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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 11/99 - NOVEMBER 1999

Ports

Long Beach/Los Angeles: le dimensioni contano

"La sfida più grossa che il Porto di Long Beach si trova a dover affrontare è la sensazionale crescita dei containers fatta registrare negli ultimi sette-otto anni. I nostri volumi containerizzati sono aumentati del 150% circa dal 1990. E' un bel problema con cui avere a che fare, questo, ma - ciononostante - è senz'altro molto impegnativo" spiega Don Wylie, direttore esecutivo dei servizi marittimi del Porto di Long Beach.

Il Porto di Los Angeles è in una situazione simile. "I nostri piani di sviluppo sono ampi. Noi abbiamo a che fare con una clientela che desidera più di 415 acri per le operazioni containerizzate. Un terminal di queste dimensioni sarebbe l'infrastruttura privata più grande del mondo" sostiene Al Fierstine, direttore dello sviluppo attività del Porto di Los Angeles.

Dato che sia i vettori marittimi clienti di Long Beach sia quelli di Los Angeles richiedono terminals migliori e più grandi e con buone connessioni intermodali, il livello di espansione in corso presso entrambi questi porti della California meridionale è notevole.

Long Beach da diversi anni acquista terreno al fine di ampliare le operazioni containerizzate, come spiega Wylie: "Da quando Long Beach ha cominciato un programma di acquisizioni nel 1994, essa ha comperato 725 acri di territorio in più. L'ex base navale della marina statunitense ha apportato altri 500-600 acri quando è stata chiusa a settembre del 1997".

Da allora, il porto non ha certo rallentato nello sviluppare infrastrutture containerizzate. Il terminal del Molo A per la Hanjin Shipping Company è stato inaugurato a settembre del 1997 ed è stato il primo ad essere costruito sul terreno acquistato nel 1994. La base navale è stata ora completamente demolita ed i lavori sono già in corso sul primo nuovo terminal di circa 200 acri. Wylie confida che "entro la fine di quest'anno vi si possa ospitare un inquilino".

Long Beach ha dovuto altresì riconfigurare il territorio già esistente e Wylie sottolinea un problema incontrato nell'ingrandimento del nuovo terminal: "Nel 1991 abbiamo costruito per la Hanjin un'infrastruttura da 57 acri, ma un terminal di quelle dimensioni come può essere noleggiato ora che tutti quanti parlano di dimensioni non inferiori a 200 acri per infrastruttura? Di conseguenza, il porto ha dovuto riempire alcune aree che non erano state progettate per una utilizzazione a mo' di terminal contenitori allo scopo di far sì che lo spazio venga utilizzato completamente".

Wylie è anche consapevole del fatto che l'utilizzazione del terreno esistente rappresenta solo un provvedimento a breve termine. "Dovremo tornare a riempire nuovamente una volta costruita completamente l'ex base navale. Non dovremmo essere costretti a ciò per altri sette-otto anni, ma siamo pronti ad aggiungere spazio quando se ne presenterà l'esigenza" ha stabilito.

Per il Porto di Los Angeles, conseguire altro terreno a scopi costruttivi non è mai stata una questione problematica, nel senso che semplicemente esso non ha altro spazio da dedicare agli ampliamenti, di modo che l'unica alternativa è sempre stata quella di intraprendere massicci progetti di riempimento.

Di conseguenza, esso si è imbarcato nel progetto del Molo 300/400 "al fine di far fronte alla crescita dei carichi nei prossimi 25 anni". L'infrastruttura del Molo 300 è stata ultimata; essa consiste in un complesso per containers di 232 acri da 270 milioni di dollari dedicato alla APL e denominato Global Gateway South (APL Limited) che è stato inaugurato a maggio del 1997 e che movimenta circa un milione di TEU all'anno.

E' stata altresì realizzata un'infrastruttura per il trasferimento di contenitori da 47 acri e 26 milioni di dollari; essa consente lo scarico dei containers dalle navi e la loro collocazione diretta su carri ferroviari per la distribuzione immediata. La capacità annuale è di 350.000 movimentazioni. Il Molo 300 è completato da un'infrastruttura per carichi secchi di 120 acri e da 200 milioni di dollari.

Tuttavia, è il Molo 400 che incrementerà ulteriormente le capacità di movimentazione contenitori del porto (v. Tabella 1).

TABELLA 1
IL PROGETTO MOLO 400 * DI LOS ANGELES
ComponenteDimensioni
(acri)
Data di completamentoCosto
(milioni $)
Commenti
Stadio I
Dragaggio e riempim.
265 Luglio 1997148,6I materiali dragati hanno creato un sito di 265 acri. Tre miglia di canale sono stati resi più profondi da 50 a 63 piedi.
Stadio II
Dragaggio e riempim.
325 Gennaio 2000150Realizzare un canale profondo 75 piedi nella parte orientale del Molo 400, rendere più profondi gli esistenti canali da 63 piedi a 81 piedi. I materiali dragati creeranno un'infrastruttura da 325 acri.
Nuovo Terminal Containers del Nuovo Millennio:
Fase Uno160Luglio 2001 n.d.Il terminal, una volta ultimato, disporrà di sei ormeggi, ciascuno con profondità di 50 piedi. Un minimo di 16 gru a cavalletto lavoreranno simultaneamente sei navi. L'infrastruttura di trasferimento intermodale disporrà di sei binari operativi al fine di consentire la movimentazione simultanea di due convogli intermodali.
Fase Due155Gennaio 2003 n.d.
Note:   * = Il Molo 400 consisterà di un terminal containers e di un terminal per rinfuse liquide; il costo complessivo del progetto ammonterà a 800 milioni di dollari; i dati sono espressi in dollari USA.
Fonte: Porto di Los Angeles

Una volta completato, il Molo 400 risulterà nel Terminal Containers del Nuovo Millennio da 315 acri. Fierstine afferma che esso sarà in grado di movimentare tra i cinque ed i sei milioni di TEU all'anno. "Non sarà difficile far sì che i vettori marittimi scalino al Molo 400; la difficoltà starà nel riuscire ad attirare il vettore giusto" - ha spiegato Fierstine, che aggiunge: "Là vogliamo noleggi minimi di 25 anni, protetti da garanzie sui risultati produttivi. Un vettore che desideri proteggere il proprio futuro ed avere un posto al quale ormeggiare le proprie navi, sarà felice di siglare un accordo in questo senso".

Il fatto che la APL abbia sottoscritto con il porto nel 1997 un accordo trentennale di condivisione dei ricavi in relazione al proprio terminal presso il Molo 300 - mentre la Evergreen ha concordato un noleggio di 32 anni nel 1998 e sia la NYK Line che la Yangming dispongono di accordi di 25 anni - conferma che le supposizioni di Fierstine sono corrette. Egli ritiene che il porto a ragione cerchi impegni di tale lunghezza: "I contratti a lungo termine riflettono il nostro investimento. La realizzazione del Molo 400 richiederà probabilmente circa 800 milioni di dollari, senza contare le gru. Le gru dovranno comprarle i clienti".

Fierstine è svelto ad aggiungere che Los Angeles è un porto proprietario immobiliare e, come tale, non si impegna direttamente nelle operazioni terminalistiche, ma "si limita a noleggiarle". Tuttavia, il porto svolge effettivamente un ruolo attivo nelle operazioni dei propri clienti. "Noi ci ingeriamo nelle attività dei nostri clienti allo scopo di non perdere i carichi. La gente che non è legata da noleggi venticinquennali o trentennali ha la tendenza a saltare il fosso. In questa maniera, riusciamo a tenere sotto stretto controllo coloro i quali mirano a spostarsi, di modo che siamo in grado - si spera - di risistemarli al meglio nel nostro porto" ha dichiarato.

Tutti e due i porti credono - altresì - che la ferrovia intermodale sulle banchine possa svolgere un ruolo essenziale in tutti i terminal containers. Wylie di Long Beach, che è stato impegnato nella progettazione e nella messa in opera di quella che ha definito "la prima vera infrastruttura su banchina" presso il porto di Tacoma, situato sul Pacifico Nord-Occidentale degli Stati Uniti, ritiene che la ferrovia intermodale su banchina sia in grado di offrire un discreto potenziale di risparmio sui costi. "Il primo giorno mi sono seduto a calcolare i costi delle procedure ferroviarie intermodali su banchina: sono rimasto stupito nel constatare quanto più economiche esse possano essere. Può darsi che si ottengano risparmi sia dal punto di vista finanziario che da quello dei tempi" ha spiegato.

Fierstine di Los Angeles concorda, affermando che la tendenza sulla Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti è quella che i porti dispongano di ferrovie intermodali su banchina. Egli ha peraltro ammesso che Los Angeles è stata "tardiva a buttarsi nel gioco intermodale nelle proprie infrastrutture", in particolar modo se confrontata a Long Beach. Malgrado ciò, egli sente che il ritardo ha rappresentato un vantaggio: "Fortunatamente, per noi il ritardo ha significato poter considerare la cosa con un'ottica più vasta e capire quindi meglio i problemi attinenti le operazioni delle infrastrutture intermodali su banchina. Adesso, la APL, la Evergreen, la NYK Line e la Yangming beneficiano tutte di intermodalismo su banchina ed i nostri terminals sono serviti sia dalla UP (Union Pacific Railroad) che dalla BNSF (Burlington Northern Santa Fe)".

Ma vi sono volumi di carichi movimentati attraverso la Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti sufficienti a riempire le dimensioni dei terminals in costruzione a Long Beach ed a Los Angeles?

Come mostra la Tabella 2, sia Long Beach e Los Angeles continuano a far registrare una buona crescita nei propri rispettivi risultati complessivi. Rispetto alle movimentazioni per circa 3,54 milioni di TEU nel 1997, Long Beach prevede di sorpassare nuovamente il segno dei quattro milioni di TEU nel corso del 1999.

Los Angeles ha assistito ad una crescita simile, dato che i suoi risultati sono saliti da appena sotto i tre milioni di TEU nel 1997 a quasi 3,5 milioni di TEU per la fine del 1999. Entrambi i porti si aspettano che i dati definitivi relativi al 1999 siano in linea con le previsioni di mercato, attestate su una crescita tra il 6 ed il 10 per cento.

Nello stesso tempo, tra i porti del Pacifico Nord-Occidentale solamente Vancouver, in Canada, è in grado di dichiarare una crescita notevole. Ci si aspetta che risultati del 1997 pari a 724.000 TEU crescano di qualcosa come il 30% per la fine del 1999, per una cifra di oltre un milione di TEU prevista per l'anno in corso.

TABELLA 2
LA CONDIZIONE DI LONG BEACH & LOS ANGELES SULLA COSTA OCCIDENTALE U.S.A.:
UN CONFRONTO DEI RISULTATI IN TEU DEI DUE PORTI
DAL 1997 ALLA PRIMA META' DEL 1999
 Prima metà 1999 1998 1997
Sbarc. Imbarc. VuotiTotale Sbarc. Imbarc.Vuoti Totale Sbarc.Imbarc. Vuoti Totale
B1095417 489930514196 20995432096901 9736471027141 40976891806785 1107326590488 3504599
A883830 388541472108 17444791715415 794668868136 33782191462622 870926626167 2959715
O227700* 360200*n.d. 587900*438728 714894353700 1507567398157 769172363859 1531188
P44340* 98199*n.d. 142539*82589* 176719*n.d. 259318*108297 186633*n.d. 294930*
S327737 216142131341 874922*571307 420689266108 1543726462981 498349227415 1475813
T- -- -587464 56903195000 1251495604702 55344948000 1206151
V211523 30739899480 618401317602 391672130824 840098249522 357895116737 724154
Note:   B = Long Beach, A = Los Angeles, O = Oakland, P = Portland, S = Seattle, T = Tacoma, V = Vancouver; il totale 1998 di Oakland comprende le rimovimentazioni e le merci varie; il totale 1998 di Seattle comprende il traffico nazionale pari a 285622 TEU; il traffico totale 1997 di Seattle comprende il traffico nazionale pari a 287068; i dati di Vancouver arrivano sino a luglio 1999; i vuoti di Seattle del 1999 arrivano sino a luglio per i traffici con l'Asia, che rappresenta il 96% dei suoi traffici complessivi; * = comprendono i risultati relativi ai vuoti.
Fonte: Porti, dati di Containerisation International Yearbook

Wylie spiega la continua crescita di Long Beach in questo modo: "Long Beach è cresciuta non solo a causa dei traffici transpacifici, ma anche in ragione della diminuzione della quota di mercato di alcuni porti del Pacifico Nord-Occidentale" e continua "tutti i porti della Costa Occidentale devono aumentare le capacità, poiché tutti vogliamo continuare a crescere. La torta, alla fin fine, è grande abbastanza da procurare a tutti noi una fetta ciascuno. I clienti ci dicono che quest'anno - come mercato complessivo - possiamo mirare ad una crescita del 6-8%, e forse si tratterà di una crescita addirittura a due cifre".

Fierstine di Los Angeles offre una prospettiva diversa: "A causa delle dimensioni delle infrastrutture di cui disponiamo, vale a dire più di 200 acri, rispetto ai 50 o 100 acri dei porti del Pacifico Nord-Occidentale, stiamo diventando dei mega-terminals. I vettori vi instradano le proprie navi al fine di trarne vantaggio, e noi sentiamo che ciò comporterà una crescita a doppia cifra per la nostra quota di mercato. Seattle e Tacoma avranno sempre un mercato, ma gli manca una base di popolazione atta a far sì che i vettori vi apportino carichi nazionali".

Se il mercato è in crescita - e sia Long Beach che Los Angeles fanno grande affidamento sui traffici transpacifici per i propri risultati - allora è giusto trarne la conseguenza che la crisi finanziaria asiatica stia attenuandosi?

Fierstine la pensa così. "Le indicazioni provenienti dall'Asia sono nel senso che entro i prossimi 12 mesi ci sarà un'importante svolta nei mercati asiatici. Io penso che si riesca a vedere la luce alla fine del tunnel" sostiene.

Long Beach e Los Angeles si considerano concorrenti reciproci in ordine ai carichi internazionali, mentre i porti del Pacifico Nord-Occidentale sono fonte di ulteriore concorrenza in relazione al mercato nazionale ed intermodale. Peraltro, dato che i vettori marittimi stanno siglando noleggi a lungo termine con i porti, non solo vengono protetti gli investimenti dei entrambi i porti in nuovi terminals, ma è anche meno probabile che i vettori stessi si spostino da un'infrastruttura all'altra di Long Beach e Los Angeles. Tenendo conto dell'accordo triennale recentemente raggiunto tra i datori di lavoro ed i dipendenti dei porti della Costa Occidentale U.S.A., il futuro per questi due giganti vicini sembra essere stabile, con dimensioni delle infrastrutture sempre più importanti.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 1999)

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This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
Port reform: The majority pushes ahead with Porti d'Italia SpA
Rome
The Chamber's Transport Committee rejects the opposition's suppressive amendments.
Gela's Porto Rifugio has received a favorable opinion for dredging the port's waters.
Palermo
Greenbrier Europe to produce NIK transshipment system for TX Logistik
Troisdorf/Berlin
Allows rapid loading of non-craneable semi-trailers onto trains
Maersk opens its own logistics center in the heart of Germany
Herleshausen
Located in Herleshausen, it has a surface area of 71,800 square meters
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
South Korea's HJ Shipbuilding & Construction Co. wins orders for four new 10,100 TEU containerships
Busan
The contract has a total value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
Port self-production: The Council of State denies the segmentability of the authorization pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 3.
Rome
Cartour's "partial" authorization in the port of Salerno has been suspended.
Port of Miami closes fiscal 2026 with record cruise traffic
Miami
The threshold of ten million passengers has been exceeded, compared to 8.56 million in the previous financial year.
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
Naples
Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
Unions approve the platform for the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
Filt, Fit and Uilt, is structured around three central elements such as salary, protection, participation and thirteen concrete requests
FHP Intermodal is increasing the frequency of its freight rail service between Fiorenzuola and Incoronata/Bari.
Milan
It goes up to five days a week
This year over 2,000 large yachts operated along the Italian coasts
Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
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