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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 7-8/2002 - JULY/AUGUST 2002

Trasporto intermodale

Lo sviluppo dei servizi ferroviari intermodali in Gran Bretagna

Sin dalla sua privatizzazione nel 1996, la Freightliner ha dovuto continuamente tenere sotto controllo la propria posizione sul mercato. Malgrado possa usufruire di un virtuale monopolio sul trasporto intermodale nel Regno Unito, i suoi risultati sinora non sono stati impressionanti. Nell'ultimo rapporto finanziario della società, che riguardano l'annata sino al 31 marzo 2001, essa presenta una perdita al lordo d'imposta di 2,7 milioni di sterline, che fa seguito ad una perdita di 0,8 milioni di sterline l'anno precedente.

Peter Maybury, direttore generale aggiunto della Freightliner Intermodal, che rappresenta quasi il 95% di tutta l'attività del gruppo, ha commentato: "In parte, questi risultati discendono da circostanze alquanto eccezionali. Ad esempio, dopo l'incidente del treno passeggeri a Hatfield nell'ottobre 2000, abbiamo perduto il 20% della nostra capacità per diversi mesi a causa di riparazioni da effettuare sui binari. Tuttavia, anche la nostra piattaforma dei costi si è rivelata un problema, perché ha condizionato il nostro modo di condurre l'attività".

Nel corso del periodo in questione, la Freightliner Intermodal ha trasportato circa 1 milione di TEU di traffico marittimo sui propri treni-navetta da e per Southampton, Felixtowe, Tilbury, Thamesport e Seaforth, impiegando una rete di terminals di proprietà localizzati strategicamente. In ordine di importanza, essi sono situati a Manchester, Coatbridge, Leeds, Birmingham e Liverpool.

Altri terminals sono situati a Crewe, Cardiff, Barking e Cleveland. I terminals terzi sono impiegati in altre località ancora, tra cui Doncaster. La Freightliner offre servizi propri di autotrasporto da tutti questi centri di snodo.

Continua Maybury: "Dopo la privatizzazione, poiché avevamo di gran lunga più capacità che carichi, siamo stati costretti a metterci in caccia di lavoro senza avere sempre ben chiaro quali potrebbero essere i risultati. E poiché le nostre tariffe vengono indirizzate dal settore del trasporto stradale, che ancora detiene una quota di mercato tra il 70 e l'80 per cento, non avevamo - né l'abbiamo ora - alcun controllo sui prezzi.

Ci siamo ritrovati in un circolo vizioso. Più lavoro riuscivamo a conseguire, maggiore era il tempo che dovevamo perdere a cercare il modo migliore per trasportarlo, invece di concentrarci sui miglioramenti al servizio. Da allora, abbiamo appreso un sacco di lezioni, e adesso abbiamo messo in atto un servizio che riteniamo sia molto più sostenibile".

Il problema inerente la sua base dei costi è stato affrontato mediante diverse iniziative. Oltre ad intensificare la propria solita efficienza, la Freightliner ora affida all'esterno il 50% circa della propria capacità a clienti sulla base del concetto "usato o non usato".

Precisa Maybury: "La nostra cosiddetta politica dei carri a contratto, che è stata intensamente promossa nel corso degli ultimi 18 mesi, è stata un completo successo. Invece di chiederci i containers casualmente giorno per giorno, i clienti possono ora contrattare l'andata e ritorno dei carri su determinati treni in cambio di tariffe più basse e maggiore certezza rispetto alla disponibilità della capacità".

Continua poi: "La bellezza del sistema sta nel fatto che essa incoraggia gli utenti a programmare le loro esigenze di trasporto in maniera più efficace. Devono farlo, perché altrimenti condividerebbero i nostri guai. Ad esempio, invece di caricare un solo container su un carro, li paga perché ne trovino tre, oppure un 40 piedi ed un 20 piedi, e, poiché il costo del posizionamento dei vuoti è così trasparente, vengono fatti maggiori sforzi per trovare i carichi di ritorno. Noi calcoliamo che - partendo dal presupposto che l'intero sistema sia gestito con accortezza - i clienti possano conseguire risparmi percentuali a doppia cifra".

Un ampliamento di questa politica, introdotta solamente nel settembre 2001, è quella di effettuare un intero treno-blocco per singoli clienti. La Freightliner ora effettua un servizio esclusivo di treno-blocco da Southampton a Manchester per la OOCL. Un accordo simile è stato concluso in ordine alla tratta Felixtowe-Widnes per la Maersk Sealand nel corso del mese di gennaio, ed altri dovrebbero seguire.

Alla domanda di spiegare come mai tali accordi non fossero stati conclusi in precedenza, Maybury ha risposto: "Non possiamo parlare per i nostri clienti, ma, come avviene per noi, sembra chiaramente che le loro necessità siano in una fase di evoluzione. In alcuni casi, può darsi che non siamo stati in grado di concludere tali accordi perché non eravamo in condizione di vedere come stavano realmente le cose".

Un altro modo utilizzato dalla Freightliner per ridurre i costi e migliorare il servizio è consistito nel concentrarsi in maniera più lineare sui servizi navetta da capolinea a capolinea. Invece di caricare contenitori per diverse destinazioni sullo stesso treno, la società ora offre solo navette per una destinazione.

Precisa Maybury: "Il vantaggio del sistema sta nel fatto che evitiamo i ritardi smistando i carri per strada. Ad esempio, solitamente i containers da Southampton a Leeds venivano caricati sullo stesso treno che andava da Liverpool a Manchester e poi erano suddivisi presso l'hub centrale di Crewe. Il successo dell'intero sistema dipendeva dal fatto che i treni in coincidenza fossero in orario e che l'operazione a Crewe andasse liscia. Dall'aprile di quest'anno abbiamo eliminato questo rischio tutti insieme".

La sperimentazione era cominciata qualche mese prima, al fine di osservare se era un'ipotesi percorribile, e adesso i servizi diretti sono in pieno corso. Secondo la Freightliner, il suo indicatore-chiave delle prestazioni, "l'arrivo in orario del treno", da allora è balzato dal 92% al 97%. Dichiara Maybury: "La nostra spina nel fianco sul breve termine è che non è così facile offrire la stessa frequenza di prima per alcune delle destinazioni minori, in particolar modo da Thamesport e da Tilbury, e l'utilizzazione dei nostri carri può rivelarsi minore; tuttavia, speriamo di porvi rimedio in breve".

Un altro vantaggio del sistema è che le operazioni al terminal contenitori vengono migliorate presso entrambi i capolinea, poiché debbono essere selezionati solamente containers indirizzati ad una destinazione. Di conseguenza, la Freightliner è stata in grado di incrementare il numero dei treni movimentati a Felixtowe da 13 a 14 al giorno ed a Southampton da 11 a 13 al giorno.

La Freightliner ha recentemente incrementato la propria flotta di locomotori della Classe 66 utilizzati nella propria divisione intermodale portandoli da 6 a 17. Oltre ad essere in grado di spingere carichi più pesanti - talvolta ci volevano due locomotori della Classe 47 per un treno - c'è bisogno di assai minore manutenzione. Un locomotore della Classe 66 ha bisogno di essere controllata solamente ogni 40.000 miglia, rispetto alle 4.000 di una della Classe 47.

La strategia di marketing della società resta molto concentrata sui vettori marittimi, sebbene anche una piccola percentuale di attività sia stata catturata direttamente tramite i caricatori o gli spedizionieri. Maybury precisa: "La questione è delicata perché qui vi è un chiaro potenziale conflitto d'interessi, ma pensiamo di avere gestito la cosa responsabilmente, finora. L'unico caso in cui accetteremmo il carico direttamente dai caricatori potrebbe essere allorquando ritenessimo che la modalità ferrovia potrebbe perderlo ai sensi del merchant haulage".

Uno di questi clienti è la Trident International, uno spedizioniere specializzato in attività con origine asiatica. Il suo direttore generale, Gary Wilcock, commenta: "Nel periodo di 11 mesi sino al 1° aprile 2002, abbiamo movimentato complessivamente 20.480 TEU. Anche se di solito preferiamo il trasporto stradale, adesso abbiamo i nostri contatti con la Freightliner a Southampton, che pensiamo lavori bene. E comunque, abbiamo sempre preferito il merchant haulage".

I vettori marittimi possono sia negoziare i propri contratti direttamente con la Freightliner, sia farlo attraverso una società costituita con l'autotrasportatore SOCL (Securicor Omega Container Logistics) denominata Masterhaul. Maybury scende nei dettagli: "Anche se la SOCL sembrerebbe un concorrente, abbiamo strette relazioni di lavoro con la società e non vi è dubbio che essa ci apporti valore".

E continua: "I vettori come la Hanjin, la Senator Linie e la Hamburg Sud sembrano contenti di lasciare che la Masterhaul decida quando si dovrebbe usare la ferrovia e quando la strada, invece di contrattare da sé con gli autotrasportatori, e questo è perfettamente accettabile per noi. Ad esempio, il 40% circa dell'attività della Hanjin ora viene movimentato per ferrovia, e sarei felice di poter dire di essere riuscito ad ottenere questa quota da tutti. Solo altri tre fanno meglio".

Pertanto, quali nuove strategie ha pianificato le Freightliner con il futuro? Risponde Maybury: "Adesso dobbiamo concentrarci di più sui servizi a valore aggiunto, in particolar modo quelli correlati alla tecnologia informatica. Ad esempio, noi non offriamo ancora l'effettuazione elettronica degli ordini od un sistema elettronico di tracking, ma speriamo di introdurre un servizio pilota alla fine di quest'anno. Abbiamo altresì bisogno di trovare altre maniere per lavorare a più stretto contatto con i nostri clienti nei porti, perché crediamo ancora che in questo modo altra capacità possa essere tirata fuori da un sistema ferroviario ormai al limite".

Sebbene consapevole dei nuovi concorrenti che stanno arrivando nel mercato, Maybury non sembra preoccuparsene. Afferma infatti: "Per molti versi, la concorrenza è una buona cosa, perché ci tiene sull'attenti, ma nessuno può competere con noi su scala nazionale".

Anche stando così le cose, c'è ora un nuovo concorrente che sembra determinato a realizzare una propria rete nel Regno Unito. La società in questione, denominata GB Railfreight, ha dato inizio ad un servizio ferroviario dedicato da Felixtowe e Selby per la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) nello scorso mese di febbraio, impiegando un parco di sette locomotori della Classe 66 noleggiati. Da allora, e sino alla fine di maggio, essa ha effettuato con successo 91 convogli su questa tratta, l'89% dei quali sono arrivati nell'arco di mezz'ora dall'orario previsto. Essa ha appena inaugurato un ulteriore servizio per il medesimo vettore da Felixtowe e da Hams Hall, appena fuori Birmingham.

Ciò fa seguito ad un precedente tentativo di entrare nel mercato lo scorso anno da Felixtowe a Doncaster attraverso Johnson Stevens, agenzia della China Shipping Container Line, della Holland Maas e della IRISL (Linea di navigazione della Repubblica Islamica dell'Iran).

John Smith, direttore generale della GB Railfreight, commenta: "Pensiamo che nel mercato ci sia alla fin fine posto per un altro operatore come noi, perché il mercato stesso è pronto a crescere. Sfortunatamente, sebbene siamo stati vicini a raggiungere un accordo commerciale con la Johnson Stevens, poi non se ne è fatto più nulla a causa del loro desiderio di ottenere una qual certa forma di esclusiva che noi non potevamo accettare".

La GB Railfreight appartiene alla GB Railways, che detiene una concessione per il trasporto passeggeri nel Regno Unito. Essa possiede altri cinque locomotori della Classe 66 che dovrebbero arrivare dal Canada a giugno; essi verranno utilizzati per incrementare la frequenza del suo servizio Selby da tre a cinque giorni alla settimana.

Continua Smith: "L'intasamento delle strade diventa chiaramente sempre peggiore, e notiamo che la proposta di direttiva dell'Unione Europea sugli orari di lavoro, che dovrebbe entrare in vigore il prossimo anno, potrebbe avere un notevole effetto sulla struttura dei costi degli autotrasportatori".

Aggiunge poi: "Non siamo in grado di competere con la Freightliner su base nazionale, ma riteniamo di poter competere con loro su certe tratte mediante una più rigorosa utilizzazione delle nostre strutture ed una maggiore attenzione alla clientela. Ad esempio, laddove le operazioni della Freightliner sono frammentate, come avviene a Felixtowe, noi potremmo farvi arrivare e ripartire i nostri treni in cinque ore in luogo delle tradizionali dodici. I nostri treni arrivano alle 20.30 e partono alle 01.30. Qualche volta, poi, potremmo essere in grado di fare arrivare e ripartire i nostri treni a Hams Hall in soli 90 minuti".

La GB Railfreight non gestisce terminals propri né fornisce servizi di autotrasporto, di modo che si concentra unicamente sui propri servizi ferroviari. Charles Garn, direttore generale per il trasporto della Medite, l'agenzia della MSC per il Regno Unito, commenta: "Quello che ci piace della GB Railfreight è questa attenzione nel cercare un orario fisso. Non ci sono pasticci con carri o contenitori vaganti nel porto, di modo che si perde meno tempo nel corso delle operazioni di carico e scarico".

La Medite spera, attraverso l'utilizzazione dell'operatore, di essere in grado di tornare a movimentare almeno il 45% del proprio traffico per ferrovia, situazione in cui si trovava sino al 1997-98, invece dell'attuale 24%. Come molti utenti dei servizi di trasporto, essa è altresì preoccupata circa la direttiva dell'Unione Europea sugli orari di lavoro nonché per il crescente congestionamento del traffico stradale.

Continua Garn: "Lavorare con la GB Railfreight nel modo in cui lo facciamo ci ha insegnato come utilizzare i nostri carri al meglio e come ottenere il massimo dal sistema, che noi pensiamo sia buono per chiunque. I nostri clienti ottengono un servizio migliore e noi creiamo molta necessaria capacità in più sulle infrastrutture".

Il problema con la Railtrack, l'ente attualmente responsabile delle politiche di gestione delle infrastrutture e stazioni ferroviarie del Regno Unito, continua. Ma, a giudicare dalle apparenze, i caricatori ed i vettori marittimi sembrano essere in vista di migliori servizi.
(da: Containerisation International, luglio 2002)


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In the first eight months of 2025, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +10.6%
Gioia Tauro
2,912,943 TEUs were handled
Stena Line to buy Latvian port operator Terrabalt
Gothenburg
It handles rolling stock, bulk cargo, and general cargo traffic in the port of Liepaja.
Meyer Turku begins construction of Royal Caribbean's fourth "Icon"-class cruise ship
Miami/Turku
It will be delivered in 2027
More than one in ten maritime shipments has shortages
Washington
This is what a report by the World Shipping Council has revealed, highlighting the safety risks
Last July, traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +3.8%
Ravenna
In the first seven months of 2025, growth was +5.4%
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -3.2%.
Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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