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FORUM of Shipping
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Convegno

IL MEDITERRANEO E LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE


SUL MARE, NEL MARE, PER IL MARE

Genova 21,22 settembre 1998




Navi sub-standard, sicurezza e salvaguardia dell'ambiente marino

Ing. Giuseppe Bernardi
Presidente e A D, CETENA S.p.A.



Genova 21 settembre 1998

Il problema delle navi sub-standard potrebbe apparire remoto nel contesto di questo Convegno, ma come vedremo esso influenza non solo l'attività delle industrie navali e marittime, ma anche, e pesantemente, i problemi di salvaguardia della vita umana in mare e della protezione dell'ambiente marino.

Per navi "sub-standard" si intendono, infatti, navi non più rispondenti ai canoni di sicurezza che vengono continuamente aggiornati in funzione del progresso tecnologico non solo sotto l'aspetto tecnico, ma anche gestionale e di qualificazione degli equipaggi.

Queste navi continuano a navigare perché particolarmente competitive dal punto di vista commerciale dato, che, quasi tutte le navi sub-standard sono vecchie, quindi completamente ammortizzate e di conseguenza in grado di essere offerte a prezzi molto bassi, con l'effetto di deprimere il mercato dei noli a scapito degli operatori più responsabili.

Inoltre, e questo è il motivo di maggiore preoccupazione, le navi sub-standard rappresentano un reale pericolo per gli equipaggi, per l'ambiente e per i carichi trasportati.

Da un recente studio condotto dall'Università Tecnica di Danimarca sul problema dell'influenza dell'età della nave sull'indice di sinistrosità annuale, sono stati ottenuti i seguenti risultati

SINISTROSITA' DEL TRASPORTO MARITTIMO

Età della nave (anni)
1
5
10
15
20
Sinistrosità media (per mille)
6.30
6.70
8.30
11.80
19.25

La tabella illustra con estrema chiarezza la correlazione tra l'età della nave e la sua sinistrosità, che appare costante nei primi 7 - 8 anni di vita, ma poi cresce in modo esponenziale dal decimo anno in poi.

Se ne deduce che la sinistrosità di una nave di venti anni è in pratica tre volte superiore a quella di una nave di 5 anni.

Diventa sempre più sentita, quindi, la necessità di eliminare le navi sub-standard non solo per le distorsioni che introducono nel mercato globale del trasporto marittimo, ma soprattutto per la loro pericolosità per quanto riguarda le vite umane e l'ambiente marittimo.

Va evidenziato peraltro che esiste anche una notevole difficoltà nella demolizione delle vecchie navi.

In Europa, infatti, ci sono ben pochi Cantieri di demolizione e pertanto se, per le navi più grandi, è pensabile di utilizzare un Cantiere di demolizione in India o in Estremo Oriente, per piccole e medie navi ciò non è economicamente sostenibile e quindi vanno ad alimentare un perverso mercato degli scafi di seconda mano che hanno un tasso di sopravvivenza del 50%.

Infatti solo il 50% delle piccole - medie navi viene demolito, le altre terminano di operare solo quando affondano, e questo drammaticamente ci riporta alla nostra frase di apertura sull'impatto delle navi sub-standard.

Per fronteggiare adeguatamente questa situazione, si pongono quindi due diversi problemi:

  1. come controllare efficientemente l'esistenza di navi sub-standard,
  2. a che livello devono essere fissate le sanzioni per annullare la convenienza economica ad operare navi sub-standard,
  3. come l'Europa può incoraggiare la nascita di cantieri di demolizione nei paesi circostanti come Medio Oriente, Nord Africa o Europa dell'Est.

Nei paragrafi che seguono si cercherà di dare una traccia sulle iniziative in atto e sulle proposte relative per successivi sviluppi.



Port State Control

In un serio programma di sviluppo della cultura della sicurezza e della qualità nel trasporto marittimo, la Commissione Europea sta conducendo una forte campagna per rafforzare le procedure di controllo delle navi affidate al Port State Control (PSC) di ciascuna nazione per le rispettive acque territoriali e per le nazioni circostanti incluse nell'area del Memorandum di Parigi.

Anche altre aree del mondo stanno applicando una forte politica di controllo come USA, Canada ed Australia.

Al contrario, le nazioni dell'Estremo Oriente non sembrano aver ancora preso piena coscienza del problema, anche se qualcosa si muove come testimoniato dal Memorandum di Tokyo. Infatti alle azioni già messe in atto da Corea e Giappone, fa riscontro il nulla o quasi attivato perfino nei porti più ricchi di traffico, come Singapore e Hong Kong.

D'altra parte le navi continuano ad affondare, con gravi perdite di vite umane e seri danni all'ambiente marino e costiero, anche se i primi risultati della maggiore severità nei controlli da parte di Registri ed Amministrazioni Marittime cominciano a dare risultati.

Infatti, secondo le statistiche elaborate dalla Società di Assicurazione, la percentuale di tonnellaggio perso annualmente è stata ridotta dal 66% negli ultimi 20 anni.

Tuttavia alcune bandiere hanno percentuali di incidenti nettamente superiori alla media, come ad esempio Belize, Honduras, Antigua, e, nel Mediterraneo, Cipro, Siria, Turchia, che, per numero di navi perdute, presentano percentuali tre o quattro volte superiori alla media mondiale.

Se ne deve concludere che le flotte di questi Paesi operano con navi sub-standard e che, in aggiunta, non sembrano avere adeguate amministrazioni marittime capaci di controllare il livello di sicurezza delle loro navi.

Non è infatti una coincidenza che gli stessi Paesi compaiano ai primi posti nelle liste delle navi "trattenute", ed anche in questo caso con numero di navi quattro o cinque volte superiori alla media mondiale.

Questo dà un forte sostegno alla politica del Sistema del Port State Control, che dimostra la più efficace iniziativa per individuare, controllare ed, eventualmente, eliminare le navi sub-standard.

Sulla base dei dati già ottenuti, si ritiene senz'altro utile introdurre il concetto di "orientare" la selezione delle navi da controllare, riducendo il carico che grava sugli operatori corretti, che assai di rado hanno una nave trattenuta, ed infittendo i controlli su quelle navi trattenute più volte.

D'altra parte l'obbligo del controllo di almeno il 25% delle navi che toccano il porto può portare a qualche distorsione nella filosofia dei controlli dato che certamente le navi sub-standard sono "time consuming" per i controllori.

D'altra parte il fatto che esistano ancora in servizi navi trattenute quattro o cinque volte negli ultimi due anni, dimostra che le sanzioni applicate sono troppo deboli e le informazioni troppo circoscritte per scoraggiare effettivamente l'armatore a mantenere in servizio la sua nave.

Per quanto concerne le potenzialità offerte da una più puntuale e mirata diffusione dell'informazione basti ricordare le recenti decisioni politiche del Gruppo G7 riguardanti MARIS (Maritime Information Society) per comprendere che una maggiore capacità di gestione ed utilizzo dei flussi di informazioni resi possibili dallo sviluppo delle moderne Reti Informatiche come internet, renderebbe già oggi disponibili in tempo reale i dati relativi alle navi potenzialmente pericolose ad Autorità Marittime e Portuali, alla Guardia Costiera ed ai Registri di Classifica in modo che possano venire predisposte le opportune azioni di controllo anche solo in caso di attraversamento delle acque territoriali.

Di conseguenza, alla recente Quality Shipping Conference di Lisbona sono state proposte misure deterrenti più efficaci, come ad esempio:

definire criteri obiettivi per la individuazione delle navi sub-standard,

agevolare l'accesso alla lista delle navi "trattenute",

rendere più fluido e tempestivo il flusso di informazioni tra porti, autorità marittime, guardia costiera, ecc.,

sottoporre a sanzioni progressive le navi che siano state trattenute dai PSC due o più volte negli ultimi due anni, in modo che dopo il terzo intervento, vengano certamente escluse da tutti i porti che aderiscono allo schema PSC,

escludere l'intera flotta dell'operatore che abbia avuto più di una nave sospesa nello stesso periodo,

analogamente, dovrebbe essere posta sotto osservazione come possibile "bandiera sub-standard", una bandiera che abbia percentuali di navi trattenute superiore alla media, con eventuali conseguenze sui diritti di certificazione e dei privilegi di traffico garantiti dalle convenzioni internazionali.



Cooperazione

Le attività di repressione delle navi, degli operatori e delle bandiere sub-standard non dovrebbero peraltro essere fine a sé stesse, se non per le bandiere di convenienza.

Per tutte le altre bandiere l'obiettivo finale dovrebbe essere infatti di offrire la possibilità di un adeguamento degli attuali operatori sub-standard e dei rispettivi paesi ai livelli di sicurezza ed affidabilità previsti dalle norme internazionali, che come abbiamo già detto, vengono continuamente aggiornati grazie allo sviluppo delle nuove tecnologie.

Tutto ciò nell'ambito di interessi sicuramente condivisi avrebbe lo scopo di operare una flotta "globalmente" più sicura.

Ad esempio un mare "chiuso", come il Mediterraneo, che vede aumentare i suoi volumi di traffico anche grazie al crescente sviluppo dei porti italiani, appare particolarmente vulnerabile per la notevole presenza di inquinanti da petrolio e prodotti chimici in particolare.

Dalla figura che segue infatti è evidente come il Mediterraneo presenti percentuali di inquinamento da idrocarburi quindici volte superiori al Baltico, inquinamento che, tra l'altro, risulta essenzialmente dovuto a sversamenti per incidenti.

Figura: Quantitativo medio di greggio movimentato in ogni momento (in milioni di tonnellate) e quantitativo medio spillato per anno a causa di incidenti (in 10.000 tonnellate) nelle acque Europee. (Fonte: CEC, 1993)


Ne deriva come punto cruciale che i governi e quindi le autorità marittime dei Paesi Mediterranei pongano particolare attenzione ai livelli di sicurezza delle navi che lo attraversano e che si impegnino a sostenere ed incoraggiare gli sviluppi tecnologici che rendano la costruzione e la gestione delle navi più sicure ed a minore impatto ambientale.

Vale la pena di citare che, anche solo nell'ultimo decennio, sono stati assunti importanti provvedimenti volti all'aumento della sicurezza come il doppio scafo per le navi cisterna, i nuovi regolamenti per le navi bulk carrier e per le navi traghetto, la obbligatorietà di uno studio affidabilistico dei nuovi mezzi veloci, l'introduzione di strumenti per il controllo del traffico (VTS), l'obbligatorietà dell'International Safety Management Code (ISM) per le Società Armatoriali, i nuovi standard culturali e di addestramento degli equipaggi (STCW), ecc.

Tutto questo deriva dai risultati di decine di progetti di ricerca sviluppati a livelli internazionale, che sono i soli a poter garantire ad una nazione marinara la possibilità di mantenere posizioni nella competizione globale.

Appare inevitabile, quindi, che, se non inseriti in uno schema di cooperazione, i Paesi in via di sviluppo non riescano a seguire gli sviluppi della tecnologia che sono, tra l'altro, particolarmente rapidi, specialmente per quanto riguarda le tecnologie informatiche.

Per questa ragione sarebbe auspicabile in ambito Mediterraneo l'assistenza delle nazioni più evolute a favore dei Paesi in via di sviluppo allo scopo di migliorare il loro sistema di certificazione e controllo delle navi che toccano i loro porti.

Inoltre potrebbe essere attivata una politica di sostegno alle attività di demolizione, che, come abbiamo già accennato, sono decisamente insufficienti in ambito Europeo. Anche in questo caso ci potrebbe essere un positivo sostegno ai paesi in via di sviluppo sia dal punto di vista tecnico che di addestramento delle risorse umane.

Peraltro, ci sono molti Paesi in Medio Oriente, Nord Africa ed anche nell'Europa dell'Est dove un cantiere di demolizione può significare molto benvenuti posti di lavoro.

Se questo non accade è per la complessità del business e per la mancanza di collegamento tra i cantieri di demolizione ed i fabbricanti di acciaio europei.

Una attività di demolizione sicura e rispettosa dell'ambiente potrebbe quindi nascere in qualcuno di questi Paesi purché sia sostenuta da una politica di assistenza tecnico-economica e di accesso al mercato da parte dei Paesi europei sviluppati.



Conclusioni

Quanto esposto in precedenza rende evidente l'utilità di rafforzare l'azione del Sistema del Port State Control al fine di scoraggiare l'uso di bandiere di convenienza e di ridurre e, se possibile, eliminare l'impiego di navi sub-standard.

A questo scopo, come già detto, dovrebbero essere definite sanzioni progressive a carico delle navi e degli operatori che dimostrano di trascurare le regole internazionali.

D'altra parte dovrebbe essere avviato dalla Comunità Europea un programma di assistenza ai Paesi in via di sviluppo più vicini all'area comunitaria sia per consentire un miglioramento dei loro Sistemi di Controllo sulle navi sia per avviare proficue iniziative industriali legate ai cantieri di demolizione.


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Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
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