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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

Studies and Research

L'avanzata delle post-Panamax

Dopo un rallentamento delle consegne di portacontainers nuove nel 1999, la seconda metà del 2000 ed il periodo successivo faranno ancora una volta registrare un incremento del livello di attività.

Secondo i dati pubblicati dalla LMIS (Lloyd's Maritime Information Services), per il 2000 sono previsti in consegna 469.962 TEU complessivi, mentre nel 2001 dovrebbero seguire altre 76 navi (265.118 TEU). Aggregate ai 43.013 TEU che erano ancora in attesa di consegna nel 1999, queste cifre rappresentano un tasso di crescita biennale pari al 18, 4 %.

Questa prossima ondata di espansione sarà dominata dalla consegna di navi della classe post-Panamax, più grandi e più veloci, tutte quante destinate a fornitori di servizi di linea globali, quali la Maersk SeaLand (3 unità da 6.600 TEU e 5 da 6.200 TEU), la P&O Nedlloyd (4 da 6.788 TEU e 5 da 5.460 TEU), la Hyundai Merchant Marine (5 da 6.400 TEU), la Mitsui OSK Lines (3 da 5.000 TEU), la Evergreen (5 da 5.364 TEU) e la Cosco (7 da 5.250 TEU più tre opzioni), nonché ad importanti società armatoriali e/o finanziatrici di naviglio, tra cui le tedesche Erck Rickmers (Nordcapital) e Gebab e le Costamare Shipping e Danaos Shipping a controllo greco.

La Costamare da diversi anni è impegnata in un programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio e, sebbene il tonnellaggio di seconda mano resti una componente-chiave della propria flotta, la compagnia sempre più spesso opta per il tonnellaggio nuovo. Attualmente, il registro delle ordinazioni relative ad unità post-Panamax della Costamare prevede 5 navi da 6.200 TEU - che dovrebbero essere noleggiate alla Maersk SeaLand - e 2 navi da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime saranno affittate dalla CSG (China Shipping Group). La Costamare ha inoltre opzioni su altre due unità da 5.500 TEU ed ha confermato le ordinazioni inerenti a 3 unità da 4.800 TEU (di modello Panamax). Queste ultime saranno impiegate dalla Hapag-Lloyd.

Nel contempo, il registro delle ordinazioni della Nordcapital comprende ora 11 navi post-Panamax da 5.500 TEU, tutte quante in costruzione presso la Samsung Heavy Industries in Corea del Sud. Sono già stati conclusi contratti di noleggio con la OOCL (che rileverà sei navi), la P&ON (tre navi) e la CSG (due unità).Il tonnellaggio della Nordcapital dovrebbe entrare in servizio nel corso del 2000, del 2001 e nella prima parte del 2002.

Consegne di notevole rilievo sono previste anche per nuovi arrivati nel settore delle post-Panamax, quali la Yangming (7 navi da 5.500 TEU), la K Line (8 navi da 5.500 TEU) e la CMA CGM The French Line (8 navi da 6.500 TEU) nei prossimi due anni. Le navi della CMA CGM saranno dotate di una velocità di servizio pari a 26 nodi.

Complessivamente, sono 56 le navi post-Panamax - per un totale di 324.690 TEU - la cui consegna è prevista per i prossimi due anni e mezzo.

Ciò equivale al 7,7% dell'attuale flotta containerizzata, nonché ad un notevole 40% di tutti gli spazi-containers sotto ordinazione. Inoltre, si ritiene che la CSG, la NYK Line, la Hapag-Lloyd Container Line e la Evergreen siano tutte quante prossime a finalizzare accordi inerenti a nuovo tonnellaggio post-Panamax.

Il programma della Evergreen è quello di costruire 5 navi della classe K da 6.000 TEU presso la Mitsubishi in Giappone, mentre le idee della NYK sono incentrate su una serie di navi simili quanto a progettazione a quelle inerenti agli ultimi contratti di nuove costruzioni della O&ON, con la differenza che queste altre sono in grado di caricare oltre 7.000 TEU.

Si sa che l'attuale accordo della CSG riguarda una lettera di intenti siglata con due cantieri cinesi, la Hudong Shipyard e la Dalian New Shipyard. L'accordo prevede la costruzione di 6 navi da 5.500/5.600 TEU, con opzione di richiesta di costruzione di un'altra nave presso ciascun cantiere. Le consegne sono previste per il 2002 ed il tonnellaggio dovrebbe essere destinato ai servizi Europa/Asia o transpacifici del vettore.

Recentemente, il vettore con sede a Shanghai ha concluso accordi di noleggio a tempo determinato con la Nordcapital (due navi) per tonnellaggio di dimensioni simili a quello già ordinato - rispettivamente - presso la Samsung e la Hyundai Heavy Industries. Complessivamente, la CSG dispone di uno dei maggiori registri di ordinazioni (12 navi per complessivi 66.000 TEU) relativo a tonnellaggio post-Panamax del mondo.

Anche la APL sta programmando di integrare la propria flotta con navi da 5.000/6.000 TEU. A differenza da molte delle proprie precedenti acquisizioni, tuttavia, la compagnia di navigazione mira a soluzioni di finanziamento ed è in trattative con un certo numero di armatori per noleggi a lungo termine con opzione di acquisto. Nell'ottobre del 1999, l'operatore con sede a Singapore ha concluso un accordo di noleggio quinquennale con la Danaos Shipping per 2 unità da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime verranno immesse nella rete dei servizi della APL nel corso della prima metà del 2001.

La Hanjin ha concluso accordi dello stesso tipo per il proprio programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio. In effetti, il socio del vettore di Seoul - la tedesca Conti Reederei - ha ordinato 7 navi da 5.600 TEU per conto della Hanjin. Le consegne sono iniziate nei primi mesi del 2000 e continueranno fino alla metà del 2001. Le navi saranno impiegate nell'ambito del contributo del vettore alla United Alliance, un'operazione congiunta con la Cho Yang Shipping, la DSR-Senator Lines e la United Arab Shipping Co.

Al contrario, la OOCL ha optato per un misto di proprietà diretta ed accordi di noleggio a lungo termine. Il suo attuale registro di ordinazioni comprende 6 unità da 5.500 TEU, mentre altre due unità sono in corso di valutazione. L'operatore con sede ad Hong Kong, ad esempio, dispone di opzioni relative ad altre due navi-gemelle presso la Samsung, che sta costruendo quattro delle navi il cui contratto è stato confermato. Le altre due navi sono in allestimento presso la China Shipbuilding Corp di Taiwan.

Il risultato netto di questa attività sarà un significativo incremento della componente di post-Panamax nella flotta mondiale di portacontainers. Attualmente, questo settore - che è caratterizzato da navi con baglio superiore a 32,32 metri (in termini di contenitori ciò normalmente equivale ad una capacità di carico di circa 4.500 TEU) - rappresenta il 4,1% dell'attuale flotta rispetto al numero delle navi ed il 12,4% (523.549 TEU) di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. E' un dato in crescita, rispetto al 2,8% appena (poco più di 60.000 TEU) del 1995. Per il 2002, si prevede che saranno disponibili negli scafi post-Panamax circa 850.000 TEU, equivalenti al 16,9% della flotta cellulare complessiva in servizio.

Il boom delle grandi portacontainers ha largamente contribuito al dominio del tonnellaggio cellulare nel mercato di linea. Secondo il Containerisation International Yearbook di recente pubblicazione, questo settore adesso rappresenta quasi il 73% di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. Le navi ro-ro e quelle semi-portacontainers/merci generali rappresentano rispettivamente appena il 4,6% ed il 16,7%.

La decisione degli armatori/operatori di incrementare le proprie flotte con portacontenitori molto grandi è stata determinata da un certo numero di fattori.

In primo luogo, vi sono le potenti economie di scala associate alla gestione di una nave con 6.000 TEU rispetto a quella di un'unità da 4.000 TEU, partendo dal presupposto, peraltro, che i fattori di carico possano essere mantenuti relativamente alti. Si riconosce generalmente che le navi più grandi possano assicurare ai vettori un risparmio sui costi superiore al 20%.

In secondo luogo, occorre considerare i regimi dei prezzi assai competitivi dei cantieri navali in relazione al tonnellaggio delle grandi portacontainers, specialmente in Corea del Sud, che è riuscita ad attirare a sè la quota leonina delle recenti ordinazioni. Dato che adesso il won coreano si sta apprezzando nei confronti del dollaro USA, i vettori stanno adeguando le proprie opportunità prima che sia troppo tardi.

In molti casi, è meno costoso acquistare una nave da 5.000/6.000 TEU oggi rispetto a quanto non fosse acquistare una nave da 4.000 TEU quattro/cinque anni fa. Il contratto inerente all'ordinazione inerente ad otto navi della K Line effettuata alla Hyundai, ad esempio, è stata siglata - si ritiene - per 480 milioni di dollari (giusto 60 milioni di dollari per nave), mentre il costo delle 5 unità da 6.400 TEU della HMM, anche queste in costruzione alla Hyundai, è stato stimato dai brokers in circa 64 milioni di dollari circa.

In media, i brokers stimano che i prezzi di costruzione delle grandi portacontainers siano calati del 25-30% negli ultimi tre anni.

In terzo luogo, la crescita delle alleanze operative globali e l'aumento delle attività sul fronte delle fusioni e delle acquisizioni ha comportato il fatto che la movimentazione di maggiori volumi di carichi da parte di singoli gruppi o società giustifica l'impiego di navi più grandi.

Attualmente, gran parte delle navi post-Panamax sotto ordinazione sono della fascia dimensionale da 5.000/7.000 TEU, mentre l'unità più grande è rappresentata da un'unità ad elica singola che si ritiene possa essere dell'ordine di quasi 10.000 TEU. In ordine a tale limite, recenti ricerche intraprese dal professor Niko Wijnolst e dalla sua squadra presso la facoltà di Ingegneria Marittima dell'Università della Tecnologia di Delft suggeriscono come si possano conseguire le maggiori economie operative mediante le navi a due motori del modello Malacca. Questi leviatani avrebbero un pescaggio di 21 metri, una lunghezza di oltre 400 metri ed un baglio di 60 metri. La nave - in grado di caricare 13 strati di containers sotto coperta - avrebbe una capacità di carico di 18.154 TEU ed una stazza lorda di 242.800 tonnellate. Il grosso problema comportato dall'impiego di tali grandi navi è ovviamente quello dell'accesso ai porti e della possibile paralisi del piazzale, dato che i containers vengono movimentati e parcheggiati nel terminal.

Pertanto, visto il gran numero di navi molto grandi la cui consegna è prevista nei primi anni nel nuovo millennio, quale sarà l'impatto sul settore dell'attività di linea?

A breve termine, la maggioranza degli analisti confida sul fatto che il tonnellaggio in più possa essere assorbito senza troppi problemi e che i ritorni fiscali delle compagnie di navigazione di linea siano in procinto di migliorare. Nella sua ultima Relazione mensile sulle informazioni relative ai contenitori, la britannica Clarkson Research Studies afferma che il livello attuale della crescita dei traffici (7%) ha comodamente superato la capacità di nuovi spazi-containers (4%).

E, sebbene il broker si aspetti che l'offerta cresca di un ancora maggiore 7% nel 2000, mentre ci si aspetta che la crescita dei traffici mondiali rimanga costante tra il 7 e l'8%, la Clarkson spera che il settore possa conservare un relativo equilibrio. "Se l'umore dei vettori potesse essere misurato in termini di ordinazioni di post-Panamax" si legge nella relazione "dovremmo affermare che essi si dimostrano leggermente fiduciosi".

Conclusioni simili sono state raggiunte nella relazione pubblicata dalla importante impresa investitrice SBB (Salomon SmithBarney). Nel documento, intitolato Trasporto marittimo e porti containerizzati, trasporto di box in Asia nel corso del 2000, si afferma che i prossimi due anni "sembrano promettere anni relativamente buoni per il settore".

Basando le proprie previsioni sulla persistente forza del mercato transpacifico (principalmente in direzione est) e sulla ripresa economica in corso in Europa, la Salomon ritiene che l'immissione in servizio di nuova capacità sia del tutto sostenuta dall'organica crescita dei traffici.

Gli analisti della SSB, inoltre, pensano che il livello delle dismissioni possa aumentare di almeno 100.000 TEU all'anno per diversi dei prossimi anni, a causa dell'atteggiamento delle singole linee di navigazione che si disfano del tonnellaggio vecchio di 20 anni. Nel caso della recente operazione di fusione Maersk/SeaLand, la banca ritiene che "sia solo una questione di pochi anni prima che una notevole percentuale della flotta ex Sea-Land venga dismessa".

Nel contesto di un simile scenario, il fattore post-Panamax è in procinto di diventare ancora più influente.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
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