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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 7-8/2000 - JULY/AUGUST 2000

International Trade

L'impatto del ponte di Øresund sui traffici dei paesi nordici

Al fine di comprendere il probabile impatto del ponte di Øresund, giova andare a riesaminare il modo in cui il mercato nordico attualmente funziona senza di esso.

La regione in questione, che comprende la Norvegia, la Svezia, la Danimarca e la Finlandia, rappresenta una zona particolarmente difficile da servire per gli operatori marittimi a lungo raggio a causa della sua localizzazione frammentata al termine della linea costiera europea ed in ragione della scarsa densità dei carichi. Persino il maggiore porto della regione, Göteborg, che proclama di poter disporre di metà della base industriale scandinava nel raggio di 300 km (compresa quella di Copenaghen ed Oslo), lo scorso hanno ha movimentato solamente 583.000 TEU, ed un terzo di questi sono stati carichi di trasbordo.

Il secondo principale porto, Århus in Danimarca, ha movimentato 350.000 TEU, seguito da Helsinki con 321.000 TEU, una parte significativa dei quali è stata costituita da carichi russi. E' interessante notare come Oslo, capitale della Norvegia, abbia movimentato solamente 209.000 TEU, mentre Stoccolma in Svezia ha gestito appena 30.000 TEU, rispetto ai 3,7 milioni di TEU di Amburgo. Le navi di raccordo sono, pertanto, il cavallo da lavoro del Baltico.

Bjorn Eklund, direttore della Greenship, l'agenzia marittima dell'Evergreen in Svezia, riassume tale situazione: "Nella sola Svezia, i nostri clienti hanno una scelta tra così tanti porti locali, tra cui Göteborg, Helsingborg, Norrköping, Malmö e Stoccolma, che sarebbe impossibile servirli tutti quanti direttamente. Il modo migliore per la maggior parte dei vettori di soddisfare il mercato è, perciò, via trasbordo utilizzando la vasta gamma di servizi feeder attualmente disponibili".

Eklund lo dice con un po' di dispiacere poiché, fino allo scorso anno, la Evergreen era uno dei pochi vettori importanti a fare direttamente scalo a Göteborg con uno dei suoi allacciamenti Europa/Asia. Tuttavia, quando il Lloyd Triestino di Navigazione successivamente ha rilevato il collegamento, Göteborg ha dovuto essere sacrificato per fare spazio ad altri porti cinesi. Ciò fa sì che la Maersk SeaLand resti il solo importante vettore globale a fare scalo diretto presso il porto con uno dei suoi allacciamenti Europa/Asia concorrenziali.

Continua Eklund: "Anche se abbiamo perso qualche quota di mercato per l'Asia in conseguenza dell'abolizione di questo scalo diretto lo scorso anno, le attività di raccordo presentano d'altro canto altri vantaggi. Ad esempio, siamo uno dei maggiori vettori di vodka prodotta nel nord della Svezia, nei pressi di Ahus, per la quale ora offriamo un servizio indiretto attraverso il porto vicino di Gavle. Anche se in precedenza eravamo soliti effettuare un servizio ferroviario da Ahus a Göteborg, ciò non era sempre pratico".

Sebbene la Maersk SeaLand sia ora l'unico soggetto globale che effettua scali diretti a Göteborg, un certo numero di operatori di mercato di nicchia ancora vi fa scalo, tra cui la norvegese WWL (Wallenius Wilhelmsen Lines) e la ACL (Atlantic Container Line).

Erik Svanekil, direttore commerciale del servizio con-ro quindicinale della WWL dal Nord Europa all'Australasia, commenta: "Per noi, Göteborg è sempre stato un grosso porto in ragione dei nostri scali diretti. Questi ultimi ci mettono in grado di ascrivere un misto di carichi alla rinfusa e containerizzati sulla stessa polizza di carico, il che è sicuramente un vantaggio nel mercato nordico ed inoltre ci permette di far tornare indietro con minore spesa i nostri contenitori vuoti. Quest'ultimo aspetto è una questione particolarmente importante nel mercato nordico a causa del predominio delle esportazioni sulle importazioni.

La WWL serve altre zone della Scandinavia mediante un misto di ferrovia e trasbordo. Come per la maggior parte delle altre linee di navigazione, le tariffe di trasporto merci dipendono dai porti serviti. Più difficile è il porto, più alta è la tariffa. E' perciò impossibile pervenire a qualsiasi tariffa unica e standard per il continente, in particolar modo poiché oggi tutte le tariffe di trasporto merci tendono ad essere negoziabili.

Ma, allo scopo di fornire un'indicazione dello scarto tariffario riscontrabile, se si confronta la tariffa della Maersk SeaLand per un viaggio da Göteborg a New York con la tariffa per un viaggio della stessa tipologia da Amburgo a New York, si riscontra uno scarto di 440 dollari USA/40 piedi. Detto ciò, secondo Kerstin Bergquist, direttore della Volvo Transport, la differenza in pratica può talvolta essere pari a zero.

Vi è un certo qual numero di servizi feeder operativi dal Baltico ai porti della fascia Amburgo/Le Havre, alcuni dei quali vengono assicurati dai vettori marittimi a lungo raggio medesimi, tra cui la Maersk SeaLand, la CMA CGM e la OOCL.

Si dice, tuttavia, che la UniFeeder, con sede in Danimarca, sia ancora la più importante linea di navigazione di raccordo nel mercato in questione, dato che copre la maggior parte dei porti con una flotta di 27 moderne navi portacontainers in grado di caricare - quanto a dimensioni - da 320 a 660 TEU. Lo scorso anno la compagnia di navigazione ha trasportato circa 700.000 TEU, impegnandovi oltre 6.500 scali portuali.

Malgrado l'efficienza di questi servizi, i tempi di viaggio più lunghi rappresentano ancora un fattore fastidioso nell'attività degli importatori ed esportatori del mercato nordico, che, in questo momento ed in questa era di gratificazione del consumatore istantaneo, costituisce un onere sempre più pesante da sopportare.

Ad esempio, la Evergreen normalmente consente il collegamento con il continente in due giorni. Così, se la data-limite di Amburgo cade di venerdì, a detta di Eklund i containers inviati da Göteborg devono partire il martedì. E' possibile effettuare la connessione in meno tempo, a seconda degli orari del viaggio di raccordo preso in considerazione, ma in quel caso i rischi di mancata connessione aumentano.

Al fine di risolvere il problema, un certo numero di esportatori adesso mantiene scorte strategiche sul continente e poi fornisce le ordinazioni del cliente prelevandole direttamente da queste ultime. Ad esempio, dall'inizio di quest'anno la Stora Enso, che ha sede in Finlandia e che produce oltre 12 milioni di prodotti forestali all'anno con diffusione a livello mondiale, ha ricavato il materiale relativo a qualche ordinazione continentale ed oltremare inerente a polpa di legno e carta prelevandolo dalle scorte conservate a Zeebrugge.

Per limitare tale costo, la società ha istituito una complessa catena di forniture da Göteborg a Zeebrugge. I prodotti consistenti in polpa di legno e carta vengono instradati via rotaia o strada dalle fabbriche della Stora Enso diffuse in tutto il mercato nordico a Göteborg, dove vengono imballati in speciali contenitori che assomigliano alle normali unità da 40 piedi, ma che sono in grado di accogliere qualcosa come 76 tonnellate. I prodotti vengono poi inviati su base giornaliera a Zeebrugge per mezzo di una flotta di navi ro-ro di costruzione specifica. Non sorprende, quindi, che un certo numero di vettori marittimi a lungo raggio (tra cui la CMA CGM e la WWL) ora faccia uno scalo aggiuntivo a Zeebrugge al fine di provvedere a questi carichi.

Più o meno allo stesso fine, la Volvo ha realizzato un impianto di assemblaggio a Gand, in Belgio. Le parti di veicolo assemblate in Svezia vengono inviate alla fabbrica per lo più via rotaia o strada. Gunnar Bjerde, presidente della Volvo Transport, ha commentato: "In questi giorni dobbiamo rispondere meglio alle esigenze dei clienti, tra le quali rilievo particolare ha la richiesta di consegne just-in-time. Percorrendo il nuovo ponte tra la Svezia e la Danimarca (Øresund), ci vorranno cinque ore di meno rispetto ai nostri attuali tempi di viaggio alla volta del Belgio; si tratta di cinque ore molto importanti poiché così le cabine dei nostri camion vengono prodotte nella Svezia settentrionale secondo la medesima sequenza con cui esse vengono assemblate a Gand, quasi 2.400 km più in là".

Il che, ci porta a parlare del ponte di Øresund stesso. Aperto all'inizio di luglio di quest'anno, il nuovo ponte/tunnel allo stato dell'arte da 16 km assicura finalmente - per la prima volta - la connessione autostradale/ferroviaria mancante tra il continente europeo e la Norvegia/Svezia. In precedenza, tale connessione era limitata solamente a Copenaghen in Danimarca, a seguito dell'apertura del ponte Storebaelt da Nyborg a Korsor due anni fa.

L'Øresund collega Copenaghen a Malmö in Svezia attraverso un'autostrada a quattro corsie e ad un collegamento ferroviario elettrificato a binario doppio e comprende:

  • una penisola artificiale a Kastrup, appena fuori Copenaghen, che si estende per 430 metri circa dalla costa;

  • un tunnel lungo 3.510 metri sotto il Canale di Drodgen tra Kastrup ed un'isola artificiale di 4.055 metri creata nel mezzo dello stretto di Øresund;

  • un ponte di 7.845 metri dall'isola artificiale alla terraferma svedese nei pressi di Malmö.

Sfortunatamente, il Consorzio del Ponte di Øresund, l'organismo responsabile della costruzione e della gestione del ponte, non ha ancora effettuato un'analisi in ordine all'impatto che esso potrebbe avere sui traffici containerizzati marittimi che attualmente collegano la Scandinavia con il continente europeo.

Jarn Schauby, capo analista del consorzio, commenta: "Abbiamo ovviamente analizzato molte cose, ma questa non vi è compresa a causa del numero delle variabili coinvolte. In generale, peraltro, riteniamo che il ponte di Øresund possa far gola in primo luogo a tutte le merci ad alto valore sensibili ai tempi, da qualsiasi parte esse provengano. A mio modo di vedere, un sacco di carichi marittimi non dovrebbero rientrare in questa categoria, anche se per alcuni la questione si pone".

Questa, fondamentalmente, è stata l'opinione anche di tutti gli altri soggetti interpellati al riguardo, tra cui la Volvo, la CMA CGM, la WWL e la Evergreen.

Peter Bohsen, direttore esecutivo della UniFeeder, cioè l'operatore che più verosimilmente dovrebbe subire le conseguenze della inaugurazione del ponte, ragiona così: "Quando si parla di tale argomento, bisognerebbe distinguere tra carichi marittimi normali e carichi intra-europei da porta a porta, che spesso tendono ad essere più sensibili ai tempi. Poiché gran parte delle nostre movimentazioni rientrano nella prima delle due categorie, non ci aspettiamo di essere danneggiati dal risparmio di tempo che l'utilizzazione del ponte comporta".

A questo riguardo, l'attuale distanza di 326 miglia nautiche di mare da Amburgo a Göteborg può normalmente essere coperta nel giro di un giorno, sebbene - come accennato in precdenza - i vettori marittimi normalmente prevedano due giorni nei propri programmi di viaggio. D'altro canto, la distanza terrestre di 750 km via strada richiederebbe l'impiego di sole nove ore, non tenendo però conto delle ore di riposo che spettano all'autista.

Continua Bohsen: "Un altro fattore che dev'essere tenuto in considerazione è il prezzo. Partendo dal presupposto che per l'uso del ponte venga chiesto un sovrapprezzo, com'avvenuto sino adesso per il ponte di Storebaelt, noi dovremmo essere tuttora in condizione di competere con esso a livello di prezzi".

Nessuno, naturalmente, vorrà rivelare che cosa paga per il trasporto di raccordo dei contenitori da Amburgo a Göteborg (ovvero tra due altri porti più distanti), ma fonti del settore stimano che le attuali tariffe fios (franco bordo/fuori bordo/stivato) siano inferiori ai 200 dollari USA per TEU pieno ed anche più basse per i vuoti. Devono poi aggiungervisi i prezzi pagati per il carico/scarico presso i terminals, il che è un altro aspetto della movimentazione, ma 100 dollari USA per contenitore per entrambe le movimentazioni non rappresentano una cifra irragionevole, dal momento che vi sono compresi tutti i servizi. Come già detto in precedenza, ciò che poi i vettori marittimi fanno realmente pagare ai propri clienti per tutte queste operazioni è un'altra faccenda.

D'altra parte, le tariffe stradali pubblicate per i due ponti in questione mostrano come ai camion che trasportano contenitori normali da 20 o 40 piedi percorrendo il collegamento di Storebaelt vengano addebitate 716 corone danesi (pari a 90 dollari USA), mentre il collegamento di Øresund costerà più o meno lo stesso (cioè 180 dollari USA per un 40 piedi andata e ritorno).

Ma è proprio qui che il summenzionato problema del trasporto dei vuoti in Scandinavia comincia ad entrare nell'equazione. A seconda del luogo in cui i vuoti devono essere posizionati, l'opzione tutto-strada comincia ad avere più senso del traffico marittimo, particolarmente se si riescono a reperire carichi infra-europei per il ritorno a vuoto.

Potrebbe anche darsi che il trasporto tutto-ferro si riveli meno costoso, ma tale confronto esula dall'ambito di questa ricerca, così come il costo dell'autotrasporto puro. Tutti i vettori marittimi contattati in Scandinavia, tuttavia, hanno confermato che il trasporto ferroviario ha svolto un ruolo importante nel contesto delle loro operazioni nordiche, tanto che il 25% circa del traffico diretto dell'hinterland di Göteborg viene movimentato per ferrovia.

In un modo o nell'altro il ponte di Øresund, perciò, darà molto da pensare a coloro che gestiscono la catena delle forniture.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2000)


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In the first eight months of 2025, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +10.6%
Gioia Tauro
2,912,943 TEUs were handled
Stena Line to buy Latvian port operator Terrabalt
Gothenburg
It handles rolling stock, bulk cargo, and general cargo traffic in the port of Liepaja.
Meyer Turku begins construction of Royal Caribbean's fourth "Icon"-class cruise ship
Miami/Turku
It will be delivered in 2027
More than one in ten maritime shipments has shortages
Washington
This is what a report by the World Shipping Council has revealed, highlighting the safety risks
Last July, traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +3.8%
Ravenna
In the first seven months of 2025, growth was +5.4%
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -3.2%.
Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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