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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

Studies and Research

L'avanzata delle post-Panamax

Dopo un rallentamento delle consegne di portacontainers nuove nel 1999, la seconda metà del 2000 ed il periodo successivo faranno ancora una volta registrare un incremento del livello di attività.

Secondo i dati pubblicati dalla LMIS (Lloyd's Maritime Information Services), per il 2000 sono previsti in consegna 469.962 TEU complessivi, mentre nel 2001 dovrebbero seguire altre 76 navi (265.118 TEU). Aggregate ai 43.013 TEU che erano ancora in attesa di consegna nel 1999, queste cifre rappresentano un tasso di crescita biennale pari al 18, 4 %.

Questa prossima ondata di espansione sarà dominata dalla consegna di navi della classe post-Panamax, più grandi e più veloci, tutte quante destinate a fornitori di servizi di linea globali, quali la Maersk SeaLand (3 unità da 6.600 TEU e 5 da 6.200 TEU), la P&O Nedlloyd (4 da 6.788 TEU e 5 da 5.460 TEU), la Hyundai Merchant Marine (5 da 6.400 TEU), la Mitsui OSK Lines (3 da 5.000 TEU), la Evergreen (5 da 5.364 TEU) e la Cosco (7 da 5.250 TEU più tre opzioni), nonché ad importanti società armatoriali e/o finanziatrici di naviglio, tra cui le tedesche Erck Rickmers (Nordcapital) e Gebab e le Costamare Shipping e Danaos Shipping a controllo greco.

La Costamare da diversi anni è impegnata in un programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio e, sebbene il tonnellaggio di seconda mano resti una componente-chiave della propria flotta, la compagnia sempre più spesso opta per il tonnellaggio nuovo. Attualmente, il registro delle ordinazioni relative ad unità post-Panamax della Costamare prevede 5 navi da 6.200 TEU - che dovrebbero essere noleggiate alla Maersk SeaLand - e 2 navi da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime saranno affittate dalla CSG (China Shipping Group). La Costamare ha inoltre opzioni su altre due unità da 5.500 TEU ed ha confermato le ordinazioni inerenti a 3 unità da 4.800 TEU (di modello Panamax). Queste ultime saranno impiegate dalla Hapag-Lloyd.

Nel contempo, il registro delle ordinazioni della Nordcapital comprende ora 11 navi post-Panamax da 5.500 TEU, tutte quante in costruzione presso la Samsung Heavy Industries in Corea del Sud. Sono già stati conclusi contratti di noleggio con la OOCL (che rileverà sei navi), la P&ON (tre navi) e la CSG (due unità).Il tonnellaggio della Nordcapital dovrebbe entrare in servizio nel corso del 2000, del 2001 e nella prima parte del 2002.

Consegne di notevole rilievo sono previste anche per nuovi arrivati nel settore delle post-Panamax, quali la Yangming (7 navi da 5.500 TEU), la K Line (8 navi da 5.500 TEU) e la CMA CGM The French Line (8 navi da 6.500 TEU) nei prossimi due anni. Le navi della CMA CGM saranno dotate di una velocità di servizio pari a 26 nodi.

Complessivamente, sono 56 le navi post-Panamax - per un totale di 324.690 TEU - la cui consegna è prevista per i prossimi due anni e mezzo.

Ciò equivale al 7,7% dell'attuale flotta containerizzata, nonché ad un notevole 40% di tutti gli spazi-containers sotto ordinazione. Inoltre, si ritiene che la CSG, la NYK Line, la Hapag-Lloyd Container Line e la Evergreen siano tutte quante prossime a finalizzare accordi inerenti a nuovo tonnellaggio post-Panamax.

Il programma della Evergreen è quello di costruire 5 navi della classe K da 6.000 TEU presso la Mitsubishi in Giappone, mentre le idee della NYK sono incentrate su una serie di navi simili quanto a progettazione a quelle inerenti agli ultimi contratti di nuove costruzioni della O&ON, con la differenza che queste altre sono in grado di caricare oltre 7.000 TEU.

Si sa che l'attuale accordo della CSG riguarda una lettera di intenti siglata con due cantieri cinesi, la Hudong Shipyard e la Dalian New Shipyard. L'accordo prevede la costruzione di 6 navi da 5.500/5.600 TEU, con opzione di richiesta di costruzione di un'altra nave presso ciascun cantiere. Le consegne sono previste per il 2002 ed il tonnellaggio dovrebbe essere destinato ai servizi Europa/Asia o transpacifici del vettore.

Recentemente, il vettore con sede a Shanghai ha concluso accordi di noleggio a tempo determinato con la Nordcapital (due navi) per tonnellaggio di dimensioni simili a quello già ordinato - rispettivamente - presso la Samsung e la Hyundai Heavy Industries. Complessivamente, la CSG dispone di uno dei maggiori registri di ordinazioni (12 navi per complessivi 66.000 TEU) relativo a tonnellaggio post-Panamax del mondo.

Anche la APL sta programmando di integrare la propria flotta con navi da 5.000/6.000 TEU. A differenza da molte delle proprie precedenti acquisizioni, tuttavia, la compagnia di navigazione mira a soluzioni di finanziamento ed è in trattative con un certo numero di armatori per noleggi a lungo termine con opzione di acquisto. Nell'ottobre del 1999, l'operatore con sede a Singapore ha concluso un accordo di noleggio quinquennale con la Danaos Shipping per 2 unità da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime verranno immesse nella rete dei servizi della APL nel corso della prima metà del 2001.

La Hanjin ha concluso accordi dello stesso tipo per il proprio programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio. In effetti, il socio del vettore di Seoul - la tedesca Conti Reederei - ha ordinato 7 navi da 5.600 TEU per conto della Hanjin. Le consegne sono iniziate nei primi mesi del 2000 e continueranno fino alla metà del 2001. Le navi saranno impiegate nell'ambito del contributo del vettore alla United Alliance, un'operazione congiunta con la Cho Yang Shipping, la DSR-Senator Lines e la United Arab Shipping Co.

Al contrario, la OOCL ha optato per un misto di proprietà diretta ed accordi di noleggio a lungo termine. Il suo attuale registro di ordinazioni comprende 6 unità da 5.500 TEU, mentre altre due unità sono in corso di valutazione. L'operatore con sede ad Hong Kong, ad esempio, dispone di opzioni relative ad altre due navi-gemelle presso la Samsung, che sta costruendo quattro delle navi il cui contratto è stato confermato. Le altre due navi sono in allestimento presso la China Shipbuilding Corp di Taiwan.

Il risultato netto di questa attività sarà un significativo incremento della componente di post-Panamax nella flotta mondiale di portacontainers. Attualmente, questo settore - che è caratterizzato da navi con baglio superiore a 32,32 metri (in termini di contenitori ciò normalmente equivale ad una capacità di carico di circa 4.500 TEU) - rappresenta il 4,1% dell'attuale flotta rispetto al numero delle navi ed il 12,4% (523.549 TEU) di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. E' un dato in crescita, rispetto al 2,8% appena (poco più di 60.000 TEU) del 1995. Per il 2002, si prevede che saranno disponibili negli scafi post-Panamax circa 850.000 TEU, equivalenti al 16,9% della flotta cellulare complessiva in servizio.

Il boom delle grandi portacontainers ha largamente contribuito al dominio del tonnellaggio cellulare nel mercato di linea. Secondo il Containerisation International Yearbook di recente pubblicazione, questo settore adesso rappresenta quasi il 73% di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. Le navi ro-ro e quelle semi-portacontainers/merci generali rappresentano rispettivamente appena il 4,6% ed il 16,7%.

La decisione degli armatori/operatori di incrementare le proprie flotte con portacontenitori molto grandi è stata determinata da un certo numero di fattori.

In primo luogo, vi sono le potenti economie di scala associate alla gestione di una nave con 6.000 TEU rispetto a quella di un'unità da 4.000 TEU, partendo dal presupposto, peraltro, che i fattori di carico possano essere mantenuti relativamente alti. Si riconosce generalmente che le navi più grandi possano assicurare ai vettori un risparmio sui costi superiore al 20%.

In secondo luogo, occorre considerare i regimi dei prezzi assai competitivi dei cantieri navali in relazione al tonnellaggio delle grandi portacontainers, specialmente in Corea del Sud, che è riuscita ad attirare a sè la quota leonina delle recenti ordinazioni. Dato che adesso il won coreano si sta apprezzando nei confronti del dollaro USA, i vettori stanno adeguando le proprie opportunità prima che sia troppo tardi.

In molti casi, è meno costoso acquistare una nave da 5.000/6.000 TEU oggi rispetto a quanto non fosse acquistare una nave da 4.000 TEU quattro/cinque anni fa. Il contratto inerente all'ordinazione inerente ad otto navi della K Line effettuata alla Hyundai, ad esempio, è stata siglata - si ritiene - per 480 milioni di dollari (giusto 60 milioni di dollari per nave), mentre il costo delle 5 unità da 6.400 TEU della HMM, anche queste in costruzione alla Hyundai, è stato stimato dai brokers in circa 64 milioni di dollari circa.

In media, i brokers stimano che i prezzi di costruzione delle grandi portacontainers siano calati del 25-30% negli ultimi tre anni.

In terzo luogo, la crescita delle alleanze operative globali e l'aumento delle attività sul fronte delle fusioni e delle acquisizioni ha comportato il fatto che la movimentazione di maggiori volumi di carichi da parte di singoli gruppi o società giustifica l'impiego di navi più grandi.

Attualmente, gran parte delle navi post-Panamax sotto ordinazione sono della fascia dimensionale da 5.000/7.000 TEU, mentre l'unità più grande è rappresentata da un'unità ad elica singola che si ritiene possa essere dell'ordine di quasi 10.000 TEU. In ordine a tale limite, recenti ricerche intraprese dal professor Niko Wijnolst e dalla sua squadra presso la facoltà di Ingegneria Marittima dell'Università della Tecnologia di Delft suggeriscono come si possano conseguire le maggiori economie operative mediante le navi a due motori del modello Malacca. Questi leviatani avrebbero un pescaggio di 21 metri, una lunghezza di oltre 400 metri ed un baglio di 60 metri. La nave - in grado di caricare 13 strati di containers sotto coperta - avrebbe una capacità di carico di 18.154 TEU ed una stazza lorda di 242.800 tonnellate. Il grosso problema comportato dall'impiego di tali grandi navi è ovviamente quello dell'accesso ai porti e della possibile paralisi del piazzale, dato che i containers vengono movimentati e parcheggiati nel terminal.

Pertanto, visto il gran numero di navi molto grandi la cui consegna è prevista nei primi anni nel nuovo millennio, quale sarà l'impatto sul settore dell'attività di linea?

A breve termine, la maggioranza degli analisti confida sul fatto che il tonnellaggio in più possa essere assorbito senza troppi problemi e che i ritorni fiscali delle compagnie di navigazione di linea siano in procinto di migliorare. Nella sua ultima Relazione mensile sulle informazioni relative ai contenitori, la britannica Clarkson Research Studies afferma che il livello attuale della crescita dei traffici (7%) ha comodamente superato la capacità di nuovi spazi-containers (4%).

E, sebbene il broker si aspetti che l'offerta cresca di un ancora maggiore 7% nel 2000, mentre ci si aspetta che la crescita dei traffici mondiali rimanga costante tra il 7 e l'8%, la Clarkson spera che il settore possa conservare un relativo equilibrio. "Se l'umore dei vettori potesse essere misurato in termini di ordinazioni di post-Panamax" si legge nella relazione "dovremmo affermare che essi si dimostrano leggermente fiduciosi".

Conclusioni simili sono state raggiunte nella relazione pubblicata dalla importante impresa investitrice SBB (Salomon SmithBarney). Nel documento, intitolato Trasporto marittimo e porti containerizzati, trasporto di box in Asia nel corso del 2000, si afferma che i prossimi due anni "sembrano promettere anni relativamente buoni per il settore".

Basando le proprie previsioni sulla persistente forza del mercato transpacifico (principalmente in direzione est) e sulla ripresa economica in corso in Europa, la Salomon ritiene che l'immissione in servizio di nuova capacità sia del tutto sostenuta dall'organica crescita dei traffici.

Gli analisti della SSB, inoltre, pensano che il livello delle dismissioni possa aumentare di almeno 100.000 TEU all'anno per diversi dei prossimi anni, a causa dell'atteggiamento delle singole linee di navigazione che si disfano del tonnellaggio vecchio di 20 anni. Nel caso della recente operazione di fusione Maersk/SeaLand, la banca ritiene che "sia solo una questione di pochi anni prima che una notevole percentuale della flotta ex Sea-Land venga dismessa".

Nel contesto di un simile scenario, il fattore post-Panamax è in procinto di diventare ancora più influente.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
In Spain, €11.8 million in eco-incentives have been allocated for the use of motorways of the sea.
Madrid
163,672 shipments made by 32 companies subsidized
ABB has signed an agreement to buy Norwegian marine automation company Høglund.
Zurich
The Tønsberg-based company's integrated automation system is currently installed on over 600 vessels.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for the redevelopment of the ro-ro docks
Gioia Tauro
Worth 5.6 million euros, the works will last 210 days
Grimaldi confirms the important role of the port of Catania in its strategies
Catania
The aim is to increase services and make existing ones even more efficient.
Annual growth of +6% in cruise traffic and +2% in ferry traffic is expected in the Adriatic
Venice
It is the only Mediterranean region to have recorded a decline in cruises in the period 2019-2025
PSA Padova established to develop and manage the Padua intermodal terminal
Padua
The shareholders of Interporto Padova and Padova Hall have approved the merger plan
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
Spediporto has opened its own representative office in Hong Kong
Genoa
Giachero: the opening of this desk is also an opportunity for young people
Arcese, Conti and Cosulich establish a company for the port logistics of finished vehicles
Livorno
HMM orders eight bulk carriers and two gas carriers
Seoul
Investment of approximately 1.1 billion dollars
MPC Container Ships has purchased four 7,000 TEU containerships built between 2023 and 2024.
Oslo
Investment of 340 million dollars
FedEx posts record quarterly and annual revenue
Memphis
Total revenues in fiscal year 2026 amounted to $94.7 billion (+7.7%)
Geopolitical uncertainty has become the main risk for shipping
Munich
Evergreen purchases 140,500 new containers in China
Taipei
Investments totaling $358.9 million
Yesterday, the Strait of Hormuz was crossed by 42 commercial vessels
Paris
For the first time since the beginning of the conflict, several LNG tankers entered the Persian Gulf
Memorandum of Understanding for the Launch of Drone Use in the Port of Palermo
Palermo
Submission of the request for the establishment of U-Space
Saipem wins new $1 billion offshore contract in Angola
Milan
It was awarded by Azule Energy for the Greater PAJ project
Port of Ancona: Dredging work has begun on the seabed of quay 22.
Ancona
Approximately six thousand cubic meters of sediment will be removed
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