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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 6/2002 - JUNE 2002

Industria

Gli standard ISO per i contenitori: solo buone notizie

"La Commissione Tecnica 104 è una delle commissioni tecniche dell'ISO di maggiore successo". Si tratta forse di un'opinione alquanto di parte, dal momento che è espressa dal presidente della TC104, Michael Bohlman, ma d'altra parte si fonda su basi significative.

La storia della TC104 è ricca di quell'elasticità tecnica che connota ogni dibattito serio. E' anche ricca di successi: lo testimonia la grande famiglia di standard ampiamente utilizzati e comprovati che la TC104 ha prodotto e conservato. Lo scopo ufficiale della TC104 consiste nella "standardizzazione dei contenitori adibiti al trasporto merci, dotati di un volume esterno pari o superiore ad un metro cubo (35,3 piedi cubici), in relazione alla terminologia, alla classificazione, alle dimensioni, alle specifiche, alla movimentazione, ai metodi di collaudo ed al brevetto". Nell'ambito di quest'ampio scopo, la TC104 ha sviluppato standard per sei tipi di containers nettamente diversi nonché standard secondari per la movimentazione, l'assicurazione, il brevetto e la denominazione.

L'obiettivo della TC104 è quello di fornire standard attuali che continuino a definire i containers per il trasporto intermodale di merci e le correlate attrezzature e tecnologie applicabili alla movimentazione intermodale e containerizzata delle merci. Le aree specificamente codificate od in procinto di esserlo nelle serie di standard della TC104 comprendono:

  • la progettazione ed il collaudo di tutti i tipi di containers intermodali adibiti al trasporto merci;

  • la terminologia;

  • le attrezzature finalizzate ad assicurare i containers di merci alle navi o ad altri mezzi di trasporto;

  • le attrezzature per la movimentazione di containers;

  • l'etichettatura e l'identificazione elettronica dei containers e dei loro contenuti;

  • i sigilli elettronici dei containers;

  • la trasmissione on line dei dati relativi ai containers alimentati ad energia elettrica come quelli refrigerati;

  • i formati di messaggio per l'interscambio elettronico dei dati;

  • i brevetti dei containers.


Gli standard della TC104 hanno alimentato la crescita, negli ultimi 40 anni, di un sistema interamente nuovo di trasporto merci, che ha rivoluzionato il settore dei trasporti. In effetti, il lavoro della TC104 ha avuto così tanto successo ed è stato adottato in modo così diffuso, che i membri anziani della TC104 stavano cominciando a chiedersi se vi fosse davvero la necessità che la TC104 continuasse ad esistere. Forse, il suo lavoro era stato portato a termine: forse la Commissione avrebbe potuto riposare sugli allori ed assistere alla continua crescita dell'industria che aveva contribuito a creare, senza alcun bisogno di ulteriore standardizzazione.

Peraltro, come accade per molte industrie mature, la containerizzazione non è divenuta stagnante nella propria maturità. Il settore, al contrario, continua a spingere il proprio contenitore operativo e ciò ha fornito alla TC104 un terreno fertile per il miglioramento e lo sviluppo degli standard in vigore.

I traffici mondiali continuano a crescere ed i contenitori per il trasporto merci sono - e ci si aspetta che rimangano - il fattore di maggiore equilibrio tra sicurezza del carico, costi di trasporto e velocità di consegna per la maggior parte dei carichi unitizzati. Allo stesso modo, esiste una crescente pressione economica nel senso di dirottare le tradizionali derrate alla rinfusa nel trasporto containerizzato. Lo sviluppo delle tecnologie e delle loro applicazioni alla containerizzazione sta contribuendo a tale spinta economica verso la containerizzazione per un numero sempre maggiore di merci.

Oltre il 90% dei traffici mondiali di merci non alla rinfusa viene movimentato in contenitori per il trasporto merci ISO. Il numero complessivo delle unità equivalenti a venti piedi (TEU) movimentati annualmente è pari approssimativamente a 1,7 miliardi. La crescita dei contenitori dal 1981 al 1999 è stata del 319,9%, da 40.850.676 TEU a 171.528.276 TEU, mentre la crescita annua della popolazione di TEU continua ad essere del 6-7% all'anno. Si tratta di un riflesso diretto dei vantaggi che la containerizzazione comporta e che continua ad offrire. La containerizzazione ha ridotto i tempi ed i costi delle merci movimentate attraverso gli oceani rispettivamente dell'84% e del 35%. I contenitori merci ISO hanno contribuito a rimuovere le barriere tecniche che si frappongono agli scambi nonché ad aprire mercati in varie regioni del mondo. Il lavoro della ISO/TC104 è una componente essenziale dell'attuale linea di tendenza verso la globalizzazione dell'economia mondiale. Gli standard ISO/TC104 consentono il libero interscambio dei beni utilizzati per il trasporto su base mondiale. La containerizzazione ha notevolmente ridotto le ruberie nel trasporto di merci e ha condotto ad un enorme incremento della sicurezza e della salute dei lavoratori del settore trasportistico. Gli standard ISO/TC104 hanno inoltre contribuito ad armonizzare gli standard nazionali e regionali.

Gli standard ISO per i contenitori merci sono riconosciuti a livello mondiale da varie organizzazioni quali la ILO (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro), la IMO (Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale), l'ICHCA (Associazione Internazionale per il Coordinamento della Movimentazione dei Carichi) e numerosi organismi governativi nazionali. Esistono diversi tipi di organizzazioni internazionali in collegamento con l'ISO/TC104:

  1. enti delle Nazioni Unite quali la ILO (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro) e la IMO (Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale);

  2. organizzazioni non governative quali l'ICHCA (Associazione Internazionale per il Coordinamento della Movimentazione dei Carichi) e la ICS (Camera Internazionale dello Shipping);

  3. organizzazioni governative internazionali come la Commissione Europea;

  4. associazioni commerciali come l'APF (Federazione Asiatica Imballaggio).


La Commissione Tecnica 104 ha 32 membri partecipanti e 23 osservatori. L'ISO TC104 è organizzata come una Commissione Tecnica (TC) con tre Sottocommissioni (SC) ed otto Gruppi di Lavoro (WG). La struttura è stata costituita su Sottocommissioni al fine di concentrare gli sforzi tesi allo sviluppo lungo specifiche linee di esperienza:

  • struttura containers trasporto merci, movimentazione ed assicurazione (SC1);

  • contenitori merci per compiti speciali, quali refrigerati e cisterne (SC2);

  • scambio dati elettronico, registrazione e brevetto dei containers (SC4).

I Gruppi di Lavoro attualmente costituiti - e lo loro aree di competenza - sono:

Sotto la Sottocommissione 1:

  • containers per carichi generali (WG1);

  • movimentazione ed assicurazione;

  • stabilità delle straddle carrier per contenitori merci (WG3), che è un gruppo di lavoro congiunto con la TC110/SC2;

Sotto la Sottocommissione 2:

  • containers termici (WG1);

  • containers cisterna ;

Sotto la Sottocommissione 4 :

  • marchi visivi e loro codificazione (WG1);

  • identificazione automatica delle attrezzature (AEI) per i containers e l'equipaggiamento ad essi correlato (WG2);

  • comunicazione e terminologia (WG3).


La Sottocommissione 1 è presieduta da Michel Hennemand, mentre le funzioni di segreteria sono espletate dalla AFNOR (Associazione Française de Normalisation). La Sottocommissione 2 è presieduta da Edmund Brookes, mentre le funzioni di segreteria vengono espletate dalla BSI (British Standards Institution). La Sottocommissione 4 è presieduta da Christoph Seidelmann, mentre le funzioni di segreteria vengono svolte dal DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung).

Che cosa c'è di nuovo e di potenzialmente controverso?

La TC104 ha identificato una questione di attualità con le frequenze radio disponibili per le applicazioni di trasporto quali la AEI (Identificazione automatica dei containers), i sigilli "intelligenti" dei contenitori ed altre applicazioni che vengono utilizzate al fine di consentire la trasmissione radio dei dati tra i containers e vari sistemi. Il problema, per dirla in breve, sta nel fatto che regioni diverse del mondo assegnano determinate bande di frequenza a questo tipo di applicazioni e che le bande assegnate sono diverse in diverse regioni del mondo. Ciò in effetti impedisce, ad esempio, ad una applicazione che funziona in Asia di funzionare anche negli Stati Uniti o in Europa, a meno che nei congegni non vengano realizzati altri circuiti e componenti per supportare una capacità di gamma di frequenza duplice o triplice.

Questo approccio, sebbene possibile, fa aumentare notevolmente sia i costi di ciascuna applicazione sia la probabilità che il congegno smetta prematuramente di funzionare.

Attualmente, sono in uso le bande 433.92 MHz, 862-928 MHz, 902.928 MHz e 2.45 GHz. Per risolvere questo problema, la TC104 ha rivolto alla ITU, alla IEC ed alla ETSI la richiesta di standardizzarsi su una banda di frequenza universalmente riconosciuta per scopi logistici. Le prime risposte da parte di queste organizzazioni sono state positive.

Il lavoro congiunto della TC104 con la ISO TC110 sulla stabilità delle straddle carriers viene attualmente fatto circolare come DIS (Bozza Standard Internazionale). Tale DIS si propone di affrontare la questione della carenza di standardizzazione nel settore del calcolo della stabilità delle straddle carriers e cerca di implementare un approccio uniforme al problema. Esso metterà in grado gli acquirenti e gli operatori di queste grosse macchine per la movimentazione dei containers di identificare i parametri entro i quali questi macchinari possano essere fatti funzionare in sicurezza senza sovraccarichi.

Il VTL (Carico Verticale Abbinato), e cioè il sollevamento di due o più contenitori collegati verticalmente come se fosse un sollevamento singolo, sta cominciando ad essere accettato nel settore containerizzato. La TC104 ha riconosciuto la necessità di linee-guida per queste prassi in modo che tali unità possano essere utilizzate in sicurezza senza superare le capacità strutturali dei containers, delle loro componenti o degli strumenti utilizzati per accoppiare insieme i containers.

Dopo un'approfondita opera di collaudo, la TC104 ha stabilito che il numero massimo delle unità impilabili verticalmente al fine di costituire una unità VTL sia tre. La TC104 ha altresì deciso che i meccanismi di blocco utilizzati nelle operazioni VTL debbano conformarsi all'ISO 3874 e debbano poter disporre di un'area di scorrimento del carico e di un'area di ingaggio di almeno 800 mm2. La massa totale delle unità VTL non può eccedere i 20.000 kg. Ed infine i meccanismi di blocco utilizzati per le operazioni VTL debbono essere certificati per i sollevamenti con un SWL (Carico Utile Sicuro) di almeno 10.000 kg.

La TC104 ha altresì riconosciuto che possono esistere questioni operative non adeguatamente affrontate dagli standard tecnici che descrivono i criteri strutturali. Per questa ragione essa ha chiesto allo ISP (Gruppo Sicurezza Internazionale) dell'ICHCA di dare il via ad un'iniziativa finalizzata allo sviluppo delle linee-guida operative per Operazioni Sicure VTL. L'ISP ha gentilmente accettato di assumersi questo compito ed al momento sta quasi per produrre un documento definitivo. Essi sperano di portare a termine il proprio compito in concomitanza col completamento da parte della TC104 della schedatura e con la pubblicazione del lavoro sul VTL che apporterà modifiche all'ISO 3874 (lo standard TC104 sulla movimentazione e l'assicurazione dei contenitori).

In coincidenza con il lavoro sul VTL, la TC104 ha altresì riconosciuto la necessità di maggiore specializzazione e standardizzazione nel settore dei congegni di blocco e di assicurazione. La recente modifica all'ISO 3874, che ha introdotto i primi standard internazionali completi in questo settore industriale per i congegni di movimentazione ed assicurazione delle attrezzature, è stata ulteriormente cambiata al fine di far sì che tutti i congegni utilizzati per il carico dispongano dei requisiti minimi richiesti per la sicurezza delle operazioni. Questo miglioramento dello standard è in corso di schedatura unitamente alle modifiche del VTL.

"Non voglio dilungarmi circa le controversie attinenti a queste problematiche" dichiara Michael Bohlman. "La TC104 ritiene che ciascuna di loro sia degna di attenzione da parte della Commissione nonché di uno sforzo di standardizzazione.

E' ormai chiaro che il lavoro della TC104 continua ad essere di fondamentale importanza per questo settore. Come Commissione, siamo tutti senza eccezione orgogliosi dei nostri risultati e pronti a continuare i nostri sforzi finalizzati ad incrementare la sicurezza e l'efficienza della containerizzazione".
(da: Containers - International periodical magazine - BIC - n. 01/02 2002)


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Hanwha brings Philadelphia Naval Shipyard under Defense Division control
Arlington
The goal is to integrate the construction of commercial and military ships
The Ports of La Spezia and Carrara approve the 2027-2029 Three-Year Public Works Program and the 2027 Budget.
La Spezia
Pisano: PTLP concrete and consistent with currently available resources
Port concessions: Regional Administrative Court (TAR) blocks 2025 fee increase
Rome
The appeal of Assiterminal and sixteen port companies has been accepted.
Wärtsilä sees quarterly order increases, but not in the Marine segment
Helsinki
In the period July-September the company recorded a net profit of 125 million euros (-31%)
Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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