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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 10/99 - OCTOBER 1999

Industry

Le speranze dei produttori di contenitori

Gli analisti specializzati in partecipazioni azionarie della Jangsu Securities recentemente si sono dedicati ad un giochetto. Gli analisti, infatti, hanno suddiviso le 868 società commerciali cinesi in 46 settori di attività e hanno poi classificato questi settori a seconda della resa media per azione. L'industria produttrice di contenitori si è rivelata il settore con le migliori prestazioni, data la resa per azione pari a 0,069 dollari, seguita dalle distillerie, dall'industria aeronautica e dall'abbigliamento.

Questa notizia potrebbe sembrare sorprendente alla maggior parte degli operatori attivi nel settore della costruzione di box. I prezzi dei contenitori franco fabbrica sono attestati al livello più basso degli ultimi 20 anni ed oltre. Inoltre, i produttori si trovano ora a dover fronteggiare una riduzione dei margini ancora peggiore dato che i prezzi di alcune materie prime e componenti cominciano a muoversi verso l'alto. E si sa che il 70% circa dei produttori cinesi di containers è in perdita.

Pertanto, come ha fatto il settore in questione a conseguire la suddetta condizione di stella di prima grandezza? La risposta sembrerebbe risiedere nella crescente divisione del settore tra una manciata di grossi fornitori dotati di molteplici fabbriche ed il resto, vale a dire piccoli produttori di nicchia, alcuni dei quali traggono dall'attività una discreta sopravvivenza, mentre tanti altri no. Senza dubbio, i grandi gruppi stanno diventando ancora più grandi. Le preferenze imprenditoriali della HPI (Hyundai Precision & Industry), della CIMC (China International Marine Containers), della Jindo e della Singamas non solo sono in grado di ingenerare economie di scala nella produzione di unità per carichi secchi, ma fanno sì che vengano sempre più utilizzate le loro capacità ad impianti multipli per costruire altri contenitori refrigerati e speciali, mettendosi così in condizione di far fronte a tutte le esigenze relative ai parchi-unità di una società di noleggio o di una compagnia di navigazione.

I prezzi sembrano alla fine essersi ripresi, dopo due o tre anni di discesa a spirale. Come dichiara Stanley Mok, della Winco Containers di Hong Kong, l'agente internazionale per la fabbrica Dongguan Winco Container situata nella provincia meridionale di Guangdong, 1.450 dollari USA rappresentano un prezzo ragionevole per una unità da 20 piedi per carichi secchi nel mercato corrente. La Dongguan Winco è un costruttore relativamente nuovo, avendo cominciato la produzione a maggio del 1998. La società, che è stata costituita dal governo regionale di Dongguan, è una dei produttori minori (al momento, circa 15.000 TEU all'anno) ma riesce a sopravvivere. Mok conferma che la maggior parte delle fabbriche in questo momento sono molto indaffarate "ma che i prezzi sono ancora molto bassi". Egli prevede che vi sarà un sostenuto aumento dei prezzi nel corso del terzo trimestre, forse dell'ordine del 5%. Altri operatori del settore non sono proprio così ottimisti, ma vi è la sensazione generale che i prezzi adesso si siano almeno stabilizzati e che alla produzione del trimestre conclusivo possano essere applicati prezzi più alti del 2-3%.

Nel proprio rapporto sui primi sei mesi dell'anno, la CIMC ha previsto in effetti che i prezzi possano impennarsi. Molti produttori pregano perché ciò avvenga davvero. Al momento attuale ci sono in Cina poco più di 40 produttori, ma si pensa che il 70% almeno si trovi in cattive condizioni finanziarie. Si dice che solamente il 25% stia producendo a pieno ritmo, malgrado le zattere di salvataggio dei finanziamenti e degli altri provvedimenti assistenziali da parte delle autorità centrali e locali. Il problema non è tanto il calo della domanda (sebbene essa abbia oscillato un po' negli ultimi mesi) bensì il massiccio eccesso di capacità. Le linee di navigazione e le società di noleggio si sono date da fare ad ordinare nuovi contenitori nel corso della maggior parte degli ultimi anni, nella (giusta) aspettativa che gli attuali prezzi bassi non potessero durare per sempre.

In altri settori industriali (e certamente in altri paesi) molte delle fabbriche che in Cina ora producono in perdita sarebbero ormai state chiuse. Peraltro, esistono altre e diverse considerazioni da fare in ordine all'economia della produzione cinese di containers. Molte di queste fabbriche sono state costituite da organismi governativi regionali e locali con il duplice scopo di creare posti di lavoro e di guadagnare valuta estera (i contenitori vengono sempre prezzati in dollari USA). Dato che il capitale assegnato a questi impianti è spesso fornito da banche locali, tenerne chiuse un mucchio potrebbe essere disastroso per il già traballante sistema bancario cinese. Così, a queste fabbriche viene consentito di sfornare in gran quantità forniture senza fine di contenitori per la maggior parte sotto ordinazione allo scopo di mantenere solvibili nel complesso le economie regionali anche nel caso che i produttori non riescano ad ottenere ciò singolarmente.

Si dice che la situazione sia ancora peggiore nella regione di Shanghai, dove il massiccio eccesso di capacità nella produzione sta costringendo alcune imprese a vendere le unità da 20 piedi per carichi secchi a soltanto 1.250-1.300 dollari USA. Le fabbriche situate nel nord del paese, dove non c'è una così alta concentrazione di fornitori, se la passano meglio dal punto di vista dei prezzi. E' tale la morsa dei produttori cinesi sul mercato mondiale (essi rappresentano più del 75% della produzione mondiale) che adesso essi costituiscono il punto di riferimento per gli altri produttori asiatici, la cui conseguenza è stata la standardizzazione del prezzo in circa 1.650 dollari USA per un'unità da 20 piedi per carichi secchi posizionata presso i porti asiatici di traffico primario al di fuori della Cina. Le ripercussioni per i produttori di questi altri paesi asiatici sono state abbastanza tragiche.

Secondo uno dei maggiori produttori, la Singamas, il calo della domanda di contenitori in Asia è continuato dalla seconda metà del 1998 alla prima metà del 1999. Gli squilibri di traffico hanno avuto quale conseguenza il fatto che i contenitori vuoti continuano ad accatastarsi nei porti statunitensi ed europei e che gli elevati costi di riposizionamento di questi box di ritorno in Asia ha altresì dissuaso le società di noleggio dall'effettuare ordinazioni relative a nuovi contenitori. Ma, a dispetto di questi problemi, il gruppo ha fatto in modo di incrementare la produzione complessiva sino a 41.593 TEU, vendendone 38.155, il che significa un aumento - rispettivamente - del 12,5% e del 7% rispetto al corrispondente periodo dello scorso anno.

La società ha aggiunto che, peraltro, il prezzo di vendita per i contenitori per carichi secchi si è stabilizzato negli ultimi mesi e che essa è stata in grado di controbilanciare gli effetti degli aumenti dei prezzi delle materie prime mediante l'attento controllo della produttività e dei costi. Al fine di conseguire maggiori economie di scala, la produzione delle unità per carichi secchi e dei flatracks pieghevoli si è incrementata del 12,5% rispetto alla prima metà del 1998 sino a 40.222 TEU.

I risultati produttivi della società saranno resi ancora migliori in seguito all'accordo finalizzato a farla diventare operatore e gestore congiunto della infrastruttura Shun An Da (Shunde Shun An Da Container Manufacturing) di Shunde, in Cina. La fabbrica, che produce contenitori convenzionali per carichi secchi, così come unità speciali da 45 e 48 piedi, ha una capacità annua pari a 120.000 TEU, sebbene la produzione dello scorso anno sia stata di appena 46.000 TEU. Tra i principali clienti della fabbrica vi sono la Textainer, la Hapag-Lloyd, la Hamburg-Süd, la Capital Lease, la Gold Container, la UCS, la CAI, la Interpool e la Maersk.

"Questo accordo mette la Singamas in condizione di istituire una più ampia rete produttiva che si estende dalla parte centrale a quella meridionale della Repubblica Popolare della Cina e di capitalizzare la crescente domanda di contenitori, in particolar modo nella parte meridionale del paese" afferma Chang Yun Chun, presidente del gruppo.

Attualmente, la Singamas dispone di quattro infrastrutture produttive in Cina e di una a Surabaya, in Indonesia. Queste fabbriche hanno prodotto complessivamente 73.000 TEU nel 1998. L'aggiunta dell'impianto di Shunde rafforzerà la presenza della società nella Cina meridionale, specialmente nella regione di Guangdong. La fabbrica di Shunde ha due linee di produzione e possiede e gestisce un proprio terminal ed ormeggio dotati di avanzate infrastrutture per il carico. "Noi crediamo che le avanzate infrastrutture produttive di Shun An da, il personale qualificato ed esperto e la localizzazione strategica, unitamente alla già affermata base clientelare della società, migliorerà notevolmente la nostra competitività" aggiunge Chang. "A meno di circostanze imprevedibili, confidiamo di conseguire risultati migliori nella seconda metà dell'anno".

Come se la pressione dall'alto da parte degli acquirenti di containers non fosse già abbastanza, vi è anche la pressione esercitata (letteralmente) dal basso. I prezzi della pavimentazione dei contenitori, infatti, sono saliti alle stelle lo scorso anno, da circa 420 dollari USA a circa 700 dollari USA per metro cubo. Tale aumento è dovuto alla crescita a spirale dei prezzi del compensato indonesiano, cioè il legno più comunemente usato per la pavimentazione dei contenitori, che è stata indotta per lo più dalla crescente domanda dell'industria edilizia asiatica, che si trova nel mezzo di una sostenuta ripresa dopo 18 mesi di difficili momenti.

L'industria cinese ha tentato di ridurre la propria dipendenza dai materiali importati per la produzione di containers e ha fatto passi importanti nella ricerca di buona qualità, ad esempio di acciaio prodotto localmente. Ma il compensato da pavimentazioni, che rappresenta il 15% circa del costo totale di costruzione di un container, è ancora nelle mani dei fornitori d'oltremare, per lo più dall'Indonesia. Fonti industriali stimano che qualcosa come l'85% del materiale da pavimentazione utilizzato dai produttori cinesi di containers lo scorso anno provenisse dall'Indonesia.

La Camera di Commercio Cinese ha fatto pressioni sui produttori affinché cercassero fornitori alternativi, sia dal punto di vista geografico (cioè, alcuni paesi africani produttori di legno tropicale) sia per il tipo (bambù invece del compensato). La CIMC è un costruttore di contenitori che si è attivata alla ricerca di fornitori alternativi di pavimentazioni. Il 26 luglio scorso si è svolta una manifestazione presso l'impianto di Xinhui della CIMC allo scopo di comunicare pubblicamente la fondazione della Xinhui CIMC Container Floor Board Manufacture Co. Questa nuova società, che dispone di un capitale di 2,3 milioni di dollari USA, è un'associazione commerciale tra il gruppo CIMC, la Silverroad Investment di Hong Kong e la Xinhui Da'o Economic Development General Co.

La nuova associazione si giustifica nel contesto dell'intenzione della CIMC di attenuare la propria dipendenza dalla produzione di un gran numero di unità per carichi secchi. Nel mese di ottobre la proprietà della fabbrica di refrigerati di Qingdao è stata trasferita alla CIMC; la società che ne è risultata è stata denominata Qingdao CIMC Reefer Container Manufacturer Co Ltd. Essa dovrebbe cominciare la produzione una volta portate a termine le procedure di vendita ed una volta realizzata la fusione delle attività della nuova fabbrica con le attuali operazioni della CIMC. L'intenzione della CIMC è quella di diventare il più grosso produttore di refrigerati in Cina.

La nuova associazione commerciale è il risultato del trasferimento di tutte (fatta eccezione per una partecipazione del 16,2%) le quote dell'impianto appartenenti alla Hyundai Precision & Industry al gruppo holding della CIMC ed alla società affiliata di Hong Kong. La CIMC ora detiene il 75,2% della fabbrica, mentre il restante 8,6% è controllato dalla Commissione Amministrativa della Jiaozhou Economic & Technological Development Construction General Co. Lo scorso anno, la produzione della CIMC ha totalizzato 330.399 TEU, con un aumento del 16% rispetto al 1997. I volumi di vendita sono aumentati del 19% sino a 335.552 TEU. Nella prima metà di quest'anno, la società ha venduto 165.433 TEU di unità per carichi secchi, rispetto ad una produzione complessiva di 168.648 TEU. I profitti sono aumentati marginalmente, malgrado il calo del fatturato.
(da: Container Management, settembre 1999)

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Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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