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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 7-8/2001 - JULY/AUGUST 2001

Trasporto marittimo

I sogni dell'India

L'India ha sempre avuto il sogno di costruire un suo proprio porto di transhipment per essere più concorrente nei confronti di Singapore, Colombo e Dubai, ma ritardi burocratici, mancanza di fondi e indecisione sono stati ostacoli non indifferenti all'avanzamento del progetto. Ma non è ancora tutto perduto.

Cochin, sulla costa sudoccidentale, è stato il primo porto indiano a ricevere una nave portacontainers nel 1973. dieci anni dopo, esso è stato identificato quale potenziale terminal containers con funzioni di transhipment, ma poi il progetto è sfumato perché il governo indiano non aveva abbastanza soldi per finanziare l'acquisto delle dovute e necessarie infrastrutture.

Comunque è di nuovo in programma, anche grazie allo sviluppo del Rajiv Gandhi Container Terminal (RGCT) negli anni Novanta. Sebbene sia stato costruito solo per la movimentazione del carico locale, ha, dalla sua costruzione, fatto valere la sua posizione strategica a sole 10 miglia nautiche dalla principale arteria stradale tra l'Europa e l'Asia.

Equipaggiato con gru da banchina e altre attrezzature moderne per la movimentazione dei cargos, il terminal containers pienamente funzionale ha visto crescere i traffici portuali da 52.144 Teus tra il 1991 e il 1992 a 143.115 Teus l'anno scorso. In più, il porto è situato in una posizione sicura sulla costa e protetta dai cicloni che spesso si manifestano in India e comoda dal punto di vista infrastrutturale e dei collegamenti stradali e ferroviari.

Con tutti questi vantaggi in mente, è stato naturale per la Cochin Port Trust elaborare dei piani più ambiziosi per costruire un terminal containers di prima classe a livello mondiale all'Isola di Vallarpadam, un'area disponibile di acque profonde appena a Nord del principale canale di navigazione. Varie ricerche condotte in merito hanno indicato che i costi di deviazione per le navi merci tra Suez e Singapore sarebbero più che superati dai benefici e dai risparmi in costi di transhipment da Colombo. Non si può però affermare lo stesso per gli altri porti dell'India.

Sebbene la fattibilità del progetto Vallarpadam sia stata studiata dallo studio di consulenti di Frederick Harris all'inizio degli anni Novanta, fino ad oggi non si è ancora intrapresa alcuna iniziativa diretta per le scarse risposte date dal Cochin Port Trust. A quel tempo, si è detto che gli investitori stranieri avevano perso fiducia nell'India e nel suo progetto di privatizzazione degli scali portuali.

Da allora, però, Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva o JNP), vicino a Mumbai, Chennai e Tuticorin hanno iniziato a privatizzare in parte o sono già all'opera per la privatizzazione, con concessioni per operare ai terminals containers assegnate alla P&O Ports (P&OP) e alla PSA Corporation (PSA). Senza stupore, il processo ha suscitato interesse nel progetto Vallarpadam.

Seguendo uno studio aggiornato di fattibilità sottoposta da Harris nell'Ottobre del 1998 alle Autorità Portuali - studio che ha stimato che il costo totale del progetto ammonterebbe a Rs 18.740 (US$339 - in milioni) - è stato deciso che la Cochin Port Trust sarebbe dovuta entrare in un accordo di joint venture con un developper di piani di sviluppo portuali.

Il reportage di Harris ha ancora una volta enfatizzato che se il progetto Vallarpadam sarà implementato, il Subcontinente Indiano testimonierebbe uno scenario logistico assai più vasto e completo dal punto di vista marittimo, con un nuovo hub a vocazione di transhipment in grado di mettere in difficoltà anche il gigante Colombo. È stato infatti sottolineato che il 70% del traffico totale di Colombo - per un totale di 1,7 milioni di Teus - è costituito da business di transhipment, di cui l'85% carico da porti indiani.

Il carico di transhipment dal Subcontinente indiano, compresi Pakistan e Bangladesh, è equamente ripartito tra Singapore, porti del Medio Oriente e Colombo. Ma se si considera il solo carico di transhipment unicamente dall'India, il market leader è senz'alcuna ombra di dubbio Colombo. Perciò si rende necessario il progetto Vallarpadam, che carpirebbe 270.900 Teus dei 413.600 Teus del business di transhipment che attira Colombo. Lo studio mostra, però, che il commercio dalla costa orientale indiana continuerà a passare attraverso la tappa Colombo, più economica.

A parte le entrate extra che otterrebbe la Cochin Port Trust per la maggiore movimentazione di carichi, il progetto renderebbe l'India capace di risparmiare sugli investimenti stranieri nelle spese di transhipment. V. K. Duggal, Presidente della Standing Commitee for Promotion of Exports (SCOPE), ha detto di recente che in assenza di scali frequenti e regolari di navi di grandi compagnie i ritardi nel transhipment dei containers costano all'incirca intorno ai 70 milioni di dollari l'anno. Altri 100 milioni di dollari sono i costi per i tempi di attesa prolungata, e pesano anche sui conti delle Autorità Portuali e dei privati anche le spese di controstallia.

Sebbene addirittura sette compagnie di navigazione abbiano già espresso interesse in un documento di offerta presentato successivamente dall'Autorità Portuale, sorprendentemente solamente un tentativo di appalto è stato sottoposto - quello della P&OP India, sussidiaria della P&O Ports, Australia, operatore della Nhava Sheva International Container Terminal (NSICT), uno dei due terminals al JNP.

Dopo lunghi dibattiti sul fatto che una singola offerta si potesse considerare o meno per la concessione sul progetto in questione, del tipo Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT), la Cochin Port Trust ha finalmente deciso nel Settembre del 2000 di raccomandarsi al Ministero della Navigazione. Si temeva una risposta ancora più fredda, ma non c'era più l'intenzione di perdere ulteriore tempo, dato che il progetto Vallarpadam era già stato ritardato di oltre 10 anni, ritardo considerato dal National Shipping Board quale grave perdita e danno a livello nazionale, dato che la conseguenza era che circa l'80% del carico del Paese era trasportato attraverso porti stranieri come Colombo.

Sono state sollevate forti obiezioni alla cessione del Progetto Vallarpadam International Container Transhipment Terminal alla P&OP da parte della stampa indiana non appena il colosso dello shipping ha presentato la sua offerta. In realtà era solo l'ostruzionismo della burocrazia indiana del Ministero della Navigazione, che voleva così mascherare e giustificare i ritardi nei processi di approvazione del progetto.

La principale obiezione è centrata sul fatto che nella cessione della concessione alla P&OP le Autorità rimpiazzerebbero semplicemente l'attuale monopolio governativo con un monopolio privato, dovuto al fatto che la P&OP ha già ottenuto delle concessioni a JNP e Chennai. Ma la P&OP ritiene che non si verrebbe a creare alcuna situazione di monopolio, dato che il progetto Vallarpadam scaturirebbe da una joint venture in cui la Cochin Port Trust tratterrebbe il 26% del capitale.

Jimmy Sarbh, direttore regionale della P&O Ports per il Sud Asia, ha così commentato: "Siamo un piccolo terminal container operator all'interno di un porto controllato dal governo, dove le operazioni di pilotaggio, rimorchio, manutenzione e tutti gli altri movimenti navali sono controllati dall'Autorità Portuale. Le tariffe sono regolamentate dall'Authority direttamente, in specie la Tariff Authority for Major Ports (TAMP), e allora come potrebbe generarsi una situazione di monopolio in questo contesto?".

Ci sono altre obiezioni, ma la più recente, e anche la più plausibile, è quella che afferma che quando Vallarpadam sarà un diretto concorrente del porto di Colombo, come potrà, la P&OP essere autorizzata a continuare a operare al proprio container terminal a Colombo? Sarbh spiega così l'evolversi dei fatti: "Senza guardare agli interessi che la P&OP ha in tutti i suoi progetti, una volta che noi ci impegniamo in un piano d'azione specifico, la nostra intenzione è quella di svilupparlo nel modo più esteso possibile. In più, si dovrebbe notare che tutto il container terminal di Colombo non è sotto controllo di privati. Una larga parte di esso è ancora sotto il controllo più o meno diretto delle autorità governative".

Mentre la raccomandazione della Cochin Port Trust sulla proposta della P&OP ha sollevato polvere tra gli scaffali del Ministro della Navigazione a Nuova Delhi, il governo ha fatto pressione affinché JNP e Chennai Port si sviluppassero come porti a vocazione di hub. Questo ha inevitabilmente portato a timori nella comunità portuale di Cochin sul fatto che il progetto Vallarpadam potesse essere in qualche modo accantonato. Ma il Primo Ministro Atal Bihari Vajpayee e il Ministro della Navigazione Arun Jaitley, che hanno visitato Kerala lo scorso Dicembre, hanno entrambi assicurato che il progetto in questione sarà presto implementato senza ulteriori ritardi.

Il Segretario del Ministro M. P. Pinto però continua a adottare un atteggiamento un poco più cauto e ambiguo allo stesso tempo. Si dice che abbia detto al Presidente della Cochin Port Trust, Dr. Jacob Thomas, che il governo procederà al lancio di una nuova offerta oppure darà pieno appoggio ai piani della P&OP. dal canto suo Thomas spera ancora che il progetto non sia abbandonato, e la P&OP sembra avere già perso la speranza.

Un portavoce della P&OP ha così commentato: "Siccome abbiamo fatto un'offerta trasparente e abbiamo vinto la gara in modo leale, saremmo molto dispiaciuti se saranno fatte delle nuove gare per delle concessioni. Che segnali darebbe in tal caso il governo indiano agli investitori se decidesse di cancellare i risultati delle gare vinte in modo onesto dai terminal operators? Il governo dovrebbe invece apprezzare il fatto che abbiamo dovuto sostenere costi incredibili nel sottoporre la nostra offerta, pertanto se dovessimo vederla respinta senza una ragione legittima o di natura legale saremmo molto più che seccati".

Il Ministro di stato indiano della Navigazione Hukumdeo ha recentemente detto al Parlamento che i due terzi del numero totale di containers che trasportano carichi di imports ed exports sono movimentati in modalità transhipment presso porti stranieri localizzati molto vicino alle rotte marine internazionali. Egli stima che l'India stia perdendo Rs 5.000 ($106) - in milioni - per operazioni di transhipment presso porti esteri, e afferma inoltre che il governo è determinato a fermare questo trend. Per converso, Cochin potrebbe essere messo presto in agenda, ma non è stata presa ancora alcuna decisione definitiva.

Nel frattempo, un discreto numero di compagnie di navigazione straniere ha cominciato a mostrare interesse nel mandare le loro principali navi a JNP per i miglioramenti nel porto relativi ai pescaggi e alle banchine. Ulteriori piani sono stati fatti per rendere il canale ancora più profondo in modo tale da ospitare imbarcazioni della quarta e quinta generazione, dato che ora possono entrare nel porto solamente quelli di seconda e terza generazione. E ci sono stime che negli anni a venire il carico da porti come Kandla, Pipavav, Cochin e Tuticorin sarà consolidato a JNP mediante connessioni di feederaggio lungocosta, nella speranza che maggiori volumi di merci attraggano più compagnie di navigazione e le inducano a far partire i propri servizi direttamente dall'India.

Un ulteriore competitor per la posizione concorrenziale del porto quale hub, ovvero Chennai, ha già intrapreso progetti ed azioni per attrarre più navi. Questo sarà il compito assegnato alla P&OP, che è stata selezionata per sviluppare il container terminal del porto. Sfortunatamente, il progetto è in fase, attualmente, di stallo, ma questa volta a causa di tattiche ostruzioniste attuate dagli operatori portuali. Altri problemi e questioni spinose sorgono dalle unioni dei lavoratori, e l'Autorità Portuale non è in grado di dire se il terminal sarà gestito dalla P&OP nell'implementazione del programma di sviluppo.

Tuticorin ha anche aspirazioni di hub da quando è sotto il controllo della PSA, ma il Presidente dell'Autorità Portuale, S. Machindranathan, non è molto ottimista. Commenta infatti così: "Non abbiamo molto traffico di contenitori, come Chennai o Mumbai. Siamo più simili a Cochin sotto questo aspetto".

Qualunque cosa il governo indiano decida di fare poi, deve in ogni caso essere preoccupato del fatto che ulteriori ritardi nell'avanzamento del progetto saranno tutti a favore dei nuovi aspiranti hubs quali Salalah e Aden, dove non esistono ancora inibizioni di questo tipo. Il governo deve essere anche preoccupato che, qualunque sia alla fine l'opzione scelta, i porti a vocazione di transhipment devono offrire banchine con pescaggi di almeno 12 metri per essere competitivi, e questo elimina già in partenza la maggior parte degli scali indiani.

Per quanto concerne Cochin, se il progetto Vallarpadam sarà implementato senza ulteriori ritardi potrebbe presto divenire la "Regina del Mar Arabo". Ma se il progetto fosse archiviato, il porto senza dubbio continuerebbe a fare la figura di Cenerentola tra tutti gli altri porti indiani.
(da: Containerisation International, Luglio 2001)


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Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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