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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 5/99 - MAY 1999

Intermodal Transport

L'avanzata dei contenitori interni nordamericani

Il box interno nordamericano si è da lungo tempo affermato come uno dei più importanti tipi di contenitori locali. Le unità al momento più vecchie sono in servizio da più di un decennio, dato che la loro introduzione era seguita al primo sviluppo dei servizi di convogli ferroviari a due piani attraverso gli Stati Uniti.

Risale al 1987 la decisione del fiorente settore intermodale statunitense (il cui pioniere è stato in gran parte la APL - American President Lines) di optare per un suo proprio stile di contenitore terrestre, di larghezza pari a 8 piedi e 6 pollici, in grado di competere sia con i contenitori marittimi sia con i semirimorchi (o piggyback) intermodali ferroviari.

Questa flotta containerizzata locale è da allora cresciuta rapidamente quanto a dimensioni, aumentando da circa 16.000 unità (equivalenti a quasi 40.000 TEU) in servizio nel 1990 alle oltre 100.000 unità (ovvero 250.000 TEU) fatte registrare nel 1998 (v. Tabella 1).

TABELLA 1
COMPENDIO DELLA FLOTTA
DEI CONTENITORI INTERNI NORDAMERICANI
(ALLA META' DEL 1998)
 TipoUnità
Intermodale48 piedi73.650
53 piedi7.000
Altro2.350
Totale83.000
Cassoni stradali48 piedi11.000
53 piedi10.000
Totale21.000
Fonte: dati tratti dalla Analisi di mercato di Containerisation International

Questi dati sono confermati dalla Analisi di mercato della rivista Containerisation International, la quale altresì rivela - nell'ambito del suo ultimo Censimento 1999 dei contenitori mondiali - che le scorte di unità interne nordamericane sono cresciute di più del 10% tra la metà del 1997 e la metà del 1998 (che è la data-limite presa in considerazione dall'indagine). Esse sono poi aumentate del 9% circa dalla metà del 1996 alla metà del 1997, nel momento in cui il settore intermodale statunitense stava emergendo dalla sua prima recessione.

Il conteggio combinato dei contenitori interni e dei trailers movimentati attraverso il Nordamerica ha fatto segnare un ulteriore incremento nel 1998, allorquando aveva toccato 8,8 milioni di carichi (secondo le cifre fornite dall'Associazione delle Ferrovie Americane). Circa 8,2 milioni di movimentazioni sono state conseguite nel 1996. I contenitori interni attualmente rappresentano più del 60% di tutte le suddette movimentazioni e la loro percentuale negli ultimi anni è cresciuta ad un ritmo notevolmente più rapido rispetto a quello dei trailers ferroviari.

Le consegne di equipaggiamento containerizzato interno sono perciò, ancora una volta, sottoposte ad una forte pressione al fine di tenere il passo della domanda. Gran parte dell'originaria eccedenza dei boxes interni, che nel corso della recessione del 1994-95 si erano accumulati presso i terminali od i piazzali dei produttori, da allora è stata immessa in servizio e le ferrovie hanno fatto registrare un miglioramento dei livelli di utilizzazione. Al contrario, i semirimorchi ferroviari sono definitivamente in declino, dato che la flotta operativa è stimata al di sotto delle 80.000 unità.

Con la crescita e la maturazione della flotta di contenitori interni nordamericani, la sua diffusione si è estesa e sono state apportate varie modifiche progettuali. Per diversi anni, le scorte di equipaggiamenti sono state suddivise in due diversi gruppi, anche essi condividono molte caratteristiche comuni. Le unità più diffuse (e numerose) sono quelle di costruzione convenzionale "intermodale", che presentano caratteristiche per lo più marittime e sono accatastabili.

Queste ultime presentano altresì la tradizionale altezza dei portelloni pari a 107 pollici comune anche ai containers marittimi ad alta cubatura e sono le preferite dalle ferrovie, dagli IMCs e da altri operatori di treni a doppio piano, tra cui la APL (che in origine ne aveva sviluppato i prototipi). La maggior parte viene costruita in alluminio, per quanto alcune recenti consegne abbiano riguardato unità realizzate in acciaio. La massa degli equipaggiamenti è di produzione statunitense, canadese o messicana.

I containers di costruzione convenzionale del tipo interno sono inoltre popolari presso le società di noleggio, sebbene in proporzione oggi se ne noleggino meno rispetto ad alcuni anni fa. Alcuni noleggiatori, sulla scia della precedente recessione, hanno da allora ridotto la propria esposizione nel settore delle unità interne nordamericane. Anche così, la flotta noleggiata combinata ammonta ancora a più di 40.000 unità (di costruzione intermodale), suddivisa fra quattro società. Le flotte più grandi sono gestite dai gruppi ferroviari BNSF (Burlington Northern Santa Fe) ed UP (Union Pacific), così come dalla APL. Queste tre ditte da sole controllano più di 50.000 unità (possedute noleggiate).

Un'innovazione più recente è stato il contenitore interno atto al trasporto stradale. Questa unità è caratterizzata dalla medesima struttura a doppia estremità della sua controparte "intermodale", ma dispone di una maggiore altezza dell'apertura del portellone (110 pollici), nonché di un'apertura superiore ultra-stretta per il carico ferroviario. Come tale, essa non può essere soggetta a carico superiore, sebbene l'unità possa essere piazzata sopra un altro contenitore marittimo od interno di costruzione convenzionale nel caso di trasporto nel contesto di un servizio a due piani. Il contenitore in questione è stato introdotto nel 1993 dalla JB Hunt Transportation, che da allora ha ricevuto in consegna oltre 20.000 unità da adibire alla propria rete intermodale in fase di espansione. Tuttavia, questo modello deve ancora essere adottato dalla maggior parte del settore.

I containers della JB Hunt sono sia di 48 che di 53 piedi di lunghezza ed alcuni sono altresì caratterizzati da una costruzione parzialmente isolata. La maggior parte della flotta interna adibita ai servizi principali è costituita da unità di 48 piedi e l'ultima indagine di Containerisation International sul settore delle unità containerizzate ha confermato che questo tipo dimensionale è ancora preferito dalla maggioranza degli utenti. Tuttavia, si evidenzia un sempre maggiore interesse nei confronti della lunghezza da 53 piedi.

Alla metà del 1998, la flotta adibita a servizi principali dei contenitori da 48 piedi ammontava a quasi 74.000 unità. Il 10% circa di queste ultime è costituito da tipi speciali (per lo più refrigerati). Circa 67.500 unità erano operative alla metà del 1997, mentre alla metà del 1996 lo erano 61.000 unità. Il conto complessivo corrispondente ai containers interni da 53 piedi era ancora relativamente piccolo alla metà del 1998, dal momento che ammontava a sole 7.000 unità. Essi peraltro hanno sovrastato tutte le altre lunghezze relative ai tipi interni (24, 28 e 45 piedi), ma a loro volta erano in numero minore rispetto alla distinta flotta di unità interne appartenente alla JB Hunt (che totalizzava circa 10.000 unità). In effetti, la constatazione del fatto che l'impresa suddetta possieda il maggior numero di contenitori da 53 piedi, rappresenta la conferma della sua relativamente recente accettazione. Fino al 1994, la flotta complessiva delle unità da 53 piedi è rimasta per lo più la stessa (circa 1.500 unità) ma da quel momento è aumentata secondo un fattore superiore a 10.

La dimensione dei 53 piedi è pronta ad acquisire ulteriore importanza con l'ingresso del settore nel nuovo millennio, allorquando potrebbe persino arrivare a sostituire i propri rivali da 48 piedi. La APL nel 1998 ha provveduto ad acquistare un numero considerevole di 53 piedi, allorquando ha ricevuto in consegna 2.500 unità raddoppiando così le proprie riserve di tale equipaggiamento. Prima di questa iniziativa, essa si era concentrata quasi esclusivamente sulle unità interne da 48 piedi.

L'iniziativa della APL da quel momento è stata imitata dalla UP e dalla Norfolk Southern, che hanno entrambe incrementato le proprie ordinazioni dei 53 piedi a spese delle unità da 48 piedi. Le ultime informazioni al riguardo suggeriscono che un totale complessivo di 7.500 unità da 53 piedi potrebbe arrivare presso queste due società nei prossimi uno-due anni, rispetto alle poche centinaia di 48 piedi. Inoltre, si dice che entrambe abbiano rivisto verso l'alto le proprie esigenze in fatto di containers da 53 piedi nei prossimi mesi. Infine, è stato riportato che i contenitori da 53 piedi ordinati dalla UP presentano un'altezza del portellone pari a 109 pollici, più affine a quella del modello della JB Hunt, anche se in questo caso si tratta di unità senz'altro accatastabili.
(da: Containerisation International, aprile 1999)

FROM THE HOME PAGE
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7.0% increase in the operating costs of containerized shipping
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Miami
Also recorded is the highest level of bookings ever
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Beijing
The overall traffic of goods with foreign has grown by 9.5%
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Brussels
Indispensable public funding in order to be able to implement planned projects
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Shanghai
In sensitive growth (+ 10.5%) containerized cargoes carried by the fleet with the exception of those on the Asia-Europe route (-9.2%)
In resumption of container traffic in the terminals of Eurogate-Contship Italia in the last quarter of 2023
In resumption of container traffic in the terminals of Eurogate-Contship Italia in the last quarter of 2023
Hamburg
Decline in eventful volumes in Germany. Growth in Italy and activity records in Tanger terminals Med and Limassol
In the first three months of 2024, container traffic handled by COSCO Shipping Ports increased by 9.2%
Hong Kong
Revenue up 1.4%
ECSA, well the EU production target of 40% relatively to clean fuel for shipping
Brussels
Raptis : We will work to ensure that this benchmark translates into immediate actions
Port Marghera, okay to renewal of concession at Terminal Intermodal Venice
Venice
It will expire in 2050. Approved the 2023 budget of the AdSP of the Northern Adriatic
In the first quarter of 2024 container traffic in the port terminals of China's CMPort grew by 9.0%
Hong Kong
Exceptional first quarter of year for Royal Caribbean Cruises
Exceptional first quarter of year for Royal Caribbean Cruises
Miami
Historic record of passengers embarked. Spike in economic performance for the period. Liberty : The one in progress is the best wave season in history
In the third quarter of 2023 the traffic in goods in EU ports decreased by -6.5%
Luxembourg
The loads at landing and boarding dropped by -7.2% and -5.4%, respectively.
The performance of Bureau Veritas in the shipping and offshore sector is growing.
Paris
Record of order book and fleet value in class
Approved the 2023 consuntive budget of the AdSP of the Northern Tirreno Sea
Livorno
Last year the number of port workers in Livorno and Piombino decreased by 46 units by falling to 1,767, of which 1,499 were operating (1,632 in 2022) and 268 administrative (181)
The MSC Group presents an offer to buy the Gram Car Carriers, the world's third largest carrier in the PCTC segment
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Oslo
The proposal, worth about 653 million euros, was accepted by the Board of the Norwegian company and its main shareholders.
At the construction site Fincantieri in Marghera the varo of the Norwegian cruise ship Norwegian Aqua
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It is 322 meters long and has a gross tonnage of 156,300 tons
Paolo Guidi has been named general manager of CMA CGM Italy
Marseille
HHLA will acquire 51% of the capital of Austrian intermodal transport company Roland Spedition
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Hamburg
Its network connects ports in Hamburg, Antwerp, Bremerhaven, Koper, Rotterdam and Trieste.
Kuehne + Nagel's downward trend in economic performance continues.
Kuehne + Nagel's downward trend in economic performance continues.
Schindellegi
In growth the handling of volumes of sea and air shipments
ESPO points out issues to be addressed in order to enable European ports to face the next challenges
Brussels
Memorandum in view of the European elections in June
The Port of Barcelona has established new historical records of monthly and quarterly container traffic
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Barcelona
As of March 2024, 348mila teu (+ 34.3%) were handled, of which 154mila in transshipment (+ 63.9%) and 194mila in import-export (+ 17.4%)
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Queen Anne to Cunard
Monfalcone
Concordate with Princess Cruises the postponement of the delivery of the Star Princess
International shipping associations call for help at U.N. to protect shipping
London
Solicited a greater military presence, missions and patrols. The world-they write in a letter to Guterres-would be outraged if four airliners were seized.
In February, shipping traffic in the Suez Canal declined by -42.8% percent.
In February, shipping traffic in the Suez Canal declined by -42.8% percent.
The Cairo
Net tonnage of the naviglio down -59.8% percent. Drastic reduction of -53% of the value of transit fees
The World Shipping Council points to the EU the way to support the economy and trade
Brussels
Butler : We urge the Union to work together with us to safeguard a sustainable, competitive and safe maritime sector
In Norway, the construction of the world's two largest hydrogen-powered ferries
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Brønnøysund / Gursken
Order of Torghatten company at the shipyard Myklebust
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Rotterdam
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St. Petersburg
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Round table with representatives of the institutions of the European Union
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The Spezia
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Cagliari
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Taranto
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Padova
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Safaga
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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
New Italy-Libya-Egypt service of Tarros and Messina
The Spezia / Genoa
It will be inaugurated in mid-June and made with two ships
Tomorrow PSA Venice will open the Venetian terminal to the port community and the city
Venice
Hannibal plans to activate a rail link between Italy, Hungary and Romania
Melzo
Two weekly rotations will be inaugurated by the end of 2024.
Approved the 2023 consuntive budget of the Central Tirreno's AdSP
Naples
Annunziata : the coming years, fundamentals to finalise the European investment of the PNRR
Sensitive increase in the production and sale of CIMC dry boxes
Hong Kong
Chinese firm responds to growth in demand
Approved the consuntive budget 2023 of the AdSP of the South Tyrrhenic and Ionian
Joy Tauro
May 6 meeting at MIT on the future of the Gioia Tauro Port Agency
The 2023 budget of the East Ligure Sea AdSP shows a primary surplus of six million
The Spezia
In the year new investments of around 17 million euros
Cargotec's quarterly net profit to 81.2 million (+ 11.8%)
Helsinki
In the first three months of 2024, revenues fell by -1.7% percent.
The negative trend of the economic performance of the ONE continues, less marked.
The negative trend of the economic performance of the ONE continues, less marked.
Singapore
In the first three months of 2024 the goods in containers carried by the fleet increased by 15.6%
The Genovese Messina has taken delivery of the largest ship in its fleet
Genoa
The "Jolly Verde" is a 6,300-teu container ship
The inclusion of the Civitavecchia port in the Core network of the TEN-T network is final.
Cyvitavecchia
On Wednesday the OK of the European Parliament
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Vienna
Revenue in decline of -1.8%
Sustained quarterly growth of new orders acquired by Wärtsilä
Helsinki
In the first three months of this year, the group's revenues fell by -9.8% percent.
DIS orders two more new tankers LR1
Luxamburgo
New commits at the Jiangsu New Yangzi Shipbuilding Co.
An MSC container ship targeted with missiles and drones in the Gulf of Aden
San'a ' /Portsmouth
No damage to the ship and crew
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Ancona
In the first quarter of 2024 the orders of port means produced by Konecranes fell by -51.6%
Hyvinkää
Grimaldi has taken delivery of the multipurpose ro-ro Great Abidjan
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It is the fourth of six class ships "G5"
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Grimaldi and IMAT have renewed the five-year agreement for the training of crews
Castel Volturno
Focus on new technologies installed on board ships
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Hedehusene
In the first quarter of this year, the value of net profit decreased by -27.2%
Approved the consuntive budget 2023 of the AdSP of the Sardinia Sea
Cagliari
An administration surplus of 530 million euros, of which more than 475 tied for works in progress
US imports of dangerous goods have been penalized during the pandemic.
Washington
Survey by the Government Accountability Office
In 2023 CEPIM-Parma's Interport recorded a growth of 6.8% of the value of production
Bianconese of Fontevivo
Net profit di788mila euro (+ 223.2%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Tomorrow in Livorno a conference on the history of the city port
Livorno
It will be talked about architecture, trade and politics between the XVI and the twentieth century
On April 11, the sixth edition of the "Italian Port Days" will begin.
Rome
Also this year the project has been divided into two sessions : the first in the spring and the second from September 20 to October 20
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'
(Reuters)
Le transport maritime national navigue à vue
(Aujourd'hui Le Maroc)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Mario Mattioli
Roma, 27 ottobre 2023
››› File
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Atlanta
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Milan
It will be renamed with the name of "Grenching Futura"
Grimaldi consolidates its presence in China with new headquarters in Shanghai
Naples / Shanghai
Inaugurates the offices of the Grimaldi Shipping Agency Shanghai
Approved the 2023 consuntive budget of the Western Ligure Sea AdSP
Genoa
The new endowment of the institution's organic plant provides for 50 hires, including three managerial positions
First plant for the distribution of LNG and GNC to vehicles in the port of La Spezia
The Spezia
It has been installed in Stagnoni locations
Agreement between MSC, MSC Foundation and Mercy Ships for the construction of a new hospital ship
Geneva / Lindale
Tomorrow in Livorno a conference on the history of the city port
Livorno
It will be talked about architecture, trade and politics between the XVI and the twentieth century
Agreement Assshipowners-ITS Academy G. Caboto for training in the maritime, port and logistics sectors
Rome
In the first quarter of 2024, the port of Algeciras handled 1.2 million containers (+ 8.1%)
Algeciras
The traffic in overall goods increased by 3.3%
In the first three months of this year in Valencia, container port traffic grew by 12.1% percent.
Valencia
In March, the increase was 15.7% percent.
The Spezia and Carrara try to break down the bell towers and solicit cooperation at the ports of Genoa and Savona
The Spezia
Abstract : It is necessary to present itself in the market as a coordinated system
Switzerland and Switzerland cut trade between Italy and Switzerland.
Bern
In the first three months of the 2024 decline in Swiss exports. Stable imports
Port of Naples, striking of the fast ferry Island of Procida against a quay
Naples
About thirty minor injuries among passengers
Summoned for April 23 a meeting at MIT on former TCT port workers
Taranto
The unions had requested clarification on the future of the 330 members of the Taranto Port Workers Agency.
The outer Levant dock of the Arbatax port has returned fully operational
Cagliari
In August 2020 he had been shouted by the ferry "Bithia"
The Port of Los Angeles closed the first quarter with a 29.6% percent growth in container traffic
Los Angeles
Expected a continuation of the positive trend
Stable the value of ABB's revenues in the first quarter
Zurich
The new orders are down -5.0% percent. At the end of July Rosengren will leave the CEO position in Wierod
The crisis of the Cooperative Sole Workers of Porto Flavio Gioia officialized at institutions and trade unions
Salerno
USB Mare and Porti, what's going on in the port of Salerno is the result of pressure from shipowners
Euronav sells its own ship management company to Anglo-Eastern
Antwerp / Hong Kong
Manages the fleet of tanker ships of the Antwerp company
Genoa Shipbuilding Industries has acquired a submersible barge of the cargo capacity of 14,000 tonnes
Genoa
It can also be employed as a floating basin for the varo of artifacts up to 9,800 tons
Venice Cold Stores & Logistics obtains the qualification of tax warehouse for wines and sparkling
Venice
Extension of the services offered to companies in the wine sector
Gasparate urges to exempt property of interports from payment of the Imu
Nola
President of the Union Interports Reunited warned that with the PNRR construction sites the railway intermodality is at risk
Hapag-Lloyd plans future investments to expand business in the terminal and intermode sectors
Hamburg
Among the markets, the company focuses attention on Africa, India, Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Set up a consortium to decarbonize transport on the northern Pacific route
Vancouver
It is formed by nine companies and entities and is open to other partners
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Long Beach increased by 16.4%
Long Beach
In March, the increase was 8.3% percent.
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