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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 4/2002 - APRIL 2002

Studi e ricerche

Verso portacontainers ancora più grandi?

Nell'ormai lontano 1997, la APL fece il coraggioso passo di ordinare le prime portacontenitori in assoluto troppo grandi per poter transitare dal Canale di Panama: la classe "C-10" da 4.300 TEU. Questa serie pionieristica di portacontainers post-panamax era stata ispirata dal boom dei traffici dei mercati transpacifici prioritari per la APL e dal fatto che a quel tempo la compagnia di navigazione (tuttora di proprietà statunitense) era probabilmente l'unico importante vettore marittimo che non effettuava alcun servizio attraverso il Canale di Panama.

Successivamente alle C-10, vi è stato un enorme influsso di questo tipo di navi, in particolar modo negli ultimi due anni, per quanto attiene il servizio nella maggior parte delle flotte dei principali operatori di linea mondiali. I vantaggi economici derivanti dall'utilizzazione di portacontainers sempre più grandi sono ben noti. Secondo gli ultimi dati on-line di Containerisation International, le 201 navi post-panamax (rispetto ad una flotta complessiva di quasi 2.900 navi) già assicurano il 22% della capacità mondiale cellulare, pari a 5,3 milioni di TEU, è questa cifra è sul punto di crescere entro il 2003 fino ad un tasso del 28%.


Dal momento della consegna delle serie C-10, uno stabile incremento delle dimensioni degli scafi e delle capacità di stivaggio sui ponti ha consentito l'accoglienza a bordo di maggiori quantitativi di box. La decisione di affidarsi a scafi più grandi ha raggiunto il proprio apice nel 1997, allorquando la Maersk Sealand ha preso in consegna la Sovereign Maersk da 6.600 TEU. Questa nave di costruzione danese e le sue successive 14 gemelle hanno una lunghezza di 347 metri ed un baglio di 43 metri; in pratica, sono 72 metri più lunghe e 4 metri più larghe delle unità della classe C-10. Fatta eccezione per quelle ordinazioni in atto che dichiarano capacità di accoglienza contenitori a bordo maggiori rispetto a quelle della classe Sovereign Maersk, tra cui la serie Hamburg Express lunga 320 metri da 7.500 TEU della Hapag-Lloyd (la prima delle quali è stata consegnata lo scorso anno), nessun altro vettore marittimo utilizza - oppure ha ordinato - navi con dimensioni dello scafo maggiori di quelle della serie della Maersk Sealand. In effetti, dato il peso morto e le dimensioni dello scafo di questa classe, è probabile che si riesca ad ottenere un carico utile di 8.000 TEU, facendo conto su di uno stivaggio sul ponte su sette strati di box.

Tuttavia, le ricerche condotte da società di classificazione, architetti navali, cantieri e vettori marittimi in ordine alla progettazione di navi ancora più grandi sono già in fase avanzata. Sebbene i traffici in cui queste navi sono destinati a servire (Asia/Europa e transpacifico) siano attualmente afflitti da un eccesso di capacità, gli esperti del settore ritengono che l'era delle portacontainers ultra-post-panamax non sia troppo lontana.

La società di classificazione Germanischer Lloyd ha sviluppato il progetto di una portacontainers da 9.300 TEU unitamente ai cantieri Samsung Heavy Industries. Secondo il Dr. Hans Payer, consigliere d'amministrazione della società, "è un fatto che il settore del trasporto marittimo di linea sia in crisi: tuttavia, la mia opinione a lungo termine è che la crescita della containerizzazione continuerà a causa della crescita della popolazione, dell'aumento del livello di vita e dell'emersione dei mercati containerizzati in Cina e Russia. Ciò alimenterà la domanda di portacontenitori più grandi".

Nel corso del 2001, la CSCL (China Shipping Container Lines) ha siglato una lettera d'intenti con la Samsung Heavy Industries per una serie di tali navi da 9.300 TEU. Sebbene la costruzione di queste navi sia stata posposta, tale ordinazione potrebbe ancora realizzarsi in concreto. John Fossey, consulente della Drewry Shipping Consultants di Londra, ha dichiarato: "Una nave post-panamax da 10.000 TEU è, ad esempio, più economica da gestire di circa il 27% rispetto ad una unità da 6.000 TEU e del 40% rispetto ad una unità post-panamax classica. Penso che sia solo questione di tempo. Suppongo che le ordinazioni per la classe di navi da 9.000 TEU potrebbero essere effettuate nel giro più o meno dei prossimi due anni, con le prime consegne per il 2005 o 2006, a seconda - sino ad un certo punto - delle dimensioni della crescita dei traffici mondiali nel 2002/2003".

Continua Fossey: "La nostra tesi è che i fattori di costo prevarranno e che l'incessante impulso da parte degli operatori di linea a ricavare le maggiori economie di scala possibili dai propri servizi spingerà innanzi il mercato, nonché che il cavallo di battaglia per i principali traffici est/ovest nella seconda parte di questo decennio sarà rappresentato dalle portacontainers da 8.000 a 10.000 TEU".

Un certo numero di progetti relativi a navi di questa gamma dimensionale sono stati sviluppati da cantieri navali tedeschi, giapponesi e sud-coreani, in collaborazione con la Germanischer Lloyd e con la britannica Lloyds Register, cioè le più importanti società di classificazione per portacontainers. Inoltre, la società di classificazione con sede a Parigi Bureau Veritas ha prodotto indipendentemente un proprio programma progettuale inerente ad una nave da 12.500 TEU sviluppata congiuntamente con gli architetti navali danesi Knud E. Hansen.

La maggior parte di tali progettazioni sono state prodotte tenendo presente l'attuale progettualità delle post-panamax. Quest'ultima si riferisce alla capacità di operare ad una velocità di servizio di 25 nodi utilizzando un singolo motore diesel a bassa velocità, vale a dire la velocità standard che connaturava le navi della "classe C-10" della APL. E' importante notare come - in termini di accessibilità portuale - le nuove proposte abbiano un pescaggio a pieno carico da 14 a 14,5 metri, la stessa delle navi contemporanee.

Ad esempio, il progetto elaborato dai cantieri navali sud-coreani Samsung Heavy Industries in ordine ad una portacontainers da 9.300 TEU rappresenta una versione ingrandita del suo prodotto standard da 5.700 TEU, attivo in servizio nelle flotte della APL e della OOCL, nonché del suo progetto per unità da 7.500 TEU (quattro delle quali sono state ordinate dalla Hapag-Lloyd). Allo scopo di conseguire il proprio ulteriore carico utile, il progetto da 9.300 TEU presenta una profondità di scafo pari a 27 metri (rispetto ai 24,5 delle navi attualmente operative) che consente maggiori capacità di stivaggio di contenitori sotto coperta, fino a 10 strati complessivi di containers, mentre il baglio della nave è stato ampliato sino a 45,5 metri (rispetto ai 40-43 metri delle navi attuali). Questa larghezza consente uno stivaggio in coperta di 18 contenitori affiancati. La lunghezza dello scafo della nave è di 347 metri, la medesima delle navi della classe S della Maersk Sealand. Ma progetti ancora più grandi, relativi ad unità dalla capacità di 12.500 TEU, sono al momento in corso di sviluppo presso la Samsung.

Secondo David Tozer, direttore attività portacontainers della Lloyds Register, che lo scorso anno ha portato a termine uno studio progettuale inerente a portacontenitori da 12.500 TEU in collaborazione con gli architetti navali britannici Ocean Shipping Consultants, "a lungo termine, probabilmente nell'ultima parte di questo decennio, verrà realizzata la prossima economia di scala. Saranno immesse in servizio navi da 10.700 a 12.500 TEU".

Tuttavia, le incertezze crescono quando la capacità delle navi sale oltre i 10.000 TEU. I più grandi attuali motori diesel marini, progettati dalla Burmeister & Wain and New Sulzer Diesel, hanno una potenza massima di circa 93.000 CV che non è sufficiente a spingere una nave di più di 10.000 TEU a 25 nodi.

Ottenere la velocità di servizio richiesta comporterebbe l'ulteriore spesa (in costi sia di costruzione che operativi) derivante dalla installazione di un motore doppio. L'utilizzazione di un propulsore controrotante, che ridurrebbe sino ad una percentuale del 15% la maggiore necessità di potenza di spinta rispetto ai motori convenzionali, potrebbe essere un'altra alternativa alla configurazione basata sul motore doppio. Tuttavia, questa tecnologia deve ancora essere provata con successo su navi grandi e ad alta velocità quali sono le portacontainers post-panamax. Malgrado il negativo impatto finanziario, l'ulteriore margine di sicurezza correlato ad una configurazione su motore doppio costituirebbe un valore aggiunto.

Nel proprio studio progettuale, la Lloyds Register ha elaborato un'alternativa al progetto del doppio motore da 25 nodi. Ha dichiarato Tozer: "Le unità a motore singolo da 22,5 nodi che scalano pochi porti sono un'opzione che rappresenta una nave con costi unitari molto minori. Tuttavia, allo scopo di offrire in servizio competitivo, saranno necessari terminals dedicati e sistemi di raccordo controllati al fine di mantenere competitivi i tempi di viaggio nei confronti di navi più veloci con itinerari multi-portuali".

La nave ULCS (Porta Container Ultra Grande) da 12.500 TEU della Lloyds Register è caratterizzata da un baglio notevolmente più ampio di quello delle classi da 9.000 a 10.000 TEU. Con i suoi 57 metri, questa nave sarebbe più larga di 14 metri di qualsiasi altra attualmente operativa. Così, è significativo il fatto che diversi importanti porti dei corridoi portuali est/ovest abbiano già ordinato od in servizio gru a cavaliere con sbraccio in grado di servire navi del tipo ULCS, che renderebbero già fattibile un servizio di linea effettuato con tale tonnellaggio. Ad esempio, in Europa, ciò è stato fatto presso terminals dei porti di Bremerhaven, Dunkirk, Felixtowe, Amburgo e Rotterdam. In Asia e nel Medio Oriente invece i porti coinvolti comprendono Hong Kong, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai e Salalah. Anche i porti statunitensi di New York, Long Beach ed Oakland hanno recentemente investito in gru con sbraccio superiore a 57 metri.

Anche la profondità delle acque presso i principali porti containerizzati non dovrebbe causare problemi agli operatori di tonnellaggio ultra-post-panamax. Nel suo studio relativo alla progettazione della ULCS, i ricercatori della Lloyds Register affermano: "La nostra analisi indica che una nave da 12.500 TEU pescherà al massimo 14,5 metri a pieno carico. La profondità delle acque è in corso di rapido miglioramento presso i principali terminal containers cui le operazioni ULCS potrebbero mirare. Attualmente ci sono 17 terminals che offrono almeno il suddetto pescaggio e sulla base degli investimenti ipotizzati esso aumenterà sino a 25 metri nel 2003 e poi sino a 28 nel 2008".

Peraltro, anche se persino le navi da 12.500 TEU sono adesso tecnicamente possibili ed i principali porti del mondo dispongono di banchine adeguate per accoglierle, ogni economia di scala assicurata da tali leviatani potrebbe essere vanificata dall'inefficienza delle operazioni o delle infrastrutture portuali. Ciò potrebbe far salire i tempi di viaggio da porta a porta, con incrementi degli scambi containerizzati talmente rilevanti da causare una paralisi dei traffici presso i terminal containers.

John Fossey della Drewry Shipping Consultants afferma: "Diversi vettori hanno investito pesantemente in terminal containers dedicati negli ultimi anni. In vista della effettuazione di servizi con portacontainers da 10.000 a 12.500 TEU, questi vettori vorranno affidare le proprie operazioni terminalistiche nelle mani di terzi?".

E' probabile che i vettori marittimi legati a doppio filo ad operatori di terminal containers capeggeranno la corsa al tonnellaggio proprio per questa ragione. La Maersk Sealand (che ha stretti legami con la AP Moller Terminals) dispone di operazioni portuali globali maggiormente sviluppate rispetto a quelle della maggior parte dei propri rivali e ha garantito investimenti in gru a cavaliere per container di sbraccio superiore a 58 metri presso i principali terminal contenitori che serve.

Le voci che circolano provenienti dalla Danimarca suggeriscono che il suo principale vettore marittimo potrebbe dare il via ad operazioni con portacontainers ultra-post-panamax sin da quest'anno. Quattro navi ordinate con consegna prevista in marzo presso i cantieri navali Odense, di proprietà della AP Moller, un ampliamento della sua classe di navi "S", secondo fonti informate sarebbero lunghe non meno di 404 metri con un baglio di 52 metri: in altre parole, facilmente in grado di caricare 10.500 TEU. Se il dato fosse esatto, l'era delle navi ultra-post-panamax sarebbe arrivata più presto di quanto non ci aspettasse. Tuttavia, queste voci sono state smentite dalla Maersk Sealand.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2002)


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Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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