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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 11/2004 - NOVEMBER 2004

Trasporto marittimo

Le autostrade del mare: una questione discussa

A luglio, la Commissione Europea ha pubblicato i risultati delle proprie analisi sul trasporto marittimo a corto raggio, rivelando che negli ultimi cinque anni esso ha prodotto linee di tendenza di crescita del trasporto merci comparabili a quelle della strada. La vice presidente Loyola de Palacio ha affermato che: "Il trasporto marittimo a corto raggio ha un ovvio ruolo da svolgere nell'azione di limitazione della crescita del trasporto stradale e nell'assicurazione di coesione, sostenibilità e sicurezza al trasporto europeo. Migliorare le sue condizioni strutturali e renderlo più semplice da utilizzare è una vera e propria necessità".

Il Libro Bianco della Commissione "La politica del trasporto europeo per il 2010" afferma che l'obiettivo della politica dell'Unione Europea è quella di "conseguire il dirottamento modale dalla strada al cabotaggio marittimo al fine di attenuare le linee di tendenza insostenibili nell'ambito del trasporto". La Commissione ha proposto lo sviluppo delle Autostrade del Mare quale "vera alternativa competitiva al trasporto terrestre". Il concetto mira all'introduzione di nuove catene logistiche intermodali basate su tratte marittime in Europa che saranno maggiormente sostenibili e dovrebbero essere più efficienti dal punto di vista commerciale rispetto a quelle solo stradali. Come tale, esso rappresenta una pietra miliare degli sforzi dell'Unione Europea per incoraggiare il dirottamento modale.

Nella sua ultima comunicazione, la Commissione afferma che sia il cabotaggio marittimo sia la strada sono cresciuti del 25% in termini di merci trasportate nel corso del periodo 1995-2002. Il cabotaggio marittimo realizza il 40% circa di tutte le tonnellate/km in Europa, mentre la quota del trasporto stradale è del 45%.

La comunicazione riassume gli sviluppi maggiormente significativi a livello comunitario e nazionale che hanno contribuito a questi risultati, tra cui:

  • i lavori in corso con gli stati membri per identificare ed eliminare gli ostacoli che intralciano lo sviluppo del cabotaggio marittimo;
  • l'adozione di una direttiva che introduce l'uso di forme di agevolazione standardizzate per le navi in arrivo ed in partenza dai porti comunitari;
  • i progressi in materia doganale, quali l'avanzamento delle dogane elettroniche e due documenti di lavoro esplicativi della Commissione sulle procedure doganali: la "Guida alle procedure doganali per il cabotaggio marittimo" e le "Procedure doganali semplificate nel cabotaggio marittimo: servizio regolare marittimo autorizzato";
  • il lancio del programma Marco Polo con il suo ambizioso obiettivo di dirottare ogni anno dalla strada 12 miliardi di tonnellate/km di merci trasportate;
  • la concentrazione sulle Autostrade del Mare nell'ambito delle rete transeuropea di trasporto.

Inoltre, basandosi sulle Linee-guida delle TEN-T (Reti TransEuropee di Trasporto) di recente adozione, la Commissione afferma di aver cominciato adesso ad implementare il proprio concetto di Autostrade del Mare. A partire dal 2005, sarà messo a disposizione il supporto finanziario per progetti concreti. Al fine di agevolare la preparazione e la presentazione di proposte inerenti al finanziamento TEN, la Commissione pubblicherà verso la fine di quest'anno una guida alle procedure di selezione per i proponenti. Tuttavia, prima di farlo, essa ha consultato tutte le parti interessate circa l'esecuzione dei progetti sulle Autostrade del Mare.

Ad aprile, il Dipartimento dei Trasporti del Regno Unito ha pubblicato le risposte pervenute in ordine alla richiesta di opinioni inviata alle associazioni di categoria interessate. Erano in gran parte di segno negativo e Martin Jones, capo della Divisione Logistica Trasporto Merci del Dipartimento dei Trasporti ha riassunto la situazione come segue.

"La principale problematica sollevata, in particolare in relazione al settore portuale, riguarda il rischio di distorsione della concorrenza, laddove viene introdotto un finanziamento in un regime nel quale concorrono reciprocamente operatori e porti privati.

Il governo condivide queste preoccupazioni e le ha espresse alla Commissione (Europea) mentre la proposta era ancora in fase di sviluppo. La proposta della Commissione ha cercato di venire incontro a tale obiezione consentendo la partecipazione alle gare da parte di consorzi di operatori marittimi e porti.

A dicembre il Consiglio dei Ministri ha preso in considerazione le proposte e ha concordato un approccio generale. Il governo ammette che non vi è alcun obbligo per il Regno Unito di implementare le autostrade del mare e nessun obbligo per i porti e gli operatori britannici di partecipare alle gare per i finanziamenti comunitari. Esso riconosce altresì che i potenziali vantaggi dell'approccio alle autostrade del mare sono probabilmente maggiori per gli altri stati membri che per il Regno Unito. Il governo supporta con forza l'obiettivo di fondo di incoraggiare il trasporto marittimo laddove esso costituisca una vera alternativa alla strada. Il governo lavorerà in modo costruttivo con la Commissione e con gli altri stati membri al fine di contribuire alla definizione del concetto ed alla sua implementazione, nella misura in cui esso sia coerente con il mantenimento della libera concorrenza tra i porti e gli operatori britannici.

Il governo riconosce che alcuni porti ed operatori potrebbero volere correlarsi con altri partners in altri stati membri per concertare assieme le proposte di richiesta di finanziamento. Il governo dovrà prendere in considerazione, caso per caso, se appoggiare o meno tali richieste. Occorre notare che è ancora necessario un bel po' di lavoro per arrivare a chiarire che cosa si intende esattamente per progetto di autostrada del mare e l'opinione del governo può evolvere man mano che i lavori progrediscono". Questa è, naturalmente, solo l'opinione di uno dei venticinque stati membri.

Anche Mike Garratt, che guida la società britannica di consulenza in materia di trasporti MDS Transmodal, ha una sua consolidata opinione su questo argomento che ha espresso nel documento presentato a Göteborg all'inizio di quest'anno in occasione della Conferenza Ro-Ro e che riassume nei seguenti termini.

"Il termine Autostrade del Mare presenta i seguenti vantaggi. E' più facile da dire rispetto a cabotaggio marittimo a corto raggio" scherza Garratt. "Esso esprime un concetto semplice per l'utenza, un approccio tipo andata e ritorno che è superficialmente attraente ma che naturalmente potrebbe non essere realistico o desiderabile. E, quel che forse è più importante, esso crea un immagine che anche il non specialista marittimo può comprendere. Uno dei maggiori ostacoli politici che questo settore si trova ad affrontare è che, a differenza della ferrovia, esso è in gran parte invisibile per il pubblico (quello che vota) e scarsamente compreso.

"Non c'è dubbio che i politici e le istituzioni politiche si siano appropriati dell'idea di incrementare il quantitativo delle merci movimentate per mare. Ma quell'idea può essere trasformata in una realtà basata sul mercato accettabile per le imprese commerciali che al momento già consegnano servizi? E' di cruciale importanza il reperimento di una formula che risulti accettabile sia all'industria, che già contribuisce enormemente alla mobilità delle merci e ci si aspetta che estenda quel ruolo, sia alle istituzioni politiche, che ci si aspetta che assicurino ulteriori finanziamenti atti alla messa in pratica dell'idea". E Garratt aggiunge che l'Unione Europea non ha ancora un'idea precisa di ciò che realmente significhi il concetto di Autostrade del Mare.

La ESPO (Organizzazione Scali Marittimi Europei) sostiene che le Autostrade del Mare non dovrebbero essere sviluppate "artificialmente" (e cioè senza tener conto della domanda del mercato), che gli investimenti in infrastrutture e navi non dovrebbero distorcere la concorrenza e che ciascun progetto dovrebbe essere considerato in base ai propri meriti.

E la ECSA (Associazione della Comunità Europea degli Armatori) supporta gli sforzi della Commissione in termini di semplificazione delle procedure amministrative nei porti e di istituzione di centri per la promozione del cabotaggio marittimo a corto raggio. Tuttavia, lo fa con le dovute avvertenze, nel senso che:

  • i provvedimenti a supporto non dovrebbero distorcere la concorrenza;
  • le informazioni su qualsiasi progetto dovrebbero apparire sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale, di modo che essi possano essere immediatamente fermati nel caso mostrassero di distorcere la concorrenza;
  • i servizi containerizzati ed alla rinfusa dovrebbero poter usufruire degli stessi benefici finanziari dei servizi ro-ro.

Prosegue inoltre la ECSA: "Il trasferimento delle Autostrade del Mare in un contesto di servizio pubblico è fortemente avversato dall'industria del settore. I servizi pubblici dovrebbero restare un'eccezione. Reintrodurre il concetto nell'ambito delle Autostrade del Mare comporterebbe gli stessi disastrosi effetti sperimentati nel trasporto ferroviario".

Inoltre Garratt è dell'opinione che in Francia, in ogni caso, i politici si stiano impadronendo dell'iniziativa per infoltire la propria agenda. "Ci sono politici a livello locale che stanno cercando di rendersi utili a certi interessi commerciali. Ciò cui assistiamo in Francia è solo una scusa per costruire nuove navi nei cantieri francesi. Non succederà nulla di tutto ciò" afferma, in riferimento ad alcune delle rotte di cabotaggio marittimo più bizzarre tra quelle in discussione. "E' solo un mezzo per accaparrarsi voti" in regioni in cui vi è in gioco l'occupazione presso i cantieri navali.

"D'altro canto" continua "è un po' deprimente pensare che il Dipartimento dei Trasporti stia per prendere una posizione del tipo "lo lascerò al mercato". Non vogliamo che il governo britannico pensi che sia più facile lavarsene le mani e pregare solo che il mercato decida".

Di modo che, afferma Garratt, ciò che abbiamo sono due estremi e ciò che ci serve è qualcuno che si metta a pensare a come i governi possano intervenire senza strangolare il mercato ma sempre con l'obiettivo di promuovere l'uso sensato del mare e dei porti.

Quando il mercato deve arrangiarsi da solo, emergono alcuni promettenti sviluppi, in particolar modo attorno alle coste britanniche, laddove i disagi occorsi nei porti e nelle reti stradali meridionali del paese hanno indotto i vettori ad aprire all'esterno le rotte di raccordo cabotiere e costiere. I porti sull'Humber, sul Tees, sul Tyne, sul Forth, sul Clyde, sul Mersey e sul Canale di Bristol sono ora tutti serviti da regolari servizi di raccordo in quelle che potrebbero essere meglio descritte come Libere Autostrade del Mare. Qui non ci sono finanziamenti.

Garratt, peraltro, si occupa anche dell'altro lato della vicenda ed indica un'allarmante possibilità: "Se si segue il principio generale della Commissione Europea per cui non bisogna distorcere la concorrenza, di conseguenza c'è il pericolo che vengano sviluppate le sole Autostrade del Mare dove non c'è nessun mercato. Così, ad esempio, l'idea di un servizio da Bilbao a Nantes ha poco senso, eppure è non è inconcepibile che un enorme ammontare di denaro pubblico francese vi venga scaraventato".

Egli inoltre, sottolinea il mancato successo dell'idea SAMS. Il consorzio armatoriale francese SAMS aveva tentato di lanciare un servizio ro-ro di autostrada del mare da Marsiglia Fos a Savona e viceversa. Il SAMS non era riuscito ad assicurarsi un pacchetto biennale di finanziamento pari a 9 milioni di euro per lanciare il servizio a causa di quella che esso aveva definito come "una carenza di visibilità sulle prospettive di traffico".

Il consorzio ha altresì affermato che gli autotrasportatori non avevano voluto impegnarsi nel servizio e ciò aveva fatto naufragare qualsiasi prospettiva di finanziamento pubblico, essenziale per la fase di avvio del progetto. Il servizio, che avrebbe dovuto essere lanciato in estate, era stato sviluppato nell'ambito del programma TENS. L'abbozzo del progetto prevedeva due navi ro-ro operative sulla rotta sei giorni alla settimana.

All'inizio di quest'anno, anche Nantes e Bilbao hanno dichiarato di candidarsi per il lancio di un servizio ro-ro di autostrade del mare tra i due porti. "Sospetto fermamente che anche l'idea della Nantes-Bilbao farà la stessa fine" riconosce Garratt. "Ciò comporterà che anche l'idea delle Autostrade del Mare finirà per estinguersi come idea e questo sarà una vera vergogna, dal momento che i politici ne trarranno la conseguenza che i servizi costieri sono una cattiva idea. Così, si getterà via il bambino assieme all'acqua sporca. Non è assolutamente il caso che il nostro settore si metta a supportare idee deboli, perché sono destinate a finire nel cestino, facendo sì che non accada nulla".
(da: PortStrategy, ottobre 2004)




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GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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