della B Cargo, commenta: "Per la prima volta in 30 anni, adesso abbiamo altra gente dalla nostra parte. Si ritiene nuovamente che il trasporto ferroviario sia sensibile all'ambiente, e, pertanto, politicamente corretto. Allo scopo di agevolare ciò, l'Unione Europea ha chiarito di desiderare un incremento dell'ordine del 50% dei volumi ferroviari nei prossimi 10 anni. Starà a noi vedere come questo si possa ottenere".

Uno dei suoi passati problemi era consistito nella carenza di locomotori. Ma Counet ribatte: "Non è tanto una questione di disponibilità dei treni, quella che affligge la nostra affidabilità, bensì di produttività. Ad esempio, sappiamo che i camionisti in Belgio percorrono più di sei volte tanto la distanza percorsa ogni anno dai macchinisti dei treni. I locomotori possono percorrere solo due volte tanto quella distanza. Se fossimo in grado di incrementare la produttività sia dei macchinisti che dei treni, potremmo eliminare molti di questi problemi".

La B Cargo attualmente è in trattative con il personale coinvolto al fine di vedere come si possa risolvere la situazione. Tuttavia, la minaccia ora consiste nel fatto che se non si fa subito qualche progresso, altri saranno più facilmente in condizione di venire a fare quel lavoro al posto loro. Conclude Counet: "Se vogliamo sopravvivere, dovremo ricollocare le risorse; non c'è altro da fare".

La SNCB dovrà altresì investire in treni più moderni in grado di passare dal sistema ferroviario di un paese a quello di un altro - capacità di voltaggio multiplo compresa - per poter competere con successo nel traffico transfrontaliero. Essa afferma di essere ben più avanti degli altri sotto questo aspetto, dato che dispone di treni che già viaggiano alla volta di Metz, Lilla, Frethun, Aulnoye, Sittard e Maastricht.

Counet si dimostra inoltre critico in relazione al modo in cui le imprese ferroviarie sono da sempre organizzate al proprio interno. Spiega infatti: "Tutte le società devono avere una produzione razionale dal punto di vista dei costi, ma in passato ciò si è dimostrato difficile da realizzare perché avevamo una struttura di gestione dell'attività piuttosto ingombrante. Ad esempio, sino alla metà del 2001, tutto il nostro personale era organizzato per sezioni responsabili di ciascuna delle nostre unità di attività, quali ferro ed acciaio, carta, prodotti chimici, intermodale ecc.".

Continua Counet: "Ciò voleva dire, ad esempio, che al lunedì, per il trasporto intermodale, il mio assistente per l'acciaio avrebbe potuto avere un incontro con la sua controparte della SNCF in Francia. Il giorno dopo, l'assistente responsabile della carta avrebbe potuto avere lo stesso tipo di riunione con il suo collega francese, e così via. Molto spesso, nessuno di questi responsabili neppure sapeva delle riunioni degli altri. A rendere le cose ancora peggiori, la settimana successiva avrebbe potuto essere organizzato lo stesso numero di riunioni da parte dei responsabili di produzione di ciascuna unità di attività".

"Abbiamo cambiato tutto ciò. Adesso, abbiamo dirigenti addetti alle attività che sono responsabili di tutte le merceologie, perché è quello che i clienti vogliono, ed abbiamo dirigenti addetti alle tratte. Una persona è responsabile di ciascuna funzione per il nord ed un'altra per il sud. I dirigenti addetti alle attività sono responsabili dei relativi proventi, mentre quelli addetti alle tratte sono responsabili della fornitura di ciascun servizio al miglior prezzo possibile".

Un'altra fonte di preoccupazione riguarda il modo in cui la B Cargo compete sulle brevi distanze. Dato che oltre l'80% del trasporto in Belgio si riferisce a distanze inferiori ai 150 km, occorre necessariamente affrontare il problema. L'organizzazione deve diventare altresì maggiormente competitiva sulla fascia dei 200-400 km. Sulle lunghe distanze, essa afferma di avere già una quota superiore in media al 40%, che talvolta può arrivare al 70%.

Precisa Counet: "Ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno è una rete capillare più efficace per la distribuzione locale. Ciò che oggi siamo bravi a fare è solo andare da un grosso hub ad un altro. Dopo di che, tutto quanto va su camion. Questo, peraltro, non è di grande supporto alla mobilità, poiché i nostri hub sono situati in prossimità ma non all'interno dell'abitato, laddove gli intasamenti non rappresentano un problema insormontabile. I problemi maggiori sono all'interno e attorno alle grandi città".

Continua poi: "Al fine di risolvere il problema, abbiamo bisogno di una rete di terminals più piccoli ad una distanza tra 50 e 150 km dai principali hub. Peraltro, tali navette non sono in grado di produrre profitti, poiché c'è bisogno di un'utilizzazione media tra l'85% circa ed il 90%. E questo non si potrà mai conseguire, perché ogni volta che ci si arriva vicino, i clienti dicono di volere un servizio in più al giorno, cioè uno al mattino ed uno alla sera, e così via".

Di conseguenza, la B Cargo ha recentemente chiesto al proprio ministro dei trasporti un supporto finanziario. La risposta è stata incoraggiante, sebbene siano state poste delle condizioni. Il servizio dovrà essere aperto al pubblico e sarà finanziato solo parzialmente e per un periodo di tempo limitato. Inoltre, deve essere strutturato su gara d'appalto, di modo che la B Cargo potrebbe anche perderla. Commenta Counet: "Se questo è il prezzo che dobbiamo pagare per il progresso, sia. Noi non abbiamo paura della concorrenza".

Un altro settore suscettibile di miglioramenti è rappresentato dal modo in cui la B Cargo provvede alla fluttuazione della domanda. Counet entra nei particolari: "Nel mercato odierno, tutti quanti devono essere flessibili; e questo è molto difficile per le società ferroviarie. Oggi, abbiamo la necessità di ordinare alcune tracce relative ad infrastrutture internazionali con due anni di anticipo. Tali richieste devono essere fatte ai dirigenti delle infrastrutture regionali, e questa è la sfida che ci attende". Resta da vedere se le direttive transfrontaliere della Commissione Europea prenderanno alla fine posizione in ordine a tale questione.

Counet è anche assai critico circa il modo in cui la priorità sulle tratte viene sempre assegnata ai servizi passeggeri a causa delle pressioni politiche dall'alto. Egli ritiene che, se i governi fossero seriamente intenzionati ad incoraggiare il dirottamento modale dalla strada alla rotaia, allora si dovrebbe attribuire maggiore importanza all'assegnazione di priorità dei servizi di trasporto merci. Dichiara infatti: "Senza dubbio, si tratta di qualcosa che sfugge al nostro controllo. Noi possiamo solo fungere da catalizzatori per il cambiamento".

Continua Counet: "Dobbiamo altresì migliorare l'efficienza della gestione del nostro parco carri mediante il nuovo RIV. Si tratta di andare sul tecnico, ma lo scopo è quello di rendere i possessori di carri come noi molto più responsabili in ordine agli interessi correlati alla flotta". La B Cargo controlla un parco di 15.000 carri, 2.700 dei quali vengono utilizzati per il trasporto intermodale.

E' interessante notare come egli affermi che la B Cargo non sia attualmente disposta ad unirsi alla Railion, l'agglomerato ferroviario che ora comprende i suoi equivalenti operatori olandese (NS Cargo), tedesco (DB Cargo) e danese (DSB Goods).

Precisa Counet: "Il nostro mercato non si attesta nella direzione che adesso è stata presa dalla Railion. Noi facciamo affidamento per lo più su traffici portuali. Circa il 60% del nostro traffico va ad un porto o ne proviene, di solito Anversa, Gand e Zeebrugge. Il nostro principale mercato transfrontaliero è la Francia, seguita da Germania, Italia, Svizzera, Lussemburgo e Paesi Bassi. Questi sei partners rappresentano approssimativamente il 95% della nostra attività internazionale. La Railion è molto più concentrata sul nord".

Perciò, tenendo conto di tutti questi cambiamenti in atto, la B Cargo è preoccupata dai nuovi concorrenti che stanno facendo di tutto per fare il proprio ingresso nel mercato transfrontaliero dopo il marzo 2003, come anche nel suo mercato locale nel 2006? Risponde Counet: "Fino a quando la B Cargo resterà il migliore operatore nel proprio hinterland, che comprende Rotterdam, Parigi, Lione, Basilea, Lussemburgo, Colonia e Duisburg, non avremo nulla da temere. E questo è l'obiettivo della nostra attività".
(da: Containerisation International, Aprile 2002)


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Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
Wista Italy denounces the exclusion of women from the nominations of port authority presidents.
Milan
Musso: The glass ceiling that prevents women from accessing leadership roles remains.
Austrian Rail Cargo Group is focusing on the development of the Sommacampagna-Sona intermodal terminal.
Vienna
Ten-year agreement
In the second quarter, maritime traffic in the Bosphorus Strait decreased by -6.0%
Ankara
18.1% decline in ships over 200 metres in length
Fifty kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Civitavecchia
Rome
They were hidden inside a reefer container arriving from Ecuador
Trump has eliminated tariff exemptions for low-cost goods for all nations.
Washington
Goods with a value of less than $800 will also be subject to the tax.
Viking Mira was launched at Fincantieri's Ancona shipyard
Trieste
The multi-role frigate "Emilio Bianchi" was delivered to the Muggiano shipyard
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