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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 6/2002 - JUNE 2002

Trasporto intermodale

Il trasporto intermodale in Spagna e Portogallo

La rete ferroviaria europea appare come un patchwork tecnologico: la maggior parte delle reti nazionali sono state progettate tenendo presenti sistemi diversi di fornitura elettrica, segnalamento, sicurezza e comunicazione. Le reti ferroviarie di Spagna e Portogallo presentano, inoltre, una cospicua differenza per quanto attiene l'ampiezza dello scartamento ferroviario: esse infatti decisero, alle origini della realizzazione delle proprie ferrovie, di non uniformarsi allo standard britannico ed europeo continentale (1435 mm) e di scegliere invece una distanza maggiore tra le due rotaie, vale a dire 1676 mm).

Un importante motivo di tale diversità dei sistemi ferroviari deriva dalle decisioni circa la sicurezza militare che erano state prese alla fine del 19° secolo in Europa: il pensiero era "se truppe straniere dovessero entrare nel paese, non dovrebbero essere in grado di utilizzare il loro materiale rotabile anche sulla rete del paese occupato". Il risultato, oggi, è disastroso per le movimentazioni ferroviarie internazionali in Europa. Qualsiasi trasporto internazionale deve superare varie barriere di natura tecnica. Gran parte delle ferrovie europee negli anni passati si è concentrata su altri argomenti, diversi rispetto a quelli della rimozione delle barriere. In questi giorni i traffici infra-europei crescono rapidamente in conseguenza dell'unificazione europea e della globalizzazione ed i difetti nell'ambito delle movimentazioni ferroviarie internazionali vengono avvertiti come un serio ostacolo. In effetti, l'autotrasporto internazionale ha rilevato la maggior parte delle quote di questi traffici in crescita.

La Spagna ed il Portogallo con il loro diverso scartamento ferroviario rappresentano certamente il caso più serio. Da molti anni i tecnici ferroviari sono alla ricerca di una soluzione per questo problema; è stata, quindi, sviluppata un'ampia gamma di varie tecniche che, però, finiscono tutte quante per ingenerare costi aggiuntivi e ritardi alle frontiere.

Se il materiale rotabile ferroviario passa il confine tra la rete ferroviaria spagnola e quella francese, si presenta la necessità di modificare l'ampiezza degli assi. E ciò è possibile in due modi: con la rimozione dell'asse più largo e conseguente sostituzione con un asse standard, ovvero mediante la tecnica secondo cui le ruote restano sul vagone ma viene modificata la distanza tra le ruote. Entrambe le tecniche sono attualmente in uso. Per inciso, la modifica dell'ampiezza non si applica ai locomotori. Come appare evidente, ciò comporta troppe difficoltà tecniche. Inoltre, la maggior parte delle reti ferroviarie cambia comunque il locomotore ed i macchinisti alla frontiera, di modo che questo lavoro non viene considerato come un onere aggiuntivo.

Sui carri merci, normalmente si provvede a cambiare gli assi. Ciò viene fatto presso le due principali stazioni di frontiera, a Cerbère/Port Bou sulla costa mediterranea ed a Hendaye/Irùn sulla costa atlantica. Ai fini della procedura di scambio degli assi, le viti delle ruote vengono allentate, quindi si solleva l'intero carro per provvedere alla rimozione dell'asse. Infine, si fa rotolare l'asse con l'altra ampiezza fin sotto il carro. Il luogo in cui si procede è dotato di binari con doppio scartamento, in modo da potervi far rotolare assi con entrambe le ampiezze. Una volta posizionati i nuovi assi, il carro viene abbassato e le viti vengono nuovamente strette. Tale procedura richiede circa 10 minuti di tempo e la stazione movimenta di norma quattro carri parallelamente, di modo che un convoglio composto da 48 carri può essere preparato per l'altra rete in due ore.

Il treno espresso passeggeri "Talgo" è invece assoggettato ad un altro metodo di cambiamento dell'ampiezza degli assi: la stazione predisposta allo scambio è dotata di due scivoli di acciaio levigato. Il vagone si muove di alcuni millimetri sullo scivolo fino a quando le due travi di baglio di quest'ultimo vanno a sorreggere i due sostegni inferiori della struttura del vagone. Lo scivolo viene tenuto bagnato al fine di agevolare il movimento. Nel corso di questo movimento in avanti, le ruote non devono più reggere alcun peso e sono costrette ad una sorta di dirottamento nel nuovo scartamento. Anche qui, le viti vengono allentate prima del processo e nuovamente strette dopo l'adattamento dell'ampiezza.

Fondamentalmente, il locomotore traina l'intero treno lentamente sull'installazione di scivolo e scambio di modo che il cambio di scartamento possa essere effettuato in moto e senza alcun bisogno che i passeggeri lascino il vagone. Il cambio completo viene effettuato in qualche minuto. A causa della necessità di scivolare sopra un baglio di acciaio bagnato, sembra che questo metodo sia applicabile solamente ai vagoni ferroviari molto leggeri.

In alternativa al cambio dell'ampiezza dell'asse, il carico può essere spostato da un carro con scartamento spagnolo ad un carro con scartamento europeo. Questo è molto semplice con i vagoni passeggeri: essi, infatti, prendono il proprio bagaglio, lasciano il treno e passano dall'altro lato del marciapiede dove è in attesa un treno in coincidenza dell'altra rete.

I carichi merci, invece, dovrebbero essere scaricati, fatti passare attraverso la banchina e caricati sull'altro convoglio ad un pezzo per volta. Oggi, peraltro, con il trasporto intermodale, si tratta di procedere ad una movimentazione semplice e ben programmata: il treno merci con i containers viene collocato presso il terminal di scambio (uno è situato a Port Bou, l'altro ad Irùn) su un binario "francese", fianco a fianco con un treno vuoto su un binario "spagnolo". La sovrastante gru a cavaliere sposta i box da un carro all'altro. Questa procedura è più rapida, più sicura e sicuramente meno costosa rispetto a quello dello scambio di assi che attualmente si utilizza per i treni merci.

Il problema principale consiste nella limitata capacità di terminal di scambio a Port Bou alla frontiera mediterranea della Spagna. Questa località connette il nord-est industrializzato spagnolo con il nord e deve farsi carico di oltre la metà dei trasporti transfrontalieri intermodali. Dal momento che il terminal è situato in una profonda valle di montagna, non esistono praticamente possibilità di ampliarlo qualora insorgesse la necessità di ulteriore capacità.

Inoltre, la gru a cavaliere fornita dalle ferrovie spagnole RENFE è piuttosto antiquata e non è in grado di ruotare le unità intermodali di 180° come in qualche caso è necessario, per lo più in relazione ai semirimorchi che devono essere piazzati sul carro in direzione di marcia. Normalmente, la gru prende i semirimorchi con le morse, li solleva fino a quando pendono liberi, li gira di 180° e li abbassa sul carro sul binario dall'altra parte. Poiché la gru di Port Bou non è in grado di eseguire questo movimento, tutti i carri che trasportano semirimorchi devono essere smistati dal convoglio intermodale, sganciati, spostati su uno scambio triangolare che li gira di 180° e quindi riassemblati sul treno. Ciò, naturalmente, rappresenta una procedura che costa e fa perdere tempo.

Sul lungo termine, si è già pensato a qualche soluzione per tale situazione. Il governo spagnolo ha in programma la costruzione di altri binari con scartamento standard europeo che oltrepassino la frontiera e si inoltrino in Spagna, ad esempio sino a Barcellona. L'esperienza, peraltro, ci insegna che i politici preferiscono le più allettanti infrastrutture per treni passeggeri ad alta velocità e quindi concentrano su di loro i propri mezzi finanziari. Tali infrastrutture potrebbero non essere del tutto utilizzabili per i treni merci, o per lo meno tutto il traffico passeggeri potrebbe usufruire della priorità d'uso, di modo che ne risulterebbe svantaggiata l'affidabilità delle operazioni di trasporto merci ferroviario.

Perciò, il trasporto intermodale deve sottostare in questo modo a notevoli limitazioni infrastrutturali nelle tratte alla volta della Spagna e del Portogallo che limitano seriamente le sue prospettive di crescita. Ciò è allarmante, poiché il trasporto intermodale da e per Spagna e Portogallo ha un enorme potenziale di mercato. Entrambi i paesi hanno un'economia in rapida crescita sempre più interconnessa con il resto d'Europa. La necessità di superare i Pirenei ingenera un naturale incentivo a concentrare il traffico in due corridoi in modo tale da far sì che il trasporto intermodale trovi condizioni ideali di approccio al mercato. Inoltre, la distanza dai maggiori centri industriali di Spagna e Portogallo a quelli dell'Europa centro-occidentale è normalmente di 800 km e più, cosicché il trasporto intermodale diventa facilmente commerciale.

Alcuni spedizionieri tedeschi ed olandesi riferiscono di trovare difficoltà ad ingaggiare camionisti che facciano quel viaggio, poiché alla maggior parte dei dipendenti non piace l'idea di stare via da casa per diversi giorni alla settimana. Pertanto, essi sono alla ricerca di opportunità di trasporto intermodale. In questo caso hanno bisogno dell'autista solamente per le operazioni di raccolta e consegna a corto raggio che consentono ai dipendenti di tornare a casa alla sera tutti i giorni della settimana.

Si deve quindi affermare che il trasporto intermodale tra l'Europa centro-occidentale e la penisola iberica offre grandi opportunità di crescita e di successo, ma che sfortunatamente deve vedersela anche con limitazioni di capacità delle infrastrutture. Ancora una volta, gli europei si trovano nella situazione della famosa fiaba, in cui la zuppa scende dal cielo, ma non ci sono cucchiai per raccoglierla.
(da: Containers - International periodical magazine - BIC - n. 01/02 2002)


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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
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Genoa/Civitavecchia
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Leghorn
The final budget and the annual report of the AdSP have been approved
In the first quarter the port of Valencia handled 1.3 million containers (+3.4%)
Valencia
Transhipment traffic decline
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Luxembourg
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The Management Committee of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has unanimously approved the 2024 financial statement
Naples
SOS LOGistica will acquire the qualification of Third Sector Entity
Milan
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Barcelona/Algeciras
Hupac transfers intermodal service with Padua to Novara
Noise
Until now the other terminal was the one in Busto Arsizio
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A conference on maritime engineering works and climate change in Rome on Wednesday
Rome
It will be held at the Auditorium Fondazione MAXXI
The conference "New sustainable marine fuels - Decarbonize Shipping" will be held in Genoa on Monday
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
Damen Mangalia Unionists Protest Friday Against Possible Closure
(The Romania Journal)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Nicola Zaccheo
Roma, 18 settembre 2024
››› File
PSA SECH has operated the first 400-meter train at Parco Ferroviario Rugna
Genoa
Capacity up to 20 pairs of trains per day
The 2024 financial statement of the Eastern Liguria Port Authority was unanimously approved
The Spice
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The Spice
The AdSP has invested over 600 thousand euros in it
Francesco Rizzo appointed president of the AdSP of the Strait
Rome
He has repeatedly denounced the uselessness of the construction of the bridge over the Strait
US aircraft attack Yemeni port of Ras Isa
Tampa/Beirut
38 dead and over a hundred injured
In 2025 Stazioni Marittime predicts an increase in ferry and cruise traffic in the port of Genoa
MIT Mobility Report Highlights Rising Demand for Both Passengers and Freight
Rome
In the first quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports decreased by -5.6%
St. Petersburg
Both dry goods (-5.3%) and liquid bulk (-5.8%) are decreasing
Andrea Giachero confirmed as president of Spediporto
Genoa
The board of directors of the association of Genoese freight forwarders has also been renewed for the three-year period 2025-2028
Study for monitoring vehicular traffic in the ports of Venice and Chioggia
Milan
Order awarded to Circle and Arelogik
In Italy, the rail freight transport sector is in deep trouble
Geneva
Fermerci calls for making traffic incentives structural and increasing and for refinancing the incentive for the purchase of locomotives and wagons
Global Maritime Forum report on optimising ship calls to reduce emissions
Copenhagen
Virtual arrival and just-in-time arrival approaches proposed
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +15.5%
Joy Taurus
Construction of the "Dockworker’s House" has begun
GNV has taken delivery of the second of four new ro-pax vessels in China
Genoa
"GNV Orion" will be able to accommodate 1,700 passengers and transport up to 3,080 linear metres of cargo
After ten quarters of decline, container traffic in the port of Hong Kong returns to growth
Hong Kong
In the first three months of this year 3.39 million TEUs were handled (+2.1%)
Fincantieri acquires stake in WSense
Rome
The ninth FREMM unit "Spartaco Schergat" delivered to the Italian Navy
Container traffic at the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles increased by 26.6% and 5.2% in the first quarter
Long Beach/Los Angeles
Trump's tariffs impact imminent
The new edition of the Practical Manual of Maritime Traffic has been presented
Genoa
Written by Assagenti, it turns fifty
In the first three months of 2025, the port of Singapore handled 10.5 million containers (+5.8%)
Singapore
In weight, containerized traffic recorded a decrease of -1.4%
Regulations signed for LNG bunkering at Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Define the methods of transferring fuel from ship to ship
Historic shipbuilding brands Uljanik and 3.Maj on the verge of extinction
Zagreb
The State confirms its intention to sell the shipbuilding activities at the two sites of Pula and Rijeka
Cambiaso Risso has completed the acquisition of the French Somecassur
Genoa
The transalpine company specializes in the insurance of super and mega yachts
New weekly train service between the port of Gioia Tauro and Verona
Joy Taurus/Verona
Operated by Medlog for the transport of refrigerated goods
EBRD looking for strategic partner for development of Moldovan river port of Giurgiulesti
London
International competition launched
Turkish ports set new first-quarter cargo traffic record
Ankara
Historic peak of cargo imported from abroad
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +37.6%
Taranto
Increase of 854 thousand tons of solid bulk and 265 thousand tons of conventional goods
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