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FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics

Convegno

IL MEDITERRANEO E LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE


SUL MARE, NEL MARE, PER IL MARE

Genova 21,22 settembre 1998




Navi sub-standard, sicurezza e salvaguardia dell'ambiente marino

Ing. Giuseppe Bernardi
Presidente e A D, CETENA S.p.A.



Genova 21 settembre 1998

Il problema delle navi sub-standard potrebbe apparire remoto nel contesto di questo Convegno, ma come vedremo esso influenza non solo l'attività delle industrie navali e marittime, ma anche, e pesantemente, i problemi di salvaguardia della vita umana in mare e della protezione dell'ambiente marino.

Per navi "sub-standard" si intendono, infatti, navi non più rispondenti ai canoni di sicurezza che vengono continuamente aggiornati in funzione del progresso tecnologico non solo sotto l'aspetto tecnico, ma anche gestionale e di qualificazione degli equipaggi.

Queste navi continuano a navigare perché particolarmente competitive dal punto di vista commerciale dato, che, quasi tutte le navi sub-standard sono vecchie, quindi completamente ammortizzate e di conseguenza in grado di essere offerte a prezzi molto bassi, con l'effetto di deprimere il mercato dei noli a scapito degli operatori più responsabili.

Inoltre, e questo è il motivo di maggiore preoccupazione, le navi sub-standard rappresentano un reale pericolo per gli equipaggi, per l'ambiente e per i carichi trasportati.

Da un recente studio condotto dall'Università Tecnica di Danimarca sul problema dell'influenza dell'età della nave sull'indice di sinistrosità annuale, sono stati ottenuti i seguenti risultati

SINISTROSITA' DEL TRASPORTO MARITTIMO

Età della nave (anni)
1
5
10
15
20
Sinistrosità media (per mille)
6.30
6.70
8.30
11.80
19.25

La tabella illustra con estrema chiarezza la correlazione tra l'età della nave e la sua sinistrosità, che appare costante nei primi 7 - 8 anni di vita, ma poi cresce in modo esponenziale dal decimo anno in poi.

Se ne deduce che la sinistrosità di una nave di venti anni è in pratica tre volte superiore a quella di una nave di 5 anni.

Diventa sempre più sentita, quindi, la necessità di eliminare le navi sub-standard non solo per le distorsioni che introducono nel mercato globale del trasporto marittimo, ma soprattutto per la loro pericolosità per quanto riguarda le vite umane e l'ambiente marittimo.

Va evidenziato peraltro che esiste anche una notevole difficoltà nella demolizione delle vecchie navi.

In Europa, infatti, ci sono ben pochi Cantieri di demolizione e pertanto se, per le navi più grandi, è pensabile di utilizzare un Cantiere di demolizione in India o in Estremo Oriente, per piccole e medie navi ciò non è economicamente sostenibile e quindi vanno ad alimentare un perverso mercato degli scafi di seconda mano che hanno un tasso di sopravvivenza del 50%.

Infatti solo il 50% delle piccole - medie navi viene demolito, le altre terminano di operare solo quando affondano, e questo drammaticamente ci riporta alla nostra frase di apertura sull'impatto delle navi sub-standard.

Per fronteggiare adeguatamente questa situazione, si pongono quindi due diversi problemi:

  1. come controllare efficientemente l'esistenza di navi sub-standard,
  2. a che livello devono essere fissate le sanzioni per annullare la convenienza economica ad operare navi sub-standard,
  3. come l'Europa può incoraggiare la nascita di cantieri di demolizione nei paesi circostanti come Medio Oriente, Nord Africa o Europa dell'Est.

Nei paragrafi che seguono si cercherà di dare una traccia sulle iniziative in atto e sulle proposte relative per successivi sviluppi.



Port State Control

In un serio programma di sviluppo della cultura della sicurezza e della qualità nel trasporto marittimo, la Commissione Europea sta conducendo una forte campagna per rafforzare le procedure di controllo delle navi affidate al Port State Control (PSC) di ciascuna nazione per le rispettive acque territoriali e per le nazioni circostanti incluse nell'area del Memorandum di Parigi.

Anche altre aree del mondo stanno applicando una forte politica di controllo come USA, Canada ed Australia.

Al contrario, le nazioni dell'Estremo Oriente non sembrano aver ancora preso piena coscienza del problema, anche se qualcosa si muove come testimoniato dal Memorandum di Tokyo. Infatti alle azioni già messe in atto da Corea e Giappone, fa riscontro il nulla o quasi attivato perfino nei porti più ricchi di traffico, come Singapore e Hong Kong.

D'altra parte le navi continuano ad affondare, con gravi perdite di vite umane e seri danni all'ambiente marino e costiero, anche se i primi risultati della maggiore severità nei controlli da parte di Registri ed Amministrazioni Marittime cominciano a dare risultati.

Infatti, secondo le statistiche elaborate dalla Società di Assicurazione, la percentuale di tonnellaggio perso annualmente è stata ridotta dal 66% negli ultimi 20 anni.

Tuttavia alcune bandiere hanno percentuali di incidenti nettamente superiori alla media, come ad esempio Belize, Honduras, Antigua, e, nel Mediterraneo, Cipro, Siria, Turchia, che, per numero di navi perdute, presentano percentuali tre o quattro volte superiori alla media mondiale.

Se ne deve concludere che le flotte di questi Paesi operano con navi sub-standard e che, in aggiunta, non sembrano avere adeguate amministrazioni marittime capaci di controllare il livello di sicurezza delle loro navi.

Non è infatti una coincidenza che gli stessi Paesi compaiano ai primi posti nelle liste delle navi "trattenute", ed anche in questo caso con numero di navi quattro o cinque volte superiori alla media mondiale.

Questo dà un forte sostegno alla politica del Sistema del Port State Control, che dimostra la più efficace iniziativa per individuare, controllare ed, eventualmente, eliminare le navi sub-standard.

Sulla base dei dati già ottenuti, si ritiene senz'altro utile introdurre il concetto di "orientare" la selezione delle navi da controllare, riducendo il carico che grava sugli operatori corretti, che assai di rado hanno una nave trattenuta, ed infittendo i controlli su quelle navi trattenute più volte.

D'altra parte l'obbligo del controllo di almeno il 25% delle navi che toccano il porto può portare a qualche distorsione nella filosofia dei controlli dato che certamente le navi sub-standard sono "time consuming" per i controllori.

D'altra parte il fatto che esistano ancora in servizi navi trattenute quattro o cinque volte negli ultimi due anni, dimostra che le sanzioni applicate sono troppo deboli e le informazioni troppo circoscritte per scoraggiare effettivamente l'armatore a mantenere in servizio la sua nave.

Per quanto concerne le potenzialità offerte da una più puntuale e mirata diffusione dell'informazione basti ricordare le recenti decisioni politiche del Gruppo G7 riguardanti MARIS (Maritime Information Society) per comprendere che una maggiore capacità di gestione ed utilizzo dei flussi di informazioni resi possibili dallo sviluppo delle moderne Reti Informatiche come internet, renderebbe già oggi disponibili in tempo reale i dati relativi alle navi potenzialmente pericolose ad Autorità Marittime e Portuali, alla Guardia Costiera ed ai Registri di Classifica in modo che possano venire predisposte le opportune azioni di controllo anche solo in caso di attraversamento delle acque territoriali.

Di conseguenza, alla recente Quality Shipping Conference di Lisbona sono state proposte misure deterrenti più efficaci, come ad esempio:

definire criteri obiettivi per la individuazione delle navi sub-standard,

agevolare l'accesso alla lista delle navi "trattenute",

rendere più fluido e tempestivo il flusso di informazioni tra porti, autorità marittime, guardia costiera, ecc.,

sottoporre a sanzioni progressive le navi che siano state trattenute dai PSC due o più volte negli ultimi due anni, in modo che dopo il terzo intervento, vengano certamente escluse da tutti i porti che aderiscono allo schema PSC,

escludere l'intera flotta dell'operatore che abbia avuto più di una nave sospesa nello stesso periodo,

analogamente, dovrebbe essere posta sotto osservazione come possibile "bandiera sub-standard", una bandiera che abbia percentuali di navi trattenute superiore alla media, con eventuali conseguenze sui diritti di certificazione e dei privilegi di traffico garantiti dalle convenzioni internazionali.



Cooperazione

Le attività di repressione delle navi, degli operatori e delle bandiere sub-standard non dovrebbero peraltro essere fine a sé stesse, se non per le bandiere di convenienza.

Per tutte le altre bandiere l'obiettivo finale dovrebbe essere infatti di offrire la possibilità di un adeguamento degli attuali operatori sub-standard e dei rispettivi paesi ai livelli di sicurezza ed affidabilità previsti dalle norme internazionali, che come abbiamo già detto, vengono continuamente aggiornati grazie allo sviluppo delle nuove tecnologie.

Tutto ciò nell'ambito di interessi sicuramente condivisi avrebbe lo scopo di operare una flotta "globalmente" più sicura.

Ad esempio un mare "chiuso", come il Mediterraneo, che vede aumentare i suoi volumi di traffico anche grazie al crescente sviluppo dei porti italiani, appare particolarmente vulnerabile per la notevole presenza di inquinanti da petrolio e prodotti chimici in particolare.

Dalla figura che segue infatti è evidente come il Mediterraneo presenti percentuali di inquinamento da idrocarburi quindici volte superiori al Baltico, inquinamento che, tra l'altro, risulta essenzialmente dovuto a sversamenti per incidenti.

Figura: Quantitativo medio di greggio movimentato in ogni momento (in milioni di tonnellate) e quantitativo medio spillato per anno a causa di incidenti (in 10.000 tonnellate) nelle acque Europee. (Fonte: CEC, 1993)


Ne deriva come punto cruciale che i governi e quindi le autorità marittime dei Paesi Mediterranei pongano particolare attenzione ai livelli di sicurezza delle navi che lo attraversano e che si impegnino a sostenere ed incoraggiare gli sviluppi tecnologici che rendano la costruzione e la gestione delle navi più sicure ed a minore impatto ambientale.

Vale la pena di citare che, anche solo nell'ultimo decennio, sono stati assunti importanti provvedimenti volti all'aumento della sicurezza come il doppio scafo per le navi cisterna, i nuovi regolamenti per le navi bulk carrier e per le navi traghetto, la obbligatorietà di uno studio affidabilistico dei nuovi mezzi veloci, l'introduzione di strumenti per il controllo del traffico (VTS), l'obbligatorietà dell'International Safety Management Code (ISM) per le Società Armatoriali, i nuovi standard culturali e di addestramento degli equipaggi (STCW), ecc.

Tutto questo deriva dai risultati di decine di progetti di ricerca sviluppati a livelli internazionale, che sono i soli a poter garantire ad una nazione marinara la possibilità di mantenere posizioni nella competizione globale.

Appare inevitabile, quindi, che, se non inseriti in uno schema di cooperazione, i Paesi in via di sviluppo non riescano a seguire gli sviluppi della tecnologia che sono, tra l'altro, particolarmente rapidi, specialmente per quanto riguarda le tecnologie informatiche.

Per questa ragione sarebbe auspicabile in ambito Mediterraneo l'assistenza delle nazioni più evolute a favore dei Paesi in via di sviluppo allo scopo di migliorare il loro sistema di certificazione e controllo delle navi che toccano i loro porti.

Inoltre potrebbe essere attivata una politica di sostegno alle attività di demolizione, che, come abbiamo già accennato, sono decisamente insufficienti in ambito Europeo. Anche in questo caso ci potrebbe essere un positivo sostegno ai paesi in via di sviluppo sia dal punto di vista tecnico che di addestramento delle risorse umane.

Peraltro, ci sono molti Paesi in Medio Oriente, Nord Africa ed anche nell'Europa dell'Est dove un cantiere di demolizione può significare molto benvenuti posti di lavoro.

Se questo non accade è per la complessità del business e per la mancanza di collegamento tra i cantieri di demolizione ed i fabbricanti di acciaio europei.

Una attività di demolizione sicura e rispettosa dell'ambiente potrebbe quindi nascere in qualcuno di questi Paesi purché sia sostenuta da una politica di assistenza tecnico-economica e di accesso al mercato da parte dei Paesi europei sviluppati.



Conclusioni

Quanto esposto in precedenza rende evidente l'utilità di rafforzare l'azione del Sistema del Port State Control al fine di scoraggiare l'uso di bandiere di convenienza e di ridurre e, se possibile, eliminare l'impiego di navi sub-standard.

A questo scopo, come già detto, dovrebbero essere definite sanzioni progressive a carico delle navi e degli operatori che dimostrano di trascurare le regole internazionali.

D'altra parte dovrebbe essere avviato dalla Comunità Europea un programma di assistenza ai Paesi in via di sviluppo più vicini all'area comunitaria sia per consentire un miglioramento dei loro Sistemi di Controllo sulle navi sia per avviare proficue iniziative industriali legate ai cantieri di demolizione.


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Messina
Passengers make a direct expenditure of almost 16 million euros in the city
Container traffic at the Port of New York grew by 1.6% in the second quarter
New York
In the first six months of 2026, 4.43 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
HZ Cargo and Railtrans form joint venture for intermodal transport
Zagreb
The aim is to activate a traffic of over 500 thousand tons between the ports of Croatia and the markets of Central Europe.
ICTSI posts record net income of $363 million (+24.2%) in the second quarter
Manila
Another GasLog vessel hit while leaving the Persian Gulf
Piraeus/Southampton
Damage to the engine room
Finnlines reports record quarterly revenues
Helsinki
In the April-June period, net profit was 42.9 million euros (+64.7%)
Spinelli Group approves 2025 sustainability report
Genoa
Production value grew by 5%. New hires increased by 48%.
Fabrizio Marilli will be the new secretary general of the Central Adriatic Sea Port Authority.
Ancona
The Management Committee has approved the institution's budget adjustment
The Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority has adopted the 2026-2028 Port Plan.
Genoa
Projections for 2028 indicate an increase of approximately 150 employees in the ports of the system
The Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has approved the budget adjustment change.
Gioia Tauro
It records higher revenues and higher expenses of 1.69 million euros
One and a half million euros for training in Tuscan ports
Livorno
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has presented its 2026-2028 training plan.
Terminali Italia will manage the Orte intermodal terminal starting next year.
Rome
It has approximately 96,000 square meters of yards and three tracks
Italy and Tunisia sign a collaboration agreement in the transport and logistics sector
Rome
Another Saudi-owned Bahri ship attacked by Houthis in the Red Sea
Southampton/Sana'a/Riyadh
Yemeni militants' spokesman claimed responsibility for the attack on the chemical tanker "NCC Ghazal"
The final breakthrough of the two main tunnels of the Brenner Base Tunnel was achieved today.
Bolzano
The two construction sites are connected approximately 1,400 meters below the Brenner Pass
UPS revenues increased 7.6% in the second quarter
Atlanta
Net profit amounted to $604 million (-52.9%)
In 2025, the revenues of the Italian logistics company Nord Ovest grew by +13.6%
Wedge
Net profit down 8.3%
Quarterly freight traffic increased at the ports of Algeciras and Barcelona. Valencia saw a decline.
Algeciras/Barcelona/
Valencia
Increase in containers at the Catalan port
Fincantieri signs agreement with NextGeo's reinvesting partners
Trieste
The operation is part of the development strategy in the diving segment
The update to the DPSS of the ports of Sardinia has been adopted.
Cagliari
Resolution of the Management Committee of the Port System Authority
ICTSI acquires the ATU12 and ATU18 bulk terminals at the Brazilian port of Aratu.
Sao Paulo/Manila
They will be sold by SIMPAR for approximately 355 million dollars
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Konecranes reports decline in quarterly financial performance as orders increase
Helsinki
The value of orders relating to port equipment grew by +17%
Fourteen regions are in favor and five are against the bill on port governance reform.
Rome
Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Empire buys back: After Tata, Adani can rewrite India's colonial past
(The Economic Times)
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
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