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20 April 2024 - Year XXVIII
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 7-8/2002 - JULY/AUGUST 2002

Studi e ricerche

Le economie di scala delle portacontainers: le dimensioni non sono tutto

Potrebbe risultare una sorpresa per i dirigenti di alcuni vettori marittimi, ma l'acquisto di portacontainers di dimensioni da 6.000 a 8.000 TEU non risulta necessariamente una strategia che rende profitti. Questa è stata nella sostanza la premessa esposta dal direttore generale della Clarkson Research, Martin Stopford, alla conferenza annuale sullo shipping di Containerisation International svoltasi a Londra nello scorso mese di aprile. Pertanto, i vettori marittimi avrebbero sbagliato tutto?

Stopford ha suggerito che alcune linee di navigazione potrebbero essere l'oggetto dello studio realizzato nel 1999 "Malacca-Max: la portacontainer suprema" in cui si afferma: "Il progetto Malacca-Max (navi da 18.000 TEU) presenta un livello di costo minimo complessivo pari al 16% circa in più rispetto alle attuali navi più grandi da 8.000 TEU. In un mondo di concorrenza da tagliagole quale è quello attuale, il 16% potrebbe fare una differenza decisiva". Stopford riferisce che quando i traffici erano in un ciclo positivo, nel 1999, molti vettori marittimi avevano tratto vantaggio dalle tariffe di costruzione delle navi più a buon mercato in Asia ed avevano ordinato navi dalla capacità di 6.000 TEU che sono poi state immesse nei traffici est-ovest negli ultimi mesi.

La tendenza verso l'impiego di navi più grandi figura in modo preponderante nelle strategie di molti vettori marittimi, dal momento che essi hanno cercato di conseguire economie di scala. Tuttavia, vi sono molte componenti che questa strategia comporta, alcune delle quali possono essere negative. Secondo Stopford, il costo medio di una nave da 6.000 TEU è di circa 64 milioni di dollari rispetto ai 12 milioni di dollari di una nave da 735 TEU. Tuttavia, mentre il costo medio in proporzione per 1.000 TEU cala dai 18 milioni di dollari per una nave da 725 TEU a 12 milioni di dollari per una nave da 1.700 TEU, vi è una piccola ulteriore riduzione se si va oltre, ed una nave da 6.200 TEU costa ancora 10,3 milioni di dollari per 1.000 TEU. Perciò, il risparmio di capitale per 1.000 TEU in ordine alla costruzione di una nave da 6.000 TEU, rispetto a quattro navi da 1.700 TEU, è relativamente piccolo.

Allo stesso modo, Stopford argomenta che i costi operativi, che comprendono l'equipaggio, l'assicurazione ed i costi di manutenzione, offrono poche opportunità per economie di scala. Vi è poca differenza nei livelli di dotazione del personale fra portacontainers medie e grandi, dato che l'equipaggio medio di una moderna portacontainers consiste di sole 14 persone. Tuttavia, l'assicurazione dello scafo aumenta notevolmente con le dimensioni della nave. Alcuni vettori marittimi sono stati anche penalizzati dopo l'11 settembre 2001, dal momento che gli assicuratori hanno calcolato premi aggiuntivi per i rischi di guerra, basati sul valore dello scafo e dei motori delle portacontainers. Né pare che i costi di bunkeraggio possano offrire molto risparmio potenziale sui costi ai vettori marittimi.

L'essenza dello studio di Stopford è che la strategia dei vettori marittimi dovrebbe concentrarsi sull'incremento della capacità di navi di dimensioni medie. Stopford rivela che incrementando le dimensioni delle navi da 1.000 a 2.000 TEU, si è risparmiato il 20% nel costo di trasporto unitario; da 2.000 a 4.000 TEU, il risparmio è stato del 7%, mentre - ed è interessante notarlo - dai 4.000 ai 6.000 TEU si è risparmiato solo il 4%. Poi concede: "Certo, ci sono economie di scala, ma poiché esse diminuiscono con le dimensioni, i maggiori benefici verranno conseguiti mediante l'aumento delle dimensioni dei carichi nei minori segmenti della flotta containerizzata, e non con la costruzione di super-navi".

Ciò detto, Stopford procede nell'affermare che le piccole economie di scala associate alle navi post-panamax possono facilmente essere dissipate attraverso i costi aggiuntivi derivanti da altre cause. A causa delle limitazioni di pescaggio, c'è solo un limitato numero di porti in grado di movimentarle, il che comporta altri costi di raccordo e di trasbordo. In molti casi, tali costi oltrepassano di gran lunga i risparmi sui costi delle navi.

In costi aggiuntivi di raccordo e trasbordo si può altresì incorrere attraverso la necessità di far tornare indietro le navi il più alla svelta possibile a ciascun capolinea di traffico allo scopo di minimizzare le dimensioni della flotta. Se si richiede una ulteriore nave per coprire più porti, l'incremento di costo per una nave grande è molto maggiore rispetto a quello di una nave più piccola. Poi, c'è la ridotta flessibilità delle navi più grandi. Laddove le navi più piccole possono essere smistate più facilmente tra direttrici di traffico al fine di bilanciare l'offerta con la domanda, le navi post-panamax normalmente possono essere solamente ritirate, com'è stato recentemente sperimentato dalla P&O Nedlloyd con la PONL Shackleton.

Esistono ulteriori ramificazioni relative alla catena dell'offerta derivanti dall'impiego di grosse navi, tra cui la capacità dei porti e dei singoli terminals di movimentare navi di mega-dimensioni. Ciò potrebbe comportare scavi per aumentare la profondità delle acque (come a Shanghai) e l'acquisizione di speciali gru da banchina. C'è altresì da tenere in considerazione l'impatto che tali navi hanno sulle connessioni intermodali.

Nel corso delle stessa conferenza, Jim Brennan, socio della ditta statunitense di consulenza Norbridge, ha avvertito: "Un allacciamento transpacifico di mega-navi (con capacità superiore ai 6.000 TEU) richiede una quota di mercato del 40% del traffico Cina/Costa Occidentale USA per poter conseguire economie di scala appropriate". Ciò equivale ad almeno il 90% di utilizzazione della nave. Inoltre, Brennan ha sottolineato che i terminals hanno bisogno di lavorare le navi in sole 22 ore e che ciò sta al di sotto del numero di gru disponibili; non si tratta, quindi, di un mero discorso in ordine alla produttività di ciascuna singola nave.

I vettori marittimi hanno tratto vantaggio dalla progressiva containerizzazione dei traffici e dei carichi, e l'ingresso della Cina alla WTO contribuirà anch'esso all'ulteriore futura crescita. Tuttavia, Stopford ritiene che il completamento della matrice dei traffici nei prossimi 20 anni avverrà per lo più al di fuori del principale asse est-ovest e si verificherà in Sudamerica, in Europa Orientale ed anche in Cina. Questo potrebbe concentrare la crescita sulle navi di medie dimensioni ed è questa l'area in cui i vettori marittimi beneficeranno delle maggiori economie di scala.

Il suggerimento di Stopford ai partecipanti alla conferenza è stato molto semplice: "Quando si pensa in grande, pensate in piccolo".
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2002)


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››› Meetings File
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