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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 9/2002 - SEPTEMBER 2002

Trasporto fluviale

Il canale Amsterdam-Reno celebra il proprio 50° anniversario

Per Amsterdam, un collegamento col Reno efficiente e moderno rappresenta una questione rilevante da vari secoli. I traffici tra il Reno e le coste olandesi esistevano già da prima che venisse fondata la città sull'Amstel. La regolare navigazione da Amsterdam al Reno si è sviluppata sin dal 14° secolo, in particolar modo alla volta della città di Colonia, che era uno dei partners commerciali chiave di Amsterdam. Oltre alle macine ed ai manufatti di ferro, uno di principali prodotti che i caricatori del Reno trasportavano ad Amsterdam era il vino. Ma, ben prima di loro, già i Romani seguivano la via d'acqua per mezzo dei fiumi Kromme Rijn, Oude Rijn e Vecht.

Nel tardo Medio Evo, la direttrice correva per lo più lungo l'Ijssel, via Deventer. Le navi percorrevano altresì una rotta alternativa attraverso lo Zuiderzee sino al Vecht nei pressi di Muiden, per raggiungere quindi il Lek attraverso il Vaartse Rijin. Più tardi, le navi più piccole erano anche in grado di utilizzare una terza idrovia interna lungo l'Amstel ed il Weespertrekvaart sino al Vecht, il cosiddetto Keulse Vaart. Ma in qualsiasi momento nel corso del tempo, il ritmo con cui i traffici idroviari crescevano quanto a numeri e dimensioni superava il ritmo con cui le nuove rotte sostituivano quelle vecchie. I fiumi erano troppo poco profondi e le idrovie e le chiuse troppo piccole per consentire il passaggio alle navi del Reno sempre più grandi.

Il canale Merwede

Anche il canale Merwede, utilizzato dal 1892 in poi, si rivelò dopo solo pochi anni insufficiente per il sempre crescente traffico da e per Amsterdam. Una delle limitazioni del canale era costituita dal fatto che esso poteva far passare contemporaneamente solo con grande prudenza le navi di oltre 2.000 tonnellate che era in grado di accogliere e quelle del tipo maggiore permesso. Perciò vi erano limitazioni alle partenze notturne, alla velocità di rimorchio ed alla lunghezza delle navi. I sorpassi non potevano assolutamente essere presi in considerazione, il che significava che le navi più veloci dovevano attardarsi dietro ai rimorchiatori più lenti. Il canale, però, andava a colmare un evidente vuoto nella rete navigabile, il che lo rendeva molto popolare. Esso divenne presto l'idrovia più trafficata dei Paesi Bassi.

Anche i tanti ponti girevoli e ferroviari lungo la via d'acqua erano fonte di notevoli ritardi e le chiuse di Vreeswijk ed Utrecht presto non furono più in grado di far fronte alla sfida. Nel suo libro "Un secolo di impianti idrici nei Paesi Bassi", Ger H. Knap fornisce un'interessante descrizione delle conseguenze del traffico eccessivo attraverso le chiuse di Vreesvijk, dove occorreva passare per viaggiare dal canale al Lek: "E lentamente la situazione era divenuta tale che durante l'anno la maggior parte dei figli dei naviganti erano nati a Vreeswijk: che poi era il posto dove si trovavano le ostetriche e quindi le mogli dei naviganti avevano tutto il tempo di diventare madri. Questo, perché talvolta ci volevano ore se non giorni per passare le chiuse e certe volte si formava una tale fila di navi che per passare la chiusa ci voleva più di una settimana".

La costruzione del canale Amsterdam-Reno

Si doveva fare qualcosa, se Amsterdam voleva conservare la propria importanza come porto ed assumere una posizione competitiva per il futuro. Nel 1921, una commissione statale pubblicò i primi risultati di uno studio circa il modo più efficace per "realizzare al più presto possibile" una rotta navigabile più ampia da Amsterdam al Reno Superiore.

Fu necessario aspettare sino al 27 marzo 1931 perché venisse approvata una legge per la costruzione del nuovo canale da Amsterdam all'Alto Reno, con un ramo secondario verso il Lek nei pressi di Vreesvijk: il canale Amsterdam-Reno. Dopo attenta valutazione, tutte le parti coinvolte erano pervenute ad un accordo circa il percorso del canale. Da Amsterdam ad Utrecht, la nuova idrovia avrebbe seguito lo stesso percorso del canale Merwede, che avrebbe dovuto essere adattato. La vecchia larghezza di 33 metri avrebbe dovuto essere raddoppiata e tutto il canale avrebbe dovuto essere scavato sino a 4,20 metri. Da Utrecht a Tiel via Wijk bij Duurstede, invece, avrebbe dovuto essere scavato un canale interamente nuovo, con un ramo da Jutphaas a Vreesvijk.

Non era previsto che il nuovo canale fosse del tutto privo di chiuse. Il canale, infatti, prevedeva chiuse a Wijk bij Duurstede ed a Tiel. Le chiuse di Ravenswaay sarebbero state attivate solamente nel caso vi fosse un livello dell'acqua eccezionalmente alto nel Lek, il che si sarebbe verificato più o meno 10 giorni all'anno. Persino le navi renane più grandi non sarebbero state ostacolate dai ponti, la cui altezza era prevista in nove metri, e dall'ampiezza del canale, pari a 82 metri per quasi tutto il percorso.

Ma il principale vantaggio derivante dalla costruzione del canale era rappresentato dall'abbreviamento di non meno di 40 km. del percorso da Amsterdam al confine tra Olanda e Germania a Lobith rispetto al vecchio percorso del canale Merwede. I 160 km. da Amsterdam a Pannerden costituivano l'idrovia più corta da qualsivoglia porto del Benelux al confine tedesco.

Vent'anni di pianificazione, costruzione e ritardi

Il nuovo canale avrebbe finalmente dato ad Amsterdam, ancora una volta, una connessione a tutti gli effetti con l'hinterland, e più in particolare con l'importante area della Ruhr. Ciò migliorò in modo eclatante la posizione del porto di Amsterdam rispetto ai suoi concorrenti, e, quando la legge venne approvata, Amsterdam poté tirare un sospiro di sollievo. Ma quasi subito dovette rimangiarselo, poiché la costruzione del canale Amsterdam-Reno doveva rivelarsi una lunga successione di interruzioni e ritardi sia durante le fasi preliminari che durante la costruzione stessa.

Una volta procurato il finanziamento relativo al nuovo canale, i lavori ebbero inizio nel 1934 con completamento previsto in programma per il 1941. Ma la seconda guerra mondiale gli mise i bastoni tra le ruote. L'ampliamento del canale da Utrecht a Vreesvijk era stato ultimato prima che la guerra cominciasse ed anche le chiuse Beatrix di Vreesvijk erano già diventate operative. Nel 1938, i lavori erano progrediti al punto tale che le chiuse di Wijk bij Duurstede erano state portate a termine e l'anno dopo erano state completate anche le chiuse di Ravenswaay. La costruzione delle chiuse Principe Bernardo nei pressi di Tiel continuò sino al 1943, ma in seguito le forze d'occupazione ordinarono la sospensione dei lavori.

Dopo la guerra, la penuria di materiali e problemi di bilancio fecero sì che i lavori tornassero alla normalità solo nel 1948. Il 21 maggio 1952, la Regina Giuliana finalmente inaugurò il canale Amsterdam-Reno. "E' bene constatare" afferma Wim Barneveld del dipartimento dei lavori pubblici "che anche a quei tempi la preparazione richiese molto più tempo dell'esecuzione".

Il rinnovamento del nuovo canale

Ma anche il nuovo canale presentò subito l'esigenza di essere ampliato a causa della crescita dei trasporti fluviali e delle maggiori dimensioni delle navi, in particolar modo in conseguenza della diffusione dei rimorchiatori a spinta. Questi lavori cominciarono nel 1965 col rinnovamento dei ponti ferroviari nei pressi di Utrecht e Weesp, che risalivano ai tempi del canale Merwede e presentavano un'ampiezza disponibile di 40 metri scarsi. Da Amsterdam a Wijk bij Duurstede, quasi tutto il canale per intero venne allargato sino a 100 metri e portato sino alla profondità di sei metri. Chiuse secondarie, lunghe 260 metri e larghe 24 metri, vennero costruite a Wijk bij Duurstede e Tiel al fine di accogliere i convogli di chiatte formati da quattro unità. Nel 1981, l'intero canale Amsterdam-Reno venne ufficialmente aperto ai convogli formati da quattro chiatte.

Una storia che non finisce mai

Peraltro, persino dopo quell'apertura il canale Amsterdam-Reno rimase in costruzione. Dal 1989 al 1994, la profondità dell'intero canale venne portata a sei metri. La maggior parte dell'idrovia era già abbastanza profonda e solo i porti franchi di Wijk bij Duurstede, Ravenswway e Tiel, nonché l'estuario del canale e la soglia della chiusa di Zeeburg ad Amsterdam costituivano ancora degli ostacoli. Il 23 marzo 1994 anche questi ultimi erano stati portati ad una profondità sufficiente, il che stava a significare che il canale, porti franchi compresi, avrebbe potuto essere aperto alle navi con pescaggio di quattro metri.
(da: Haven Amsterdam, vol. 34, n° 2- 2002)


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Global Ship Lease invests $917 million to purchase ten new container ships
Athens
They will be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2028 and the first quarter of 2030.
WASS (Fincantieri) and Magellan Agreement on Canada's Underwater Defense
Trieste
Industrial cooperation opportunities in the field of heavy torpedoes and countermeasures will be explored
Solutions to overcome the chronic staff shortage in the Italian maritime sector
Procida
Pagano (Maritime Labor Committee): Digitalization, simplification, and cooperation between training and businesses to overcome the crisis
Maritime training agreement signed by Gente di Mare (Cosulich) and Carnival
Genoa
Di Tizio: This collaboration allows us to bring an international project to the territory
Antipollution (V.Group) orders four eco-friendly vessels from ONEX Shipyards & Technologies
Athens
Option for four additional units
Spinelli has ordered three new handling vehicles from FTMH
Genoa
A reach stacker for empty containers has already entered service in the group's Livorno depot
Luigi Merlo to lead MSC Cruises' Italian cruise terminal company
Geneva
Centrone (formerly Fincantieri) takes over as Director of Maritime Policies and Government Affairs for the group in Italy
Greece's Skaramangas Shipyards and South Korea's HD Hyundai sign cooperation agreement
Athens
The aim is to collaborate in the construction of surface military vessels
AD Ports buys the Brazilian Corredor Logística e Infraestrutura
Sao Paulo/Abu Dhabi
The company handles the largest volume of agri-food bulk exports in the South American nation
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has been approved.
Livorno
Unanimous approval from the Management Committee
Chen Lichtenstein appointed president and CEO of ZIM
Haifa
He will replace the resigning Eli Glickman.
Gianluca Croce has been confirmed as president of Assagenti Genova.
Genoa
The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
The Mega Serena ferry has joined the Corsica Sardinia Ferries fleet.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and over 600 vehicles.
The first steel cutting of the Crystal Grace cruise ship took place in Marghera.
Miami
Fincantieri will deliver the vessel in spring 2028
Palumbo Superyacht awarded 13,048 square meters of mooring space to the Port of Ortona.
Ancona
Central Adriatic Port Authority, guidelines for issuing the single ZES authorization
Port of Livorno: Two new FHP MarterNeri warehouses inaugurated
Livorno
Investment exceeding 23 million euros
The Committee of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has decided to close the institution's state of crisis.
Civitavecchia
New solution for exceptional transport on intermodal trains from FS Logistix and Van der Vlist
Verona
Two aerial platforms transported from Verona to Rostock
Port of Naples: Fire aboard GNV's Phoenix ferry
Naples
Flames broke out in the internal areas of deck 6 of the ship
Latrofa has chosen a trusted individual to lead an in-house company within the Lazio Port Authority.
Civitavecchia
The new sole director - he underlined - has been provided with particularly stringent management guidelines
In the first three months of 2026, MPC Container Ships' revenues decreased by -6.4%.
Oslo
Quarterly net income of $40.8 million (-31.8%)
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Sardinian Port Authority has been approved.
Olbia
Green light from the Management Committee
The environmental assessment process for the San Antonio Outer Harbor project has been completed.
Saint Anthony
The Viking Mira cruise ship was delivered at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
It has a gross tonnage of 54,300 tons and a capacity of 998 passengers.
In 2025, RINA recorded revenues of over one billion euros (+11%)
Genoa
Net profit up 30%
The new railway bridge has been installed at the Port of Marina di Carrara.
Marina di Carrara
Pisano: A turning point in the port's logistics organization.
Ports, freight terminals, and corridors. Venice and the Upper Adriatic as a gateway to the East.
Venice
This is the theme of the event that will be held on Thursday in Venice
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Estonian State Fleet orders electric-powered ferry from Polish shipyard Crist
Tallinn
Contract worth 49.93 million euros
In April, Spanish ports handled 1.7 million containers (+1.7%)
Madrid
Cruise passengers down by -18.4%
Container traffic in the port of Valencia decreased by 2.5% in April
Valencia
In the first four months of 2026, almost 1.8 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
Global Ship Lease posts record quarterly revenues again
Athens
Net profit down 24.0%
International cooperation between the Sardinian Port Authority and the Port of Tangier Ville for luxury yachting
Cagliari
Promotion of an integrated nautical circuit between Sardinia and Morocco
The new first aid medical center has been inaugurated in the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
Among the facilities, a first aid clinic and a CMR ambulance
BPER provides financing to Grimaldi Euromed for fleet modernization.
Milan/Naples
Resources used to partially cover the purchase of the ship "Grande Manila"
ASRY and Priya Blue establish ship recycling yard in Bahrain
Al Muharraq/Alang
First ship destined for dismantling has arrived in the Middle Eastern nation
SAAM Towage orders five new tugboats from Turkish shipyard Sanmar Shipyard
Santiago
They will have a pulling capacity of between 70 and 80 tons
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 5.7% last month.
Long Beach/Singapore/Hong Kong
In Singapore, growth of +3.6% was recorded, while in Hong Kong containers decreased by -6.3%.
Carta (Fermerci): Urgent policies are needed to support railway companies.
Rome
In 2025, rail cargo lost approximately 3.5%, in terms of trains/km
Fratelli Neri orders two more new tugboats in Egypt
Ismailia
Contract with the Suez Canal Company for Modern Boats
Container traffic in the port of Barcelona grew by 17.4% in April.
Barcelona/Algeciras
Algeciras port increases by 6.3%.
The Islamabad government has approved the sale of a 30% stake in the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation.
Islamabad
The share will go to the state logistics company NLC which will also assume management control of PNSC
In 2025, the Spanish port system recorded record revenues
Madrid
Pre-tax profit was 349 million euros (+4.2%)
Leapmotor International strengthens its partnership with the Neapolitan Grimaldi shipping group.
Hoofddorp
In the first quarter, approximately 20,000 units were transported from China to the Italian market.
Cruise traffic in German ports reached a new record last year
Wiesbaden
With 1.51 million passengers, growth was +4.1%.
Federazione del Mare joins the celebrations for the International Day for Women in Maritime 2026.
Rome
Mattioli: The maritime economy is losing opportunities and potential.
After years of sustained growth, short sea shipping in Spain has entered a phase of structural slowdown
Madrid
This is what the latest report from the Observatorio Estadístico del Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia reveals.
AD Ports to buy German freight forwarder MBS Logistics
Colony
The company has over 450 employees and 26 offices worldwide.
The Spinelli Group has joined the Sustainable Intermodal Logistics Association
Genoa/Rome
Summary: ALIS can offer our ecosystem strategic added value
$200 million investment to build and equip the new multipurpose terminal at Pointe-Noire
Brazzaville/Abu Dhabi
Ordered three ship-to-shore cranes from ZPMC
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