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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 9/2002 - SEPTEMBER 2002

Trasporto fluviale

Il canale Amsterdam-Reno celebra il proprio 50° anniversario

Per Amsterdam, un collegamento col Reno efficiente e moderno rappresenta una questione rilevante da vari secoli. I traffici tra il Reno e le coste olandesi esistevano già da prima che venisse fondata la città sull'Amstel. La regolare navigazione da Amsterdam al Reno si è sviluppata sin dal 14° secolo, in particolar modo alla volta della città di Colonia, che era uno dei partners commerciali chiave di Amsterdam. Oltre alle macine ed ai manufatti di ferro, uno di principali prodotti che i caricatori del Reno trasportavano ad Amsterdam era il vino. Ma, ben prima di loro, già i Romani seguivano la via d'acqua per mezzo dei fiumi Kromme Rijn, Oude Rijn e Vecht.

Nel tardo Medio Evo, la direttrice correva per lo più lungo l'Ijssel, via Deventer. Le navi percorrevano altresì una rotta alternativa attraverso lo Zuiderzee sino al Vecht nei pressi di Muiden, per raggiungere quindi il Lek attraverso il Vaartse Rijin. Più tardi, le navi più piccole erano anche in grado di utilizzare una terza idrovia interna lungo l'Amstel ed il Weespertrekvaart sino al Vecht, il cosiddetto Keulse Vaart. Ma in qualsiasi momento nel corso del tempo, il ritmo con cui i traffici idroviari crescevano quanto a numeri e dimensioni superava il ritmo con cui le nuove rotte sostituivano quelle vecchie. I fiumi erano troppo poco profondi e le idrovie e le chiuse troppo piccole per consentire il passaggio alle navi del Reno sempre più grandi.

Il canale Merwede

Anche il canale Merwede, utilizzato dal 1892 in poi, si rivelò dopo solo pochi anni insufficiente per il sempre crescente traffico da e per Amsterdam. Una delle limitazioni del canale era costituita dal fatto che esso poteva far passare contemporaneamente solo con grande prudenza le navi di oltre 2.000 tonnellate che era in grado di accogliere e quelle del tipo maggiore permesso. Perciò vi erano limitazioni alle partenze notturne, alla velocità di rimorchio ed alla lunghezza delle navi. I sorpassi non potevano assolutamente essere presi in considerazione, il che significava che le navi più veloci dovevano attardarsi dietro ai rimorchiatori più lenti. Il canale, però, andava a colmare un evidente vuoto nella rete navigabile, il che lo rendeva molto popolare. Esso divenne presto l'idrovia più trafficata dei Paesi Bassi.

Anche i tanti ponti girevoli e ferroviari lungo la via d'acqua erano fonte di notevoli ritardi e le chiuse di Vreeswijk ed Utrecht presto non furono più in grado di far fronte alla sfida. Nel suo libro "Un secolo di impianti idrici nei Paesi Bassi", Ger H. Knap fornisce un'interessante descrizione delle conseguenze del traffico eccessivo attraverso le chiuse di Vreesvijk, dove occorreva passare per viaggiare dal canale al Lek: "E lentamente la situazione era divenuta tale che durante l'anno la maggior parte dei figli dei naviganti erano nati a Vreeswijk: che poi era il posto dove si trovavano le ostetriche e quindi le mogli dei naviganti avevano tutto il tempo di diventare madri. Questo, perché talvolta ci volevano ore se non giorni per passare le chiuse e certe volte si formava una tale fila di navi che per passare la chiusa ci voleva più di una settimana".

La costruzione del canale Amsterdam-Reno

Si doveva fare qualcosa, se Amsterdam voleva conservare la propria importanza come porto ed assumere una posizione competitiva per il futuro. Nel 1921, una commissione statale pubblicò i primi risultati di uno studio circa il modo più efficace per "realizzare al più presto possibile" una rotta navigabile più ampia da Amsterdam al Reno Superiore.

Fu necessario aspettare sino al 27 marzo 1931 perché venisse approvata una legge per la costruzione del nuovo canale da Amsterdam all'Alto Reno, con un ramo secondario verso il Lek nei pressi di Vreesvijk: il canale Amsterdam-Reno. Dopo attenta valutazione, tutte le parti coinvolte erano pervenute ad un accordo circa il percorso del canale. Da Amsterdam ad Utrecht, la nuova idrovia avrebbe seguito lo stesso percorso del canale Merwede, che avrebbe dovuto essere adattato. La vecchia larghezza di 33 metri avrebbe dovuto essere raddoppiata e tutto il canale avrebbe dovuto essere scavato sino a 4,20 metri. Da Utrecht a Tiel via Wijk bij Duurstede, invece, avrebbe dovuto essere scavato un canale interamente nuovo, con un ramo da Jutphaas a Vreesvijk.

Non era previsto che il nuovo canale fosse del tutto privo di chiuse. Il canale, infatti, prevedeva chiuse a Wijk bij Duurstede ed a Tiel. Le chiuse di Ravenswaay sarebbero state attivate solamente nel caso vi fosse un livello dell'acqua eccezionalmente alto nel Lek, il che si sarebbe verificato più o meno 10 giorni all'anno. Persino le navi renane più grandi non sarebbero state ostacolate dai ponti, la cui altezza era prevista in nove metri, e dall'ampiezza del canale, pari a 82 metri per quasi tutto il percorso.

Ma il principale vantaggio derivante dalla costruzione del canale era rappresentato dall'abbreviamento di non meno di 40 km. del percorso da Amsterdam al confine tra Olanda e Germania a Lobith rispetto al vecchio percorso del canale Merwede. I 160 km. da Amsterdam a Pannerden costituivano l'idrovia più corta da qualsivoglia porto del Benelux al confine tedesco.

Vent'anni di pianificazione, costruzione e ritardi

Il nuovo canale avrebbe finalmente dato ad Amsterdam, ancora una volta, una connessione a tutti gli effetti con l'hinterland, e più in particolare con l'importante area della Ruhr. Ciò migliorò in modo eclatante la posizione del porto di Amsterdam rispetto ai suoi concorrenti, e, quando la legge venne approvata, Amsterdam poté tirare un sospiro di sollievo. Ma quasi subito dovette rimangiarselo, poiché la costruzione del canale Amsterdam-Reno doveva rivelarsi una lunga successione di interruzioni e ritardi sia durante le fasi preliminari che durante la costruzione stessa.

Una volta procurato il finanziamento relativo al nuovo canale, i lavori ebbero inizio nel 1934 con completamento previsto in programma per il 1941. Ma la seconda guerra mondiale gli mise i bastoni tra le ruote. L'ampliamento del canale da Utrecht a Vreesvijk era stato ultimato prima che la guerra cominciasse ed anche le chiuse Beatrix di Vreesvijk erano già diventate operative. Nel 1938, i lavori erano progrediti al punto tale che le chiuse di Wijk bij Duurstede erano state portate a termine e l'anno dopo erano state completate anche le chiuse di Ravenswaay. La costruzione delle chiuse Principe Bernardo nei pressi di Tiel continuò sino al 1943, ma in seguito le forze d'occupazione ordinarono la sospensione dei lavori.

Dopo la guerra, la penuria di materiali e problemi di bilancio fecero sì che i lavori tornassero alla normalità solo nel 1948. Il 21 maggio 1952, la Regina Giuliana finalmente inaugurò il canale Amsterdam-Reno. "E' bene constatare" afferma Wim Barneveld del dipartimento dei lavori pubblici "che anche a quei tempi la preparazione richiese molto più tempo dell'esecuzione".

Il rinnovamento del nuovo canale

Ma anche il nuovo canale presentò subito l'esigenza di essere ampliato a causa della crescita dei trasporti fluviali e delle maggiori dimensioni delle navi, in particolar modo in conseguenza della diffusione dei rimorchiatori a spinta. Questi lavori cominciarono nel 1965 col rinnovamento dei ponti ferroviari nei pressi di Utrecht e Weesp, che risalivano ai tempi del canale Merwede e presentavano un'ampiezza disponibile di 40 metri scarsi. Da Amsterdam a Wijk bij Duurstede, quasi tutto il canale per intero venne allargato sino a 100 metri e portato sino alla profondità di sei metri. Chiuse secondarie, lunghe 260 metri e larghe 24 metri, vennero costruite a Wijk bij Duurstede e Tiel al fine di accogliere i convogli di chiatte formati da quattro unità. Nel 1981, l'intero canale Amsterdam-Reno venne ufficialmente aperto ai convogli formati da quattro chiatte.

Una storia che non finisce mai

Peraltro, persino dopo quell'apertura il canale Amsterdam-Reno rimase in costruzione. Dal 1989 al 1994, la profondità dell'intero canale venne portata a sei metri. La maggior parte dell'idrovia era già abbastanza profonda e solo i porti franchi di Wijk bij Duurstede, Ravenswway e Tiel, nonché l'estuario del canale e la soglia della chiusa di Zeeburg ad Amsterdam costituivano ancora degli ostacoli. Il 23 marzo 1994 anche questi ultimi erano stati portati ad una profondità sufficiente, il che stava a significare che il canale, porti franchi compresi, avrebbe potuto essere aperto alle navi con pescaggio di quattro metri.
(da: Haven Amsterdam, vol. 34, n° 2- 2002)


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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
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The order will include options for two additional vessels
UPS revenues decreased by 2.6% in 2025
In the last quarter alone, a decrease of -3.2% was recorded
ICS has published its periodic analysis of flag state performance
London
Michail Stahlhut will step down as CEO of Hupac in May
Noise
Bertschi: Under his leadership, the company's position as a leading provider of combined road/rail transport in Europe has been strengthened.
Members of the Ravenna Marine Resource Partnership Body have been appointed.
Ravenna
It will meet for the first time on February 4th and will remain in office for four years
Messina (Assarmatori): MIT's decree on cold ironing is a good thing.
Rome
This is a fundamental step - he underlined - to ensure that the electrification of the platforms is actually usable.
Contship has joined the Digital Container Shipping Association's DCSA+ program.
Melzo
Among the goals, improving the efficiency of terminal operations, the accuracy of planning and collaboration with shipping companies.
The Argentine Port Workers' Federation threatens a strike at national ports.
The Silver
Action in support of workers at the port of Concepción del Uruguay
In 2025, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +0.8%
Taranto
In the last quarter alone, a decrease of -22.6% was recorded
Last year, container traffic in the port of Valencia grew by +3.4%
Valencia
5,662,661 TEUs were handled
Fincantieri wins Italian Navy contract to enhance naval vessels' cyber resilience
New facility in Charleston for the production and testing of marine power and propulsion systems
Arlington
It was inaugurated by Leonardo DRS, a subsidiary of the Italian Leonardo
Project to strengthen maritime and port cybersecurity
Brest/Brussels/Rome
The partners are France Cyber Maritime, FEPORT and the Federation of the Sea
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles fell by 10.6% in the last quarter of 2025.
Los Angeles
A decrease of -0.6% was recorded for the whole year
In the first six months of operation InnoWay Trieste produced 170 railway wagons
Trieste
The construction of 600 units is planned in Bagnoli della Rosandra in 2026
Ferretti rejects KKCG Maritime's partial and conditional voluntary takeover bid.
Milan
Strong confidence in the company's long-term strategy reaffirmed
Haropa Port sets new container traffic record
Le Havre
Last year, overall freight traffic increased by +2%
Decio Lucano, the dean of shipping journalists, has passed away.
Genoa
His paper adventures are countless, including "Vita e Mare" and "TMM", but also digital with "DL News"
Marsa Maroc orders 106 electric terminal tractors from Terberg
Benschop
They will be employed in the port of Nador West Med
Contargo acquires 50% of Cargo-Center-Graz Logistik
Mannheim
The German company extends its intermodal network to the Adriatic ports of Koper and Rijeka.
A single binding offer from Dubai for the purchase of the Venice Ro-Port Mos
Venice
The company manages the terminal for the motorways of the sea and cruises in Fusina
The Port of Long Beach handled record container traffic in 2025
Long Beach
In the last quarter, a decrease of -8.8% was recorded
HMM to introduce AI-based autonomous navigation solutions on 40 vessels
Seoul
Contract with Avikus and agreement with KSOE
Two new rail connections to Germany from the Padua Interport
Padua
They are operated by InRail and LTE Italia
Intersea has become the general agent in Italy for the Portuguese GS Lines
Genoa
The shipping company is part of Grupo Sousa
MSC and Qatari company Maha to develop and manage the Libyan port of Misurata
Paris/Misurata
An investment of 1.5 billion dollars is expected
F2i has been awarded the concession for the Lavagna tourist port
Milan
The concession contract will have a duration of 50 years
Eni launches the hull of the Coral North FLNG
Geoje/San Donato Milanese
It will be used offshore Cabo Delgado, north of Mozambique.
Laghezza has acquired a logistics warehouse in Sarzana
La Spezia
The aim is to establish a local hub for local production activities.
The Red Sea Container Terminal at the Egyptian port of Sokhna has been inaugurated.
Sokhna
It is operated by a joint venture of Hutchison Ports, COSCO and CMA Terminals
The GNV Altair ferry has joined the GNV fleet
Genoa
It has a capacity of 2,700 passengers and 915 linear metres of rolling stock.
Maersk confirms resumption of MECL transits through the Suez Canal
Copenhagen
The line connects India and the Middle East with the US East Coast
Ignazio Messina & C. has acquired full control of Thermocar
Genoa
The Genoese company operates in the temperature-controlled refrigerated container logistics sector.
Genco's board of directors rejected Diana Shipping's acquisition proposal.
New York/Athens
The American company, however, leaves a glimmer of hope by admitting the validity of the merger
MSC will include the port of Trieste in the Dragon Italy-USA service
Geneva
The Julian port will be reached starting from the second half of February
De Wave Group has acquired French company DL Services.
Genoa
The company specializes in the design of industrial kitchens and the supply of technical components and spare parts on board
CMA CGM's TUX transatlantic service will call at the port of Salerno
Marseille
The line connects Turkey with the East Coast of the USA
Cruise traffic in the port of Piraeus increased by +9% last year
Piraeus
Approximately 1.85 million passengers moved
New intermodal connections between Northern Italy and Belgium by GTS Rail and CargoBeamer
Bari/Leipzig
Activated on the Padua-Zeebrugge and Liège-Domodossola lines
In 2025, cruise traffic in the port of Genoa grew by +6.5%
Genoa
Ferry passengers down 3.6%
Grimaldi took delivery of the PCTC Grande Manila
Naples
The vessel has a total capacity of 9,241 CEUs.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Filt Cgil, meeting on the importance of Article 17 of Law 84/94
Rome
It will be held tomorrow in Rome at the Frentani Congress Center
A conference on congestion in the North West logistics system will be held in Genoa on January 19th.
Genoa
It will be held at the Transparency Hall of the Liguria Region
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Auction of megaterminal in Santos may be postponed due to deadlock within the Federal Government
(A Tribuna)
East Port Said Port faces a new challenge with Europe's carbon rules for shipping
(EnterpriseAM)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Expedition cruise ship Exploris One to be auctioned off
Nantes
It has a capacity of 144 passengers and 102 crew members.
SeaCube Container Leasing has acquired Martin Container.
Montvale
The company specializes in the refrigerated container segment
Pisano: The Simplified Logistics Zone has great strategic importance for the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
RINA and HPC launch project to promote green ports in the Caspian region
Genoa
Five-year contract with the OSCE
Vard to build four Multi-Purpose Robotic Vessels for Ocean Infinity
Trieste
The contract has a total value of over 200 million euros
Hanseatic Global Terminals will become sole owner of Florida International Terminal
Rotterdam
The transportation sector enters a turning point with the adoption of artificial intelligence
Ulm
However, most companies are still in the early stages of this process.
A conference on congestion in the North West logistics system will be held in Genoa on January 19th.
Genoa
It will be held at the Transparency Hall of the Liguria Region
Work completed to widen the access channel to the port of Livorno.
Livorno
The width between the two banks will be increased from 70 to 120 meters
Nexans sets a record for the depth of laying a high-voltage submarine cable on the Tyrrhenian Link
Paris
Installation at -2,150 meters
Funds for Spanish ports to adapt to the use of wind energy and other marine renewable energy sources
Madrid
Program with a total value of 212 million euros
CMD - Costruzioni Motori Diesel returns to wholly Italian ownership
Atella
Giorgio and Mariano Negri have acquired 67% of the capital held by the Chinese Loncin Motor Co.
Intesa Sanpaolo is financing the construction of three PCTCs for Grimaldi Euromed.
Milan
The new ships will be delivered later this year
Medlog acquires Australian intermodal operations of Seaway
Fremantle
The transaction will be completed within the first quarter of this year.
- Via Raffaele Paolucci 17r/19r - 16129 Genoa - ITALY
phone: +39.010.2462122, fax: +39.010.2516768, e-mail
VAT number: 03532950106
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Editor in chief: Bruno Bellio
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