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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 10/99 - OCTOBER 1999

Industry

Le speranze dei produttori di contenitori

Gli analisti specializzati in partecipazioni azionarie della Jangsu Securities recentemente si sono dedicati ad un giochetto. Gli analisti, infatti, hanno suddiviso le 868 società commerciali cinesi in 46 settori di attività e hanno poi classificato questi settori a seconda della resa media per azione. L'industria produttrice di contenitori si è rivelata il settore con le migliori prestazioni, data la resa per azione pari a 0,069 dollari, seguita dalle distillerie, dall'industria aeronautica e dall'abbigliamento.

Questa notizia potrebbe sembrare sorprendente alla maggior parte degli operatori attivi nel settore della costruzione di box. I prezzi dei contenitori franco fabbrica sono attestati al livello più basso degli ultimi 20 anni ed oltre. Inoltre, i produttori si trovano ora a dover fronteggiare una riduzione dei margini ancora peggiore dato che i prezzi di alcune materie prime e componenti cominciano a muoversi verso l'alto. E si sa che il 70% circa dei produttori cinesi di containers è in perdita.

Pertanto, come ha fatto il settore in questione a conseguire la suddetta condizione di stella di prima grandezza? La risposta sembrerebbe risiedere nella crescente divisione del settore tra una manciata di grossi fornitori dotati di molteplici fabbriche ed il resto, vale a dire piccoli produttori di nicchia, alcuni dei quali traggono dall'attività una discreta sopravvivenza, mentre tanti altri no. Senza dubbio, i grandi gruppi stanno diventando ancora più grandi. Le preferenze imprenditoriali della HPI (Hyundai Precision & Industry), della CIMC (China International Marine Containers), della Jindo e della Singamas non solo sono in grado di ingenerare economie di scala nella produzione di unità per carichi secchi, ma fanno sì che vengano sempre più utilizzate le loro capacità ad impianti multipli per costruire altri contenitori refrigerati e speciali, mettendosi così in condizione di far fronte a tutte le esigenze relative ai parchi-unità di una società di noleggio o di una compagnia di navigazione.

I prezzi sembrano alla fine essersi ripresi, dopo due o tre anni di discesa a spirale. Come dichiara Stanley Mok, della Winco Containers di Hong Kong, l'agente internazionale per la fabbrica Dongguan Winco Container situata nella provincia meridionale di Guangdong, 1.450 dollari USA rappresentano un prezzo ragionevole per una unità da 20 piedi per carichi secchi nel mercato corrente. La Dongguan Winco è un costruttore relativamente nuovo, avendo cominciato la produzione a maggio del 1998. La società, che è stata costituita dal governo regionale di Dongguan, è una dei produttori minori (al momento, circa 15.000 TEU all'anno) ma riesce a sopravvivere. Mok conferma che la maggior parte delle fabbriche in questo momento sono molto indaffarate "ma che i prezzi sono ancora molto bassi". Egli prevede che vi sarà un sostenuto aumento dei prezzi nel corso del terzo trimestre, forse dell'ordine del 5%. Altri operatori del settore non sono proprio così ottimisti, ma vi è la sensazione generale che i prezzi adesso si siano almeno stabilizzati e che alla produzione del trimestre conclusivo possano essere applicati prezzi più alti del 2-3%.

Nel proprio rapporto sui primi sei mesi dell'anno, la CIMC ha previsto in effetti che i prezzi possano impennarsi. Molti produttori pregano perché ciò avvenga davvero. Al momento attuale ci sono in Cina poco più di 40 produttori, ma si pensa che il 70% almeno si trovi in cattive condizioni finanziarie. Si dice che solamente il 25% stia producendo a pieno ritmo, malgrado le zattere di salvataggio dei finanziamenti e degli altri provvedimenti assistenziali da parte delle autorità centrali e locali. Il problema non è tanto il calo della domanda (sebbene essa abbia oscillato un po' negli ultimi mesi) bensì il massiccio eccesso di capacità. Le linee di navigazione e le società di noleggio si sono date da fare ad ordinare nuovi contenitori nel corso della maggior parte degli ultimi anni, nella (giusta) aspettativa che gli attuali prezzi bassi non potessero durare per sempre.

In altri settori industriali (e certamente in altri paesi) molte delle fabbriche che in Cina ora producono in perdita sarebbero ormai state chiuse. Peraltro, esistono altre e diverse considerazioni da fare in ordine all'economia della produzione cinese di containers. Molte di queste fabbriche sono state costituite da organismi governativi regionali e locali con il duplice scopo di creare posti di lavoro e di guadagnare valuta estera (i contenitori vengono sempre prezzati in dollari USA). Dato che il capitale assegnato a questi impianti è spesso fornito da banche locali, tenerne chiuse un mucchio potrebbe essere disastroso per il già traballante sistema bancario cinese. Così, a queste fabbriche viene consentito di sfornare in gran quantità forniture senza fine di contenitori per la maggior parte sotto ordinazione allo scopo di mantenere solvibili nel complesso le economie regionali anche nel caso che i produttori non riescano ad ottenere ciò singolarmente.

Si dice che la situazione sia ancora peggiore nella regione di Shanghai, dove il massiccio eccesso di capacità nella produzione sta costringendo alcune imprese a vendere le unità da 20 piedi per carichi secchi a soltanto 1.250-1.300 dollari USA. Le fabbriche situate nel nord del paese, dove non c'è una così alta concentrazione di fornitori, se la passano meglio dal punto di vista dei prezzi. E' tale la morsa dei produttori cinesi sul mercato mondiale (essi rappresentano più del 75% della produzione mondiale) che adesso essi costituiscono il punto di riferimento per gli altri produttori asiatici, la cui conseguenza è stata la standardizzazione del prezzo in circa 1.650 dollari USA per un'unità da 20 piedi per carichi secchi posizionata presso i porti asiatici di traffico primario al di fuori della Cina. Le ripercussioni per i produttori di questi altri paesi asiatici sono state abbastanza tragiche.

Secondo uno dei maggiori produttori, la Singamas, il calo della domanda di contenitori in Asia è continuato dalla seconda metà del 1998 alla prima metà del 1999. Gli squilibri di traffico hanno avuto quale conseguenza il fatto che i contenitori vuoti continuano ad accatastarsi nei porti statunitensi ed europei e che gli elevati costi di riposizionamento di questi box di ritorno in Asia ha altresì dissuaso le società di noleggio dall'effettuare ordinazioni relative a nuovi contenitori. Ma, a dispetto di questi problemi, il gruppo ha fatto in modo di incrementare la produzione complessiva sino a 41.593 TEU, vendendone 38.155, il che significa un aumento - rispettivamente - del 12,5% e del 7% rispetto al corrispondente periodo dello scorso anno.

La società ha aggiunto che, peraltro, il prezzo di vendita per i contenitori per carichi secchi si è stabilizzato negli ultimi mesi e che essa è stata in grado di controbilanciare gli effetti degli aumenti dei prezzi delle materie prime mediante l'attento controllo della produttività e dei costi. Al fine di conseguire maggiori economie di scala, la produzione delle unità per carichi secchi e dei flatracks pieghevoli si è incrementata del 12,5% rispetto alla prima metà del 1998 sino a 40.222 TEU.

I risultati produttivi della società saranno resi ancora migliori in seguito all'accordo finalizzato a farla diventare operatore e gestore congiunto della infrastruttura Shun An Da (Shunde Shun An Da Container Manufacturing) di Shunde, in Cina. La fabbrica, che produce contenitori convenzionali per carichi secchi, così come unità speciali da 45 e 48 piedi, ha una capacità annua pari a 120.000 TEU, sebbene la produzione dello scorso anno sia stata di appena 46.000 TEU. Tra i principali clienti della fabbrica vi sono la Textainer, la Hapag-Lloyd, la Hamburg-Süd, la Capital Lease, la Gold Container, la UCS, la CAI, la Interpool e la Maersk.

"Questo accordo mette la Singamas in condizione di istituire una più ampia rete produttiva che si estende dalla parte centrale a quella meridionale della Repubblica Popolare della Cina e di capitalizzare la crescente domanda di contenitori, in particolar modo nella parte meridionale del paese" afferma Chang Yun Chun, presidente del gruppo.

Attualmente, la Singamas dispone di quattro infrastrutture produttive in Cina e di una a Surabaya, in Indonesia. Queste fabbriche hanno prodotto complessivamente 73.000 TEU nel 1998. L'aggiunta dell'impianto di Shunde rafforzerà la presenza della società nella Cina meridionale, specialmente nella regione di Guangdong. La fabbrica di Shunde ha due linee di produzione e possiede e gestisce un proprio terminal ed ormeggio dotati di avanzate infrastrutture per il carico. "Noi crediamo che le avanzate infrastrutture produttive di Shun An da, il personale qualificato ed esperto e la localizzazione strategica, unitamente alla già affermata base clientelare della società, migliorerà notevolmente la nostra competitività" aggiunge Chang. "A meno di circostanze imprevedibili, confidiamo di conseguire risultati migliori nella seconda metà dell'anno".

Come se la pressione dall'alto da parte degli acquirenti di containers non fosse già abbastanza, vi è anche la pressione esercitata (letteralmente) dal basso. I prezzi della pavimentazione dei contenitori, infatti, sono saliti alle stelle lo scorso anno, da circa 420 dollari USA a circa 700 dollari USA per metro cubo. Tale aumento è dovuto alla crescita a spirale dei prezzi del compensato indonesiano, cioè il legno più comunemente usato per la pavimentazione dei contenitori, che è stata indotta per lo più dalla crescente domanda dell'industria edilizia asiatica, che si trova nel mezzo di una sostenuta ripresa dopo 18 mesi di difficili momenti.

L'industria cinese ha tentato di ridurre la propria dipendenza dai materiali importati per la produzione di containers e ha fatto passi importanti nella ricerca di buona qualità, ad esempio di acciaio prodotto localmente. Ma il compensato da pavimentazioni, che rappresenta il 15% circa del costo totale di costruzione di un container, è ancora nelle mani dei fornitori d'oltremare, per lo più dall'Indonesia. Fonti industriali stimano che qualcosa come l'85% del materiale da pavimentazione utilizzato dai produttori cinesi di containers lo scorso anno provenisse dall'Indonesia.

La Camera di Commercio Cinese ha fatto pressioni sui produttori affinché cercassero fornitori alternativi, sia dal punto di vista geografico (cioè, alcuni paesi africani produttori di legno tropicale) sia per il tipo (bambù invece del compensato). La CIMC è un costruttore di contenitori che si è attivata alla ricerca di fornitori alternativi di pavimentazioni. Il 26 luglio scorso si è svolta una manifestazione presso l'impianto di Xinhui della CIMC allo scopo di comunicare pubblicamente la fondazione della Xinhui CIMC Container Floor Board Manufacture Co. Questa nuova società, che dispone di un capitale di 2,3 milioni di dollari USA, è un'associazione commerciale tra il gruppo CIMC, la Silverroad Investment di Hong Kong e la Xinhui Da'o Economic Development General Co.

La nuova associazione si giustifica nel contesto dell'intenzione della CIMC di attenuare la propria dipendenza dalla produzione di un gran numero di unità per carichi secchi. Nel mese di ottobre la proprietà della fabbrica di refrigerati di Qingdao è stata trasferita alla CIMC; la società che ne è risultata è stata denominata Qingdao CIMC Reefer Container Manufacturer Co Ltd. Essa dovrebbe cominciare la produzione una volta portate a termine le procedure di vendita ed una volta realizzata la fusione delle attività della nuova fabbrica con le attuali operazioni della CIMC. L'intenzione della CIMC è quella di diventare il più grosso produttore di refrigerati in Cina.

La nuova associazione commerciale è il risultato del trasferimento di tutte (fatta eccezione per una partecipazione del 16,2%) le quote dell'impianto appartenenti alla Hyundai Precision & Industry al gruppo holding della CIMC ed alla società affiliata di Hong Kong. La CIMC ora detiene il 75,2% della fabbrica, mentre il restante 8,6% è controllato dalla Commissione Amministrativa della Jiaozhou Economic & Technological Development Construction General Co. Lo scorso anno, la produzione della CIMC ha totalizzato 330.399 TEU, con un aumento del 16% rispetto al 1997. I volumi di vendita sono aumentati del 19% sino a 335.552 TEU. Nella prima metà di quest'anno, la società ha venduto 165.433 TEU di unità per carichi secchi, rispetto ad una produzione complessiva di 168.648 TEU. I profitti sono aumentati marginalmente, malgrado il calo del fatturato.
(da: Container Management, settembre 1999)

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Hanwha brings Philadelphia Naval Shipyard under Defense Division control
Arlington
The goal is to integrate the construction of commercial and military ships
The Ports of La Spezia and Carrara approve the 2027-2029 Three-Year Public Works Program and the 2027 Budget.
La Spezia
Pisano: PTLP concrete and consistent with currently available resources
Port concessions: Regional Administrative Court (TAR) blocks 2025 fee increase
Rome
The appeal of Assiterminal and sixteen port companies has been accepted.
Wärtsilä sees quarterly order increases, but not in the Marine segment
Helsinki
In the period July-September the company recorded a net profit of 125 million euros (-31%)
Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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