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20 April 2024 - Year XXVIII
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 7-8/2002 - JULY/AUGUST 2002

Legislazione

Il Regolamento 4056 all'esame della Commissione Europea

Con un'iniziativa ampiamente prevista, la Commissione Europea ha ufficialmente confermato di essere in procinto di dare il via ad un'indagine formale in ordine alla necessità del Regolamento 4056. Questa norma fondamentalmente consente ai membri delle conferenze di impegnarsi nella fissazione dei prezzi nei campi in cui essi giudicano si possa apportare stabilità al settore della navigazione di linea.

Intervenendo in occasione della conferenza annuale 2002 di Containerisation International, svoltasi a Londra alla fine dello scorso mese di aprile, Joos Stragier, capo dell'unità trasporti in seno alla Direzione Generale sulla concorrenza della Commissione Europea, ha affermato: "Il recente rapporto OECD sulla navigazione marittima di linea conclude che non vi è prova alcuna che l'esenzione antitrust in ordine alla fissazione dei prezzi ed alle discussioni tariffarie assicuri vantaggi superiori agli svantaggi per gli utenti del trasporto. Esso raccomanda, perciò, ai paesi membri di prendere in considerazione l'abrogazione di tale norma".

Continua Stragier: "Di conseguenza, stiamo ora per dare il via ad una procedura strutturata su tre fasi al fine di rivedere il Regolamento 4056 e la giustificazione che puntella quella esenzione in blocco". Le linee di navigazione appartenenti a conferenze saranno senza dubbio furiose per questa conclusione. Il Consiglio Mondiale dello Shipping, che rappresenta oltre 30 importanti vettori negli Stati Uniti, aveva già esplicitamente criticato il rapporto dell'OECD allorquando era stato fatto circolare per la prima volta nel novembre 2001 ed ancora si domanda quale sia l'autorità dei suoi poco noti autori.

La prima fase dell'indagine della Commissione Europea consisterà di un documento di lavoro tecnico in cui verranno abbozzate le questioni-chiave e delineata una lista di domande cui rispondere. Precisa Stragier: "La giustificazione dell'esenzione in blocco per il settore di linea dell'Unione Europea consiste nella contesa intorno al fatto che la fissazione di tariffe e le altre attività delle conferenze conducano o meno a tariffe di trasporto stabili che assicurino ai caricatori orari e trasporti di linea regolari. Alla luce di queste premesse ed ai sensi delle conclusioni del rapporto dell'OECD, sembrerebbe appropriato per il documento tecnico esaminare le seguenti domande:

  • c'è qualche prova che le attività di fissazione dei prezzi delle conferenze abbiano comportato tariffe di trasporto merci stabili da e per i paesi membri dell'Unione Europea?

  • in caso affermativo, esse hanno procurato ai caricatori ed agli altri utenti del trasporto servizi di trasporto con orari affidabili?

  • questo risultato avrebbe potuto essere conseguito con altri mezzi meno restrittivi quali gli accordi operativi, gli accordi di condivisione di navi e gli accordi sui consorzi e sul noleggio di spazi-containers, che non comportino la fissazione dei prezzi?

Una volta pubblicato il documento tecnico, i rappresentanti governativi e del settore saranno invitati a commentarlo ed a fornire risposte ponderate con dati a supporto di tali domande". Secondo Stragier, ci si aspetta che la prima bozza del documento venga definita nel dicembre di quest'anno o poco dopo.

La seconda fase della revisione comporterà uno studio intensivo delle risposte ricevute e richiederà probabilmente l'assistenza di consulenti specializzati. Non sono state fornite indicazioni su chi potrebbero essere tali consulenti, ma il WSC, se sarà quello l'organismo prescelto dalle conferenze per rappresentarle nella questione, avrà presumibilmente da dire qualcosa al riguardo.

L'ultima fase della revisione consisterà infine nella redazione di un libro bianco o verde che esponga i risultati di tale indagine, nonché di qualsiasi conclusione preliminare che se ne possa ricavare. Di nuovo, ai governi ed ai rappresentanti del settore verrà chiesto di commentare i risultati e le conclusioni. Non è stata indicata alcuna scaletta temporale in ordine alla successione degli eventi sopra riportati, ma, tenendo conto di altri casi simili, è probabile che l'intera procedura richieda un certo numero di anni.

Una interessante caratteristica di questo caso è che, sebbene l'Unione Europea non abbia mai intrapreso in precedenza una revisione del Regolamento 4056, a differenza di quanto avviene con i regolamenti inerenti ai consorzi che debbono essere rivisti ogni cinque anni, gli Stati Uniti invece recentemente l'anno fatto, il che ha comportato l'adozione nel 1998 dell'OSRA (legge di riforma del trasporto marittimo a lungo raggio), il quale è poi entrato in vigore solo due anni fa.

L'OSRA, per quanto sia molto più favorevole ai caricatori rispetto alla normativa precedente, consentendogli il diritto di negoziare contratti privati di servizio con singoli membri di conferenze - un diritto, questo, già esistente in Europa - ancora consente ai membri delle conferenze un elevato grado di immunità anti-trust. Tra gli altri vantaggi, essi possono ancora discutere i livelli delle tariffe di nolo in genere, disporre di una tariffa comune, e concordare gli importi dei sovrapprezzi. Essi possono altresì fissare tariffe di trasporto terrestre, il che in Europa non è più considerato un diritto.

Sulle orme dell'OECD, tali vantaggi potrebbero anche essere annullati, malgrado sia la Commissione Marittima Federale che il potente gruppo lobbystico dei caricatori statunitensi, cioè la Lega Nazionale Trasporto Industriale, affermino che ciò potrebbe equivalere a gettare via il bambino con l'acqua del bagnetto.

Conclude Stragier: "La politica anti-trust sulla concorrenza dell'Unione Europea ora è ferma ad un bivio. Al settore è stato assicurato un elevato grado di certezza giuridica mediante la recente decisione della Corte di Prima Istanza. Ulteriore certezza giuridica sarà tra breve assicurata dalla decisione della Commissione Europea in ordine alla revisione del TACA II. Ciò, tuttavia, concerne solamente l'applicazione dell'attuale normativa, mentre la questione che ora ci si presenta è se l'attuale normativa è adeguata per le attuali condizioni di mercato".

Matthew Levitt, un legale che lavora per la Lovells, la quale rappresenta la FEFC (Conferenza Noli Estremo Oriente) ed il TACA (Accordo Conferenza Trans-Atlantico), commenta: "Questa è la più chiara indicazione che abbiamo mai ricevuto dalla Commissione Europea in ordine al futuro del Regolamento 4056, e le linee di navigazione devono prenderne nota. Anche se la Commissione Europea non ha esplicitato nulla circa la propria opinione al riguardo, sembra chiaro che essa ritiene che l'OECD abbia un quesito cui rispondere".

Data l'esperienza fatta dal WSC con le intransigenti opinioni dell'OECD all'inizio del 2002, i vettori probabilmente si stanno chiedendo che cosa devono fare per dimostrare perché alle conferenze dovrebbe essere consentito di impegnarsi nella fissazione dei prezzi, partendo dal presupposto - ovviamente - che la controparte abbia ancora la mente aperta al riguardo. Il tempo lo dirà.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2002)


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››› Meetings File
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››› File
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