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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 5/99 - MAY 1999

International Trade

I contenitori fantasma: un problema di documentazione

Le frodi inerenti al trasporto internazionale rappresentano un fattore forse ancor più sinistro di quello dei furti. Mentre le statistiche in ordine ai furti sono incerte, sono state invece stimate le perdite globali annue. Che le perdite annuali derivino dalle frodi, tutti quanti probabilmente se lo immaginano, ma l'uso di documentazione falsa al fine di raggirare caricatori, banche, compagnie di assicurazione ed operatori di trasporto merci costituisce una minaccia sempre presente, in particolar modo per coloro che non se lo aspettano.

Secondo lo IMB (Ufficio Marittimo Internazionale), che è inserito nei Servizi Delitti Commerciali dell'ICC (Camera di Commercio Internazionale), le frodi, i furti dei carichi, la pirateria, il dirottamento delle navi dalle destinazioni legittime ed altre attività criminali al momento attuale costano al settore milioni di dollari ogni giorno. "E - dichiara la IMB - le opportunità per ladri e truffatori hanno il solo limite dell'immaginazione dei criminali".

Senza dubbio, i perpetratori delle frodi basate sulla documentazione sono più "in gamba" dei criminali che rubano l'intero carico del contenitore o parte di esso. I primi, infatti, devono essere esperti nella preparazione di documentazione bancaria e attinente al trasporto - benché falsa - e devono possedere una particolareggiata conoscenza delle prassi trasportistiche globali, commerciali e finanziarie.

La documentazione contraffatta, oltre ad essere usata al fine di perpetrare delitti finanziari, viene altresì utilizzata - unitamente ai documenti rubati - per organizzare la consegna dei contenitori dai terminali ai criminali medesimi.

Uno dei metodi più comuni per sottrarre in modo fraudolento denaro alle banche è quello consistente nel preparare serie di documenti, tra cui polizze di carico contraffatte, ovvero polizze di carico rubate e compilate con finte informazioni, fatture commerciali, liste di imballo e certificati d'origine falsi, i quali intenzionalmente si riferiscono a consegne containerizzate che non esistono. Talvolta queste ipotizzate spedizioni vengono effettuate sulla base di partenze reali; in altri casi gli imbroglioni sfacciatamente si inventano partenze finte e nomi immaginari di portacontenitori.

Tali false serie di documenti possono essere presentate alle banche contro lettere di credito o a vista o a termini di pagamento. Se la banca non controlla, o non ha controllato, i documenti ovvero non verifica l'autenticità del supposto imbarco, è possibile che vengano effettuati pagamenti ai criminali, i quali può darsi che mascherino le loro attività sotto illusorie imprese di esportazione, che scompaiono subito dopo l'incasso.

Operazioni fraudolente di questo tipo possono essere condotte persuadendo i compratori ad aprire lettere di credito inerenti alla fornitura di merci inesistenti da parte di imprese di esportazione fittizie. L'investigatore della IMB John Saunders cita esempi di frodi tentate contro banche, spesso quando il pagamento avviene contro una lettera di credito. "Talvolta" spiega Saunders "i criminali si inventano contenitori (numero di serie compreso) che non esistono, ma si possono presentare altri casi in cui si verifica la spedizione di contenitori vuoti o pieni di mattoni".

Saunders riferisce di innumerevoli "colpi" messi a segno per cercare di far denaro in maniera fraudolenta. Una ha riguardato una ditta di nazionalità africana occidentale, operante da Anversa, che ha predisposto la spedizione di ipotetici contenitori pieni alla volta di un Paese dell'Africa Occidentale. Le "spedizioni" erano supportate da fatture falsificate ed erano stati richiesti rimborsi assicurativi per le merci che erano state indicate come perdute. Allorquando le richieste erano state respinte dalla compagnia di assicurazioni, il soggetto in questione aveva minacciato di fare causa al vettore marittimo - o ai vettori - al fine di fargli sequestrare le nevi, ritenendo che i vettori avrebbero pagato pur di evitare il costoso fermo delle proprie navi. Non è stato possibile sapere il risultato della truffa, ma in questo caso l'intento era quello di ricattare il/i vettore/i marittimo/i.

Un altro esempio descritto da Saunders riguarda un caricatore di Hong Kong che affermava che 50 cartoni di materiali elettrici consegnati in Europa erano stati rubati. Tuttavia, l'esame del contenitore rivelò che esso risultava a pieno carico e che non vi era spazio libero all'interno neanche per un solo cartone. Poi c'è stato un importatore indiano di vetro containerizzato, il quale aveva chiesto al caricatore belga di farsi rilasciare una falsa dichiarazione del peso del contenitore carico al fine di mettere in grado l'importatore di effettuare una falsa richiesta di risarcimento di danni, e che aveva giustificato la richiesta affermando di avere un problema con la propria lettera di credito. Tuttavia, la compagnia di assicurazione aveva contattato il caricatore allo scopo di accertare come in realtà si erano svolte le cose.

La correlazione tra frode e furto è illustrata dalle imprese di un certo numero di criminali dell'Africa Orientale i quali avevano avuto accesso alle polizze ed ai manifesti di carico di certi vettori marittimi. Ciò ha consentito loro di venire a conoscenza dei numeri di serie di containers che trasportavano carichi di valore quali tè, caffè, cobalto e rame. I criminali avevano poi applicato etichette sui numeri di serie dei containers, procurando "nuove" identità ai contenitori stessi. Erano quindi stati predisposti nuove polizze e nuovi manifesti di carico ed erano state fornite istruzioni ai terminals affinché consegnassero i contenitori ai malviventi.

Una delle funzioni dell'IMB è quella di effettuare controlli per conto delle banche che fanno parte della ICC circa la validità delle serie di documenti presentati contro lettera di credito, e ciò comprende il controllo della polizza di carico che fa parte della serie di documenti. "Noi esaminiamo i documenti per vedere se il contenitore (o i contenitori) esistono veramente" afferma Saunders. "Il numero di serie di ciascun container comprende una cifra di controllo che conferma che tutti i numeri di serie sono corretti; questo dovrebbe comparire nella documentazione".

Le truffe correlate ai contenitori rappresentano un evento infausto della vita che sarà difficile eliminare. Caricatori, operatori di trasporto merci e banche, tuttavia, sono in grado di ridurre l'incidenza del rischio mediante la limitazione della disponibilità delle informazioni telematiche e della documentazione cartacea, il controllo della validità delle serie di documenti presentati ai fini del pagamento e l'effettuazione di controlli sugli ipotetici fornitori di merci.
(da: Containerisation International, aprile 1999)

FROM THE HOME PAGE
Iran announces release of crew of container ship MSC Aries
Tehran
Foreign Minister confirms that seamen from the seized ship will be allowed to leave the country.
Merlo (Federlogistics) relaunches the alarm over the impact of the bridge over the Strait of Messina on naval traffic
Palermo
In the first three months of this year, maritime traffic in the Bosphorus Strait increased by 9.3%
In the first three months of this year, maritime traffic in the Bosphorus Strait increased by 9.3%
Ankara
Growth of transits of all major typologies of naviglio
In the first three months of 2024, cruise traffic in Global Ports Holding's terminals increased by 30% percent.
London
The consortium led by GPH has been selected as a preferential bidder for the Casablanca cruise terminal
In the first quarter of 2024, Maersk Group revenues fell by -13.0% percent.
In the first quarter of 2024, Maersk Group revenues fell by -13.0% percent.
Copenhagen
7.0% increase in the operating costs of containerized shipping
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings scores record results for first quarter
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings scores record results for first quarter
Miami
Also recorded is the highest level of bookings ever
In the first three months of this year, Chinese ports have handled 76.7 million containers (+ 10.0%)
Beijing
The overall traffic of goods with foreign has grown by 9.5%
Of the 80 billion needed investment in EU ports in the next decade, a relevant quota is for the energy transition
Brussels
Indispensable public funding in order to be able to implement planned projects
In the first three months of 2024, China's COSCO Shipowners Group Revenues rose again.
In the first three months of 2024, China's COSCO Shipowners Group Revenues rose again.
Shanghai
In sensitive growth (+ 10.5%) containerized cargoes carried by the fleet with the exception of those on the Asia-Europe route (-9.2%)
In resumption of container traffic in the terminals of Eurogate-Contship Italia in the last quarter of 2023
In resumption of container traffic in the terminals of Eurogate-Contship Italia in the last quarter of 2023
Hamburg
Decline in eventful volumes in Germany. Growth in Italy and activity records in Tanger terminals Med and Limassol
In the first three months of 2024, container traffic handled by COSCO Shipping Ports increased by 9.2%
Hong Kong
Revenue up 1.4%
ECSA, well the EU production target of 40% relatively to clean fuel for shipping
Brussels
Raptis : We will work to ensure that this benchmark translates into immediate actions
Port Marghera, okay to renewal of concession at Terminal Intermodal Venice
Venice
It will expire in 2050. Approved the 2023 budget of the AdSP of the Northern Adriatic
In the first quarter of 2024 container traffic in the port terminals of China's CMPort grew by 9.0%
Hong Kong
Exceptional first quarter of year for Royal Caribbean Cruises
Exceptional first quarter of year for Royal Caribbean Cruises
Miami
Historic record of passengers embarked. Spike in economic performance for the period. Liberty : The one in progress is the best wave season in history
In the third quarter of 2023 the traffic in goods in EU ports decreased by -6.5%
Luxembourg
The loads at landing and boarding dropped by -7.2% and -5.4%, respectively.
The performance of Bureau Veritas in the shipping and offshore sector is growing.
Paris
Record of order book and fleet value in class
Approved the 2023 consuntive budget of the AdSP of the Northern Tirreno Sea
Livorno
Last year the number of port workers in Livorno and Piombino decreased by 46 units by falling to 1,767, of which 1,499 were operating (1,632 in 2022) and 268 administrative (181)
The MSC Group presents an offer to buy the Gram Car Carriers, the world's third largest carrier in the PCTC segment
The MSC Group presents an offer to buy the Gram Car Carriers, the world's third largest carrier in the PCTC segment
Oslo
The proposal, worth about 653 million euros, was accepted by the Board of the Norwegian company and its main shareholders.
At the construction site Fincantieri in Marghera the varo of the Norwegian cruise ship Norwegian Aqua
At the construction site Fincantieri in Marghera the launch of the cruise ship Norwegian Aqua
Trieste / Miami
It is 322 meters long and has a gross tonnage of 156,300 tons
Paolo Guidi has been named general manager of CMA CGM Italy
Marseille
HHLA will acquire 51% of the capital of Austrian intermodal transport company Roland Spedition
HHLA will acquire 51% of the capital of Austrian intermodal transport company Roland Spedition
Hamburg
Its network connects ports in Hamburg, Antwerp, Bremerhaven, Koper, Rotterdam and Trieste.
Kuehne + Nagel's downward trend in economic performance continues.
Kuehne + Nagel's downward trend in economic performance continues.
Schindellegi
In growth the handling of volumes of sea and air shipments
ESPO points out issues to be addressed in order to enable European ports to face the next challenges
Brussels
Memorandum in view of the European elections in June
The Port of Barcelona has established new historical records of monthly and quarterly container traffic
The Port of Barcelona has established new historical records of monthly and quarterly container traffic
Barcelona
As of March 2024, 348mila teu (+ 34.3%) were handled, of which 154mila in transshipment (+ 63.9%) and 194mila in import-export (+ 17.4%)
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Queen Anne to Cunard
Monfalcone
Concordate with Princess Cruises the postponement of the delivery of the Star Princess
International shipping associations call for help at U.N. to protect shipping
London
Solicited a greater military presence, missions and patrols. The world-they write in a letter to Guterres-would be outraged if four airliners were seized.
In February, shipping traffic in the Suez Canal declined by -42.8% percent.
In February, shipping traffic in the Suez Canal declined by -42.8% percent.
The Cairo
Net tonnage of the naviglio down -59.8% percent. Drastic reduction of -53% of the value of transit fees
The World Shipping Council points to the EU the way to support the economy and trade
Brussels
Butler : We urge the Union to work together with us to safeguard a sustainable, competitive and safe maritime sector
In Norway, the construction of the world's two largest hydrogen-powered ferries
In Norway, the construction of the world's two largest hydrogen-powered ferries
Brønnøysund / Gursken
Order of Torghatten company at the shipyard Myklebust
The freight traffic in the port of Rotterdam in the first quarter was down by -1.4% percent.  Increase of containers
The freight traffic in the port of Rotterdam in the first quarter was down by -1.4% percent. Increase of containers
Rotterdam
Strong increase (+ 29.0%) of feeder ships departing from the Dutch stopover to the Mediterranean ports
In the first three months of 2024, freight traffic in Russian ports fell by -3.3% percent.
St. Petersburg
Drastic reduction of passenger traffic in the Crimean port scans
In the first three months of 2024, freight traffic in Russian ports fell by -3.3% percent.
Tytgat (SEA Europe) : A European maritime industrial strategy is urgently needed
Brussels
Round table with representatives of the institutions of the European Union
Joe Kramek will be the next president and CEO of the World Shipping Council
Joe Kramek will be the next president and CEO of the World Shipping Council
Washington / Brussels/London / Singapore
He will retire at the end of July in Butler when the latter is retiring.
Speeding up the times to make the port of the Spezia and its retroport the first ZFD
The Spezia
They ask for maritime agents, customs officers and freight forwarders
Air and passenger routing service in the ports of Olbia and Gulf Aranci
Cagliari
It will be managed by the Roman Italpol Fiduciary Services
Decision to drop -15.1% percent of goods in the port of Taranto in the first quarter
Taranto
The loads at the landing decreased by -21.0% and those at the embarkation of -8.7%
This year the national forum for rail freight transport Mercintrain will be held in Padua
Padova
It will take place within the scope of Green Logistics Expo
Inaugurated in Safaga, Egypt, a factory for the construction of tugboats
Safaga
Ten naval units will be carried out for Suez Canal Authority
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
New Italy-Libya-Egypt service of Tarros and Messina
The Spezia / Genoa
It will be inaugurated in mid-June and made with two ships
Tomorrow PSA Venice will open the Venetian terminal to the port community and the city
Venice
Hannibal plans to activate a rail link between Italy, Hungary and Romania
Melzo
Two weekly rotations will be inaugurated by the end of 2024.
Approved the 2023 consuntive budget of the Central Tirreno's AdSP
Naples
Annunziata : the coming years, fundamentals to finalise the European investment of the PNRR
Sensitive increase in the production and sale of CIMC dry boxes
Hong Kong
Chinese firm responds to growth in demand
Approved the consuntive budget 2023 of the AdSP of the South Tyrrhenic and Ionian
Joy Tauro
May 6 meeting at MIT on the future of the Gioia Tauro Port Agency
The 2023 budget of the East Ligure Sea AdSP shows a primary surplus of six million
The Spezia
In the year new investments of around 17 million euros
Cargotec's quarterly net profit to 81.2 million (+ 11.8%)
Helsinki
In the first three months of 2024, revenues fell by -1.7% percent.
The negative trend of the economic performance of the ONE continues, less marked.
The negative trend of the economic performance of the ONE continues, less marked.
Singapore
In the first three months of 2024 the goods in containers carried by the fleet increased by 15.6%
The Genovese Messina has taken delivery of the largest ship in its fleet
Genoa
The "Jolly Verde" is a 6,300-teu container ship
The inclusion of the Civitavecchia port in the Core network of the TEN-T network is final.
Cyvitavecchia
On Wednesday the OK of the European Parliament
In 2023 the goods transported by Rail Cargo Group decreased by -11%
Vienna
Revenue in decline of -1.8%
Sustained quarterly growth of new orders acquired by Wärtsilä
Helsinki
In the first three months of this year, the group's revenues fell by -9.8% percent.
DIS orders two more new tankers LR1
Luxamburgo
New commits at the Jiangsu New Yangzi Shipbuilding Co.
An MSC container ship targeted with missiles and drones in the Gulf of Aden
San'a ' /Portsmouth
No damage to the ship and crew
Approved the consuntive budget 2023 of the Central Adriatic AdSP
Ancona
In the first quarter of 2024 the orders of port means produced by Konecranes fell by -51.6%
Hyvinkää
Grimaldi has taken delivery of the multipurpose ro-ro Great Abidjan
Naples
It is the fourth of six class ships "G5"
Baltimore attributes to owner and operator of the ship Dali the blame for the collapse of the Key Bridge
Baltimore
They would have been established dysfunction to the power supply on board that would cause a blackout
Grimaldi and IMAT have renewed the five-year agreement for the training of crews
Castel Volturno
Focus on new technologies installed on board ships
The quarterly economic performance of DSV is still declining
Hedehusene
In the first quarter of this year, the value of net profit decreased by -27.2%
Approved the consuntive budget 2023 of the AdSP of the Sardinia Sea
Cagliari
An administration surplus of 530 million euros, of which more than 475 tied for works in progress
US imports of dangerous goods have been penalized during the pandemic.
Washington
Survey by the Government Accountability Office
In 2023 CEPIM-Parma's Interport recorded a growth of 6.8% of the value of production
Bianconese of Fontevivo
Net profit di788mila euro (+ 223.2%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Tomorrow in Livorno a conference on the history of the city port
Livorno
It will be talked about architecture, trade and politics between the XVI and the twentieth century
On April 11, the sixth edition of the "Italian Port Days" will begin.
Rome
Also this year the project has been divided into two sessions : the first in the spring and the second from September 20 to October 20
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'
(Reuters)
Le transport maritime national navigue à vue
(Aujourd'hui Le Maroc)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Mario Mattioli
Roma, 27 ottobre 2023
››› File
In the first quarter of 2024, UPS Group revenues fell by -5.3%
Atlanta
Net profit down -41.3%
Grendi has perfected the purchase of the ship Wedellsborg
Milan
It will be renamed with the name of "Grenching Futura"
Grimaldi consolidates its presence in China with new headquarters in Shanghai
Naples / Shanghai
Inaugurates the offices of the Grimaldi Shipping Agency Shanghai
Approved the 2023 consuntive budget of the Western Ligure Sea AdSP
Genoa
The new endowment of the institution's organic plant provides for 50 hires, including three managerial positions
First plant for the distribution of LNG and GNC to vehicles in the port of La Spezia
The Spezia
It has been installed in Stagnoni locations
Agreement between MSC, MSC Foundation and Mercy Ships for the construction of a new hospital ship
Geneva / Lindale
Tomorrow in Livorno a conference on the history of the city port
Livorno
It will be talked about architecture, trade and politics between the XVI and the twentieth century
Agreement Assshipowners-ITS Academy G. Caboto for training in the maritime, port and logistics sectors
Rome
In the first quarter of 2024, the port of Algeciras handled 1.2 million containers (+ 8.1%)
Algeciras
The traffic in overall goods increased by 3.3%
In the first three months of this year in Valencia, container port traffic grew by 12.1% percent.
Valencia
In March, the increase was 15.7% percent.
The Spezia and Carrara try to break down the bell towers and solicit cooperation at the ports of Genoa and Savona
The Spezia
Abstract : It is necessary to present itself in the market as a coordinated system
Switzerland and Switzerland cut trade between Italy and Switzerland.
Bern
In the first three months of the 2024 decline in Swiss exports. Stable imports
Port of Naples, striking of the fast ferry Island of Procida against a quay
Naples
About thirty minor injuries among passengers
Summoned for April 23 a meeting at MIT on former TCT port workers
Taranto
The unions had requested clarification on the future of the 330 members of the Taranto Port Workers Agency.
The outer Levant dock of the Arbatax port has returned fully operational
Cagliari
In August 2020 he had been shouted by the ferry "Bithia"
The Port of Los Angeles closed the first quarter with a 29.6% percent growth in container traffic
Los Angeles
Expected a continuation of the positive trend
Stable the value of ABB's revenues in the first quarter
Zurich
The new orders are down -5.0% percent. At the end of July Rosengren will leave the CEO position in Wierod
The crisis of the Cooperative Sole Workers of Porto Flavio Gioia officialized at institutions and trade unions
Salerno
USB Mare and Porti, what's going on in the port of Salerno is the result of pressure from shipowners
Euronav sells its own ship management company to Anglo-Eastern
Antwerp / Hong Kong
Manages the fleet of tanker ships of the Antwerp company
Genoa Shipbuilding Industries has acquired a submersible barge of the cargo capacity of 14,000 tonnes
Genoa
It can also be employed as a floating basin for the varo of artifacts up to 9,800 tons
Venice Cold Stores & Logistics obtains the qualification of tax warehouse for wines and sparkling
Venice
Extension of the services offered to companies in the wine sector
Gasparate urges to exempt property of interports from payment of the Imu
Nola
President of the Union Interports Reunited warned that with the PNRR construction sites the railway intermodality is at risk
Hapag-Lloyd plans future investments to expand business in the terminal and intermode sectors
Hamburg
Among the markets, the company focuses attention on Africa, India, Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Set up a consortium to decarbonize transport on the northern Pacific route
Vancouver
It is formed by nine companies and entities and is open to other partners
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Long Beach increased by 16.4%
Long Beach
In March, the increase was 8.3% percent.
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