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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXIII - Number 1/2005 - JANUARY 2005

Safety & security

La prevenzione degli incidenti sulle passerelle

Questo articolo riguarda un particolare tipo di attrezzatura ampiamente diffusa ed utilizzata per la movimentazione dei carichi in molti porti del mondo ma che, tempo fa, ha avuto bisogno di un incidente per ottenere l'attenzione che meritava. Si tratta della passerella, che gli scali marittimi adibiscono alla movimentazione dei carichi sulle navi ro-ro.

Il modo di considerare questa attrezzatura è mutato dopo un incidente occorso nel porto britannico di Ramsgate nel 1994, in occasione del quale crollò una passerella sopraelevata per il trasbordo dei passeggeri dalla nave a terra. Al momento vi era una nave all'ormeggio ed i passeggeri si stavano servendo della passerella. Molti passeggeri caddero sulle rocce sottostanti ed una mezza dozzina di loro morirono.

I provvedimenti adottati dall'ispettorato del lavoro comportarono sanzioni pecuniarie di entità rilevante nei confronti delle due ditte svedesi che avevano progettato, prodotto ed installato la passerella, della società di classificazione che aveva sottoposto a revisione l'installazione e dell'autorità portuale che in prima istanza aveva commissionato i lavori. La passerella era rimasta in funzione per soli quattro mesi.

Le susseguenti indagini portarono ad una serie di raccomandazioni in ordine a vari miglioramenti relativi alle modalità di progettazione e di ordinazione relative ad installazione, manutenzione ed uso di tali strutture. Esse avevano altresì richiamato l'attenzione su un elemento essenziale del sistema del ro-ro e nel corso di tale processo avevano sollevato varie questioni.

La concezione originale di ro-ro richiedeva una nave dotata di una semplice rampa poppiera che si potesse abbassare sulla banchina - praticamente, qualsiasi banchina - e che pertanto potesse essere caricata/scaricata mediante tale attrezzatura. Sulla nave, tale concezione nel corso degli anni era stata ampliata a rampe prodiere e laterali di varia lunghezza e larghezza, mentre a terra vi sono pontoni e passerelle di lunghezza, larghezza e combinazioni varie.

Anche l'utilizzazione di tali strutture si è evoluto, dato che adesso vengono movimentati carichi sia leggeri che estremamente pesanti. In origine concepite per i viaggi di cabotaggio marittimo a corto raggio, le navi ro-ro adesso si muovono su rotte molto più lunghe, comprese quelle transcontinentali. Ciò significa che anche le dimensioni delle navi utilizzate si sono incrementate notevolmente e che anche la loro utilizzazione è diversa. Adesso esistono navi ro-pax e ro-ro/lo (multiruolo).

Una delle questioni più importanti che sono state sollevate riguardavano il fatto che le strutture a terra dovessero essere considerate o meno congegni di movimentazione. Ce ne sono di quelle che semplicemente si spostano a seconda della marea e quindi si argomentava se ciò costituisse o meno una "movimentazione". Poi, vi sono quelle che vengono messe in posizione e ritirate meccanicamente. Gli strumenti destinati a collocare i carichi variano dagli arieti idraulici alle movimentazioni a forbice, alle rastrelliere a pignone od alle catene dall'alto.

L'Europa Occidentale è una delle zone del mondo in cui questo tipo di movimentazione della nave e del carico è quasi endemico e centinaia di tali strutture sono situate attorno alle sue aree portuali. Molte altre parti del mondo si servono altresì della concezione ro-ro. Inoltre, la loro varietà è straordinaria, tanto che difficilmente una di loro riflette esattamente l'altra. Ciò riflette, in parte, il fatto che non ci sono due porti uguali.

In Europa, altre complicazioni sono derivate dalle iniziative legislative dell'Unione Europea. Al tempo della progettazione e dell'installazione dell'infrastruttura di Ramsgate, la Svezia - dove hanno sede le imprese coinvolte - non faceva parte dell'Unione Europea, alla quale in seguito si è aggregata. Tale decisione, a sua volta, ha portato all'entrata in vigore della direttiva sui macchinari dell'Unione Europea con le sue disposizioni in materia di ordinazione, progettazione e fornitura di macchinari. Ma le passerelle erano "macchinari"? E la direttiva si poteva applicare loro?

Quale che fosse la risposta in senso giuridico, la conclusione sostanziale che se ne poteva trarre era che la direttiva sembrava occuparsene ai sensi di quelle disposizioni. Da quel momento in poi, altre strutture di quel tipo sono state progettate e commissionate tenendone conto.

Tale opinione è suffragata dalla circostanza che recentemente è stato fatto riferimento ad un nuovo strumento relativo alla sicurezza utilizzabile con i tipi di passerella movimentati meccanicamente. Anche se l'incidente del 1994 aveva comportato un malfunzionamento dei cuscinetti strutturali, anche il sistema di movimentazione meccanica può funzionare male. Generalmente, ciò è indotto dal malfunzionamento del sistema di controllo nel fornire un'adeguata sincronizzazione dei due meccanismi di movimentazione (uno per ciascun lato della passerella).

La nuova normativa ed un nuovo approccio alle questioni sulla sicurezza hanno comportato una revisione dei criteri di progettazione ed operatività delle passerelle. E questo processo ha sollevato la questione della necessità di incrementare la sicurezza duplicando i sensori di controllo ed anche le attrezzature primarie di movimentazione. Un'indagine effettuata nel 1998 aveva rivelato come i vari sistemi possibili vengano utilizzati nelle seguenti percentuali:

  • cilindri idraulici - 65%;
  • verricello a fune - 30%;
  • sollevamento a forbice - 3%;
  • rastrelliera e pignone - 2%.

I primi due vengono normalmente preferiti perché possono adattarsi ad un'ampia gamma di carichi da sollevare ed a varie altezze: ad esempio, la distanza di sollevamento richiesta in molte circostanze da varie passerelle. Essi, nel corso degli anni, hanno offerto soluzioni pratiche e sicure. Tuttavia, le guide a rastrelliera e pignone, i meccanismi di sollevamento ed i sollevamenti a forbice non sono stati utilizzati in modo estensivo a causa delle limitazioni operative e tecniche che ciascuno di loro presenta.

L'obiettivo complessivo di qualsiasi concezione progettuale di rampe e passerelle funzionanti meccanicamente deve essere quello di fornire l'integrità strutturale e di impedire i movimenti incontrollati, specialmente nel caso di malfunzionamento o guasto strutturale nelle componenti meccaniche, idrauliche od elettriche. In tal modo, devono essere prese in considerazione le modalità atte a mitigare gli effetti di un guasto improvviso. Lo scopo dev'essere quello di assicurare le misure adeguate ad arrestare in modo sicuro la struttura di movimentazione prima che derivino pericoli dal movimento incontrollato.

La Posford Haskoning e la Bosch Rexroth hanno preso in considerazione i vari modi in cui ciò si potrebbe ottenere e hanno concluso che la migliore opzione è quella di concepire un congegno di sicurezza autonomo. Tale congegno dovrebbe idealmente:

  • supportare i carichi sia statici che dinamici;
  • essere suscettibile di costruzione secondo nuove progettualità ovvero di ristrutturazione in relazione al cilindro od all'argano;
  • essere in grado di arrestare le movimentazioni incontrollate e consentire la reintegrazione della struttura nella sua posizione originaria prima del guasto;
  • assicurare operazioni a prova di guasto;
  • utilizzare tecnologie diverse dai principali sistemi di movimentazione al fine di prevenire i guasti più comuni;
  • essere completamente indipendente dal sistema di controllo al servizio del sistema di movimentazione principale;
  • essere adatto a supportare la struttura nelle posizioni di parcheggio o di manutenzione, nonché consentire la rimozione in modo sicuro dei principali elementi di riparazione o trasporto;
  • assicurare la guida od il controllo laterale nelle normali operazioni;
  • offrire posizioni operative infinitamente variabili;
  • essere un'unità indipendente che richieda un interfaccia minimo con gli altri sistemi;
  • presentare un montaggio assolutamente flessibile al fine di agevolare una interconnessione strutturale semplice con complessità di fabbricazione minima per ciascuna applicazione;
  • consentire operazioni continue e regolari per assicurare prontezza e disponibilità operativa;
  • sopravvivere senza danni alle forze di sovraccarico, come gli effetti di una marea in crescita su una struttura a ponte galleggiante, arrestando nel contempo il movimento verso il basso;
  • consentire ai veicoli di essere guidati fuori dalla nave od ai passeggeri di abbandonare la passerella anche in caso di guasto dell'attrezzatura di sollevamento, provvedendo in ogni caso alla sicurezza quali che siano le singole circostanze.

Sono stati individuati sei sistemi degni di essere presi in considerazione quali strumenti autonomi di sicurezza. In seguito ad una accurata indagine, la Posford Haskoning e la Bosch Rexroth hanno concluso che la via da seguire sarebbe dovuta consistere in un congegno di sicurezza a morsa che utilizza un'asta circolare collocata lungo lo strumento di sollevamento. Il congegno è stato progettato e commercializzato come RoSafe.

Esso si basa sulla tecnologia dei freni statici comunemente utilizzata sulle presse per carichi pesanti e sugli elevatori ma adattata alla frenatura dinamica. In seguito alla riuscita dei collaudi, il congegno è stato reso disponibile per nuove strutture così come per la revisione delle strutture esistenti che richiedono capacità di frenatura sino a 1.000 tonnellate, utilizzando due unità RoSafe.

Richard Marks, direttore tecnico della Royal Haskoning, afferma nell'ultimo notiziario della società che si aspetta di vedere utilizzare il congegno di preferenza in accoppiata con i cilindri e gli argani. Il RoSafe è in grado di rivaleggiare con le prestazioni in termini di sicurezza (ed anche migliorarle) di questi metodi pur osservando le prescrizioni di legge. Inoltre, lo fa in modo molto più razionale dal punto di vista dei costi, di modo che egli ritiene che esso possa offrire grandi vantaggi agli operatori portuali.

In una intervista concessa a CargoSystems, Marks commenta che il RoSafe soddisfa molte esigenze inerenti ad un sistema secondario di caricazione autonoma. Esso è in grado di assicurare supporto alla passerella per merci o passeggeri nel giro di pochi millisecondi dal guasto del sistema primario di caricazione e con un abbassamento della struttura limitato a soli 10-30 cm, a seconda del carico e della velocità di decelerazione. Quest'ultima può variare a seconda della capacità della struttura di supporto di resistere al sovraccarico dinamico. Questa caratteristica è particolarmente importante per l'adattamento alle infrastrutture esistenti. Ciascun RoSafe ha un sistema propulsore autonomo e controlla dei sensori. L'asta è dotata di un sistema di sensori della posizione CIMS e può essere utilizzata per assicurare un controllo primario o raddoppiato del livellamento (la carenza di controllo rappresenta una causa comune di guasto).

Il RoSafe può altresì essere attivato al fine di assicurare lo "spragging" - supporto a livello fisso per il "parcheggio" o la manutenzione - alla passerella; tale caratteristica consente un frequente uso del congegno di modo che l'operatore possa confidare sul fatto che esso possa essere operativo nei casi di emergenza. Perciò, su un'infrastruttura nuova, il congegno è in grado di fornire sia un supporto secondario autonomo senza la necessità dei controlli complessi - e soggetti a inoperosità - dei controlli richiesti dai sistemi raddoppiati, sia il sistema di "spragging".

Un prototipo dalla capacità nominale di 150 tonnellate è stato prodotto e collaudato presso la fabbrica della Bosch Rexroth a Lohr, in Germania, ed è stato certificato come "macchina per la sicurezza". Il prototipo è disponibile per ispezioni e dimostrazioni presso la fabbrica. La Bosch Rexroth spera di installare diverse unità RoSafe nel 2005.
(da: CargoSystems, dicembre 2004)




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Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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