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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 6/2002 - JUNE 2002

Industria

Gli standard ISO per i contenitori: solo buone notizie

"La Commissione Tecnica 104 è una delle commissioni tecniche dell'ISO di maggiore successo". Si tratta forse di un'opinione alquanto di parte, dal momento che è espressa dal presidente della TC104, Michael Bohlman, ma d'altra parte si fonda su basi significative.

La storia della TC104 è ricca di quell'elasticità tecnica che connota ogni dibattito serio. E' anche ricca di successi: lo testimonia la grande famiglia di standard ampiamente utilizzati e comprovati che la TC104 ha prodotto e conservato. Lo scopo ufficiale della TC104 consiste nella "standardizzazione dei contenitori adibiti al trasporto merci, dotati di un volume esterno pari o superiore ad un metro cubo (35,3 piedi cubici), in relazione alla terminologia, alla classificazione, alle dimensioni, alle specifiche, alla movimentazione, ai metodi di collaudo ed al brevetto". Nell'ambito di quest'ampio scopo, la TC104 ha sviluppato standard per sei tipi di containers nettamente diversi nonché standard secondari per la movimentazione, l'assicurazione, il brevetto e la denominazione.

L'obiettivo della TC104 è quello di fornire standard attuali che continuino a definire i containers per il trasporto intermodale di merci e le correlate attrezzature e tecnologie applicabili alla movimentazione intermodale e containerizzata delle merci. Le aree specificamente codificate od in procinto di esserlo nelle serie di standard della TC104 comprendono:

  • la progettazione ed il collaudo di tutti i tipi di containers intermodali adibiti al trasporto merci;

  • la terminologia;

  • le attrezzature finalizzate ad assicurare i containers di merci alle navi o ad altri mezzi di trasporto;

  • le attrezzature per la movimentazione di containers;

  • l'etichettatura e l'identificazione elettronica dei containers e dei loro contenuti;

  • i sigilli elettronici dei containers;

  • la trasmissione on line dei dati relativi ai containers alimentati ad energia elettrica come quelli refrigerati;

  • i formati di messaggio per l'interscambio elettronico dei dati;

  • i brevetti dei containers.


Gli standard della TC104 hanno alimentato la crescita, negli ultimi 40 anni, di un sistema interamente nuovo di trasporto merci, che ha rivoluzionato il settore dei trasporti. In effetti, il lavoro della TC104 ha avuto così tanto successo ed è stato adottato in modo così diffuso, che i membri anziani della TC104 stavano cominciando a chiedersi se vi fosse davvero la necessità che la TC104 continuasse ad esistere. Forse, il suo lavoro era stato portato a termine: forse la Commissione avrebbe potuto riposare sugli allori ed assistere alla continua crescita dell'industria che aveva contribuito a creare, senza alcun bisogno di ulteriore standardizzazione.

Peraltro, come accade per molte industrie mature, la containerizzazione non è divenuta stagnante nella propria maturità. Il settore, al contrario, continua a spingere il proprio contenitore operativo e ciò ha fornito alla TC104 un terreno fertile per il miglioramento e lo sviluppo degli standard in vigore.

I traffici mondiali continuano a crescere ed i contenitori per il trasporto merci sono - e ci si aspetta che rimangano - il fattore di maggiore equilibrio tra sicurezza del carico, costi di trasporto e velocità di consegna per la maggior parte dei carichi unitizzati. Allo stesso modo, esiste una crescente pressione economica nel senso di dirottare le tradizionali derrate alla rinfusa nel trasporto containerizzato. Lo sviluppo delle tecnologie e delle loro applicazioni alla containerizzazione sta contribuendo a tale spinta economica verso la containerizzazione per un numero sempre maggiore di merci.

Oltre il 90% dei traffici mondiali di merci non alla rinfusa viene movimentato in contenitori per il trasporto merci ISO. Il numero complessivo delle unità equivalenti a venti piedi (TEU) movimentati annualmente è pari approssimativamente a 1,7 miliardi. La crescita dei contenitori dal 1981 al 1999 è stata del 319,9%, da 40.850.676 TEU a 171.528.276 TEU, mentre la crescita annua della popolazione di TEU continua ad essere del 6-7% all'anno. Si tratta di un riflesso diretto dei vantaggi che la containerizzazione comporta e che continua ad offrire. La containerizzazione ha ridotto i tempi ed i costi delle merci movimentate attraverso gli oceani rispettivamente dell'84% e del 35%. I contenitori merci ISO hanno contribuito a rimuovere le barriere tecniche che si frappongono agli scambi nonché ad aprire mercati in varie regioni del mondo. Il lavoro della ISO/TC104 è una componente essenziale dell'attuale linea di tendenza verso la globalizzazione dell'economia mondiale. Gli standard ISO/TC104 consentono il libero interscambio dei beni utilizzati per il trasporto su base mondiale. La containerizzazione ha notevolmente ridotto le ruberie nel trasporto di merci e ha condotto ad un enorme incremento della sicurezza e della salute dei lavoratori del settore trasportistico. Gli standard ISO/TC104 hanno inoltre contribuito ad armonizzare gli standard nazionali e regionali.

Gli standard ISO per i contenitori merci sono riconosciuti a livello mondiale da varie organizzazioni quali la ILO (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro), la IMO (Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale), l'ICHCA (Associazione Internazionale per il Coordinamento della Movimentazione dei Carichi) e numerosi organismi governativi nazionali. Esistono diversi tipi di organizzazioni internazionali in collegamento con l'ISO/TC104:

  1. enti delle Nazioni Unite quali la ILO (Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro) e la IMO (Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale);

  2. organizzazioni non governative quali l'ICHCA (Associazione Internazionale per il Coordinamento della Movimentazione dei Carichi) e la ICS (Camera Internazionale dello Shipping);

  3. organizzazioni governative internazionali come la Commissione Europea;

  4. associazioni commerciali come l'APF (Federazione Asiatica Imballaggio).


La Commissione Tecnica 104 ha 32 membri partecipanti e 23 osservatori. L'ISO TC104 è organizzata come una Commissione Tecnica (TC) con tre Sottocommissioni (SC) ed otto Gruppi di Lavoro (WG). La struttura è stata costituita su Sottocommissioni al fine di concentrare gli sforzi tesi allo sviluppo lungo specifiche linee di esperienza:

  • struttura containers trasporto merci, movimentazione ed assicurazione (SC1);

  • contenitori merci per compiti speciali, quali refrigerati e cisterne (SC2);

  • scambio dati elettronico, registrazione e brevetto dei containers (SC4).

I Gruppi di Lavoro attualmente costituiti - e lo loro aree di competenza - sono:

Sotto la Sottocommissione 1:

  • containers per carichi generali (WG1);

  • movimentazione ed assicurazione;

  • stabilità delle straddle carrier per contenitori merci (WG3), che è un gruppo di lavoro congiunto con la TC110/SC2;

Sotto la Sottocommissione 2:

  • containers termici (WG1);

  • containers cisterna ;

Sotto la Sottocommissione 4 :

  • marchi visivi e loro codificazione (WG1);

  • identificazione automatica delle attrezzature (AEI) per i containers e l'equipaggiamento ad essi correlato (WG2);

  • comunicazione e terminologia (WG3).


La Sottocommissione 1 è presieduta da Michel Hennemand, mentre le funzioni di segreteria sono espletate dalla AFNOR (Associazione Française de Normalisation). La Sottocommissione 2 è presieduta da Edmund Brookes, mentre le funzioni di segreteria vengono espletate dalla BSI (British Standards Institution). La Sottocommissione 4 è presieduta da Christoph Seidelmann, mentre le funzioni di segreteria vengono svolte dal DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung).

Che cosa c'è di nuovo e di potenzialmente controverso?

La TC104 ha identificato una questione di attualità con le frequenze radio disponibili per le applicazioni di trasporto quali la AEI (Identificazione automatica dei containers), i sigilli "intelligenti" dei contenitori ed altre applicazioni che vengono utilizzate al fine di consentire la trasmissione radio dei dati tra i containers e vari sistemi. Il problema, per dirla in breve, sta nel fatto che regioni diverse del mondo assegnano determinate bande di frequenza a questo tipo di applicazioni e che le bande assegnate sono diverse in diverse regioni del mondo. Ciò in effetti impedisce, ad esempio, ad una applicazione che funziona in Asia di funzionare anche negli Stati Uniti o in Europa, a meno che nei congegni non vengano realizzati altri circuiti e componenti per supportare una capacità di gamma di frequenza duplice o triplice.

Questo approccio, sebbene possibile, fa aumentare notevolmente sia i costi di ciascuna applicazione sia la probabilità che il congegno smetta prematuramente di funzionare.

Attualmente, sono in uso le bande 433.92 MHz, 862-928 MHz, 902.928 MHz e 2.45 GHz. Per risolvere questo problema, la TC104 ha rivolto alla ITU, alla IEC ed alla ETSI la richiesta di standardizzarsi su una banda di frequenza universalmente riconosciuta per scopi logistici. Le prime risposte da parte di queste organizzazioni sono state positive.

Il lavoro congiunto della TC104 con la ISO TC110 sulla stabilità delle straddle carriers viene attualmente fatto circolare come DIS (Bozza Standard Internazionale). Tale DIS si propone di affrontare la questione della carenza di standardizzazione nel settore del calcolo della stabilità delle straddle carriers e cerca di implementare un approccio uniforme al problema. Esso metterà in grado gli acquirenti e gli operatori di queste grosse macchine per la movimentazione dei containers di identificare i parametri entro i quali questi macchinari possano essere fatti funzionare in sicurezza senza sovraccarichi.

Il VTL (Carico Verticale Abbinato), e cioè il sollevamento di due o più contenitori collegati verticalmente come se fosse un sollevamento singolo, sta cominciando ad essere accettato nel settore containerizzato. La TC104 ha riconosciuto la necessità di linee-guida per queste prassi in modo che tali unità possano essere utilizzate in sicurezza senza superare le capacità strutturali dei containers, delle loro componenti o degli strumenti utilizzati per accoppiare insieme i containers.

Dopo un'approfondita opera di collaudo, la TC104 ha stabilito che il numero massimo delle unità impilabili verticalmente al fine di costituire una unità VTL sia tre. La TC104 ha altresì deciso che i meccanismi di blocco utilizzati nelle operazioni VTL debbano conformarsi all'ISO 3874 e debbano poter disporre di un'area di scorrimento del carico e di un'area di ingaggio di almeno 800 mm2. La massa totale delle unità VTL non può eccedere i 20.000 kg. Ed infine i meccanismi di blocco utilizzati per le operazioni VTL debbono essere certificati per i sollevamenti con un SWL (Carico Utile Sicuro) di almeno 10.000 kg.

La TC104 ha altresì riconosciuto che possono esistere questioni operative non adeguatamente affrontate dagli standard tecnici che descrivono i criteri strutturali. Per questa ragione essa ha chiesto allo ISP (Gruppo Sicurezza Internazionale) dell'ICHCA di dare il via ad un'iniziativa finalizzata allo sviluppo delle linee-guida operative per Operazioni Sicure VTL. L'ISP ha gentilmente accettato di assumersi questo compito ed al momento sta quasi per produrre un documento definitivo. Essi sperano di portare a termine il proprio compito in concomitanza col completamento da parte della TC104 della schedatura e con la pubblicazione del lavoro sul VTL che apporterà modifiche all'ISO 3874 (lo standard TC104 sulla movimentazione e l'assicurazione dei contenitori).

In coincidenza con il lavoro sul VTL, la TC104 ha altresì riconosciuto la necessità di maggiore specializzazione e standardizzazione nel settore dei congegni di blocco e di assicurazione. La recente modifica all'ISO 3874, che ha introdotto i primi standard internazionali completi in questo settore industriale per i congegni di movimentazione ed assicurazione delle attrezzature, è stata ulteriormente cambiata al fine di far sì che tutti i congegni utilizzati per il carico dispongano dei requisiti minimi richiesti per la sicurezza delle operazioni. Questo miglioramento dello standard è in corso di schedatura unitamente alle modifiche del VTL.

"Non voglio dilungarmi circa le controversie attinenti a queste problematiche" dichiara Michael Bohlman. "La TC104 ritiene che ciascuna di loro sia degna di attenzione da parte della Commissione nonché di uno sforzo di standardizzazione.

E' ormai chiaro che il lavoro della TC104 continua ad essere di fondamentale importanza per questo settore. Come Commissione, siamo tutti senza eccezione orgogliosi dei nostri risultati e pronti a continuare i nostri sforzi finalizzati ad incrementare la sicurezza e l'efficienza della containerizzazione".
(da: Containers - International periodical magazine - BIC - n. 01/02 2002)


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Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
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Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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