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09 May 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 11/2002 - NOVEMBER 2002

Trasporto marittimo

Il boom dei traffici di cabotaggio brasiliani

Il cabotaggio ed il trasporto marittimo costiero sono state storie di successo per il Brasile nel 2002, sebbene le fluttuazioni del tasso di cambio del real abbiano reso difficile per le compagnie di navigazione impegnate in tale mercato realizzare buoni profitti. Solo otto anni fa, il cabotaggio containerizzato era quasi inesistente, ma i volumi sono cresciuti dal 30 al 60% ogni anno sino a raggiungere i 180.000 TEU nel 2001. Le compagnie di navigazione inoltre registrano profitti "per la maggior parte del tempo".

Attualmente, esistono tre linee di navigazione impegnate specificamente nel cabotaggio brasiliano. Battono tutte bandiera brasiliana, dal momento che ai vettori con altre bandiere di norma non viene consentito di partecipare. La Docenave e la Aliança (che appartiene alla Hamburg Sud) posseggono entrambe il 39% delle quote di mercato con il loro servizio settimanale Mercosur/Cabotage Brazil, mentre la Mercosul Line, consociata della PONL (P&O Nedlloyd), detiene il 22% con il proprio servizio quindicinale.

Nelson Carlini, ex presidente della Docenave, ha detto di ritenere che il mercato potenziale sia "enorme" e che potrebbe arrivare sino ad un milione di TEU all'anno nei prossimi cinque anni o giù di lì. Il suo ottimismo è riecheggiato da Gilberto Costa, direttore generale della Expresso Mercantil, che lavora a stretto contatto con la Docenave, il quale afferma: "I servizi di cabotaggio non sono mai stati così buoni come oggi, e stavolta dovrebbero rimanere tali. Ritengo che un numero sempre maggiore di caricatori si servirà del cabotaggio, una volta divenuti consapevoli di tutti i suoi vantaggi".

Il Brasile ha una collocazione ideale per il cabotaggio ed i servizi costieri. Le sue coste si allungano per 7.370 km ed il 90% della sua popolazione di 166 milioni di persone, nonché l'82% del suo PNL, sono concentrati entro 500 km dal mare. La maggior parte del traffico del paese da sempre viene movimentato via strada, ma lo sciopero dei camionisti di un anno fa ha indotto molti caricatori a cercare opzioni di trasporto alternative. E in effetti, non molto tempo fa in Brasile era in corso un altro sciopero dell'autotrasporto. Se vi si aggiungono la crescita dei prezzi del gasolio, gli aumenti delle tariffe relative ai pedaggi stradali, la sempre maggiore sicurezza del trasporto marittimo di containers (il che comporta premi assicurativi minori) ed il calo dei costi di trasporto marittimo e portuali, ecco spiegata l'inevitabile migrazione dei carichi verso i servizi di cabotaggio.

I volumi dei carichi refrigerati sono cresciuti in modo particolare. Il pollame, la carne di maiale e altri tipi di carne surgelata, vengono spediti da porti quali Itajai e São Francisco do Sul, nel sud del Brasile, alla volta del sud-est e del nord-est, così come a Manaus. Anche le derrate alimentari e tutte le merci domestiche, oltre ad alcune merci manifatturate, vengono spedite a nord, mentre in direzione sud i traffici di cabotaggio provvedono al trasporto di vari tipi di frutta dalla regione di nord-est. Pure i prodotti elettronici provenienti dalla Zona Franca di Manaus vengono trasportati a sud, sebbene i volumi siano scivolati dai livelli di uno-due anni fa, in seguito alla crisi argentina ed a un calo dell'economia brasiliana. I carichi tendono ad essere esportati da Manaus alla regione caraibica, sebbene alcuni servizi di cabotaggio vengano fatti partire da Suape e Santos per l'esportazione.

La Mercosul Line prevede di trasportare volumi tra 40.000 e 45.000 TEU nel 2002, con un incremento tra il 57 ed il 65% rispetto ai 26.000 TEU movimentati lo scorso anno. Dick Meurs, direttore generale sia della Mercosul Line che dei servizi della PONL per la Costa Orientale del Sud America, ha dichiarato che questi trasporti comprendono tutti e tre gli aspetti del servizio della Mercosul Line. Quest'ultimo consiste di circa 30.000 TEU di attività di cabotaggio brasiliano puro, più 8.000 TEU di traffico costiero Mercosur, oltre a quasi 1.000 TEU di carichi di trasbordo per il servizio a lungo raggio della PONL dall'Asia. Le navi della Mercosul Line collegano questo servizio con i porti di Vitoria, Salvador, Suape, Fortaleza e Manaus.

Il servizio della Mercosul Line ha eliminato Buenos Aires e Rio Grande dal proprio orario e ha rimpiazzato Recife con la vicina Suape. Esso ora torna indietro a Montevideo e poi salpa nuovamente in direzione nord direttamente per Santos; la PONL va a riempire i vuoti dei porti intercorrenti con i propri servizi a lungo raggio.

Secondo Meurs, la Sem Toshiba, un importante esportatore di elettronica nippo-brasiliano, ha designato la Mercosul Line quale suo "primo fornitore" per il 2001. Ciò dimostra che i forti collegamenti dei caricatori con l'autotrasporto, specialmente a Manaus, potrebbero essere spezzati. Sostiene Meurs: "Sempre più imprese riconoscono il valore del cabotaggio e del trasporto marittimo. Possono misurarne i vantaggi in termini di minori costi assicurativi, maggiore affidabilità, minori rotture di carico, ecc.".

La Mercosul Line effettua operazioni con due navi nel cabotaggio brasiliano, la Palometa da 1.512 TEU (capacità nominale) e la Pescada da 1.728 TEU. Ad essa era stata concessa la rinuncia alla bandiera per gli ultimi due anni al fine di operare nel cabotaggio, con l'intesa che avrebbe costruito due navi da 1.700 TEU presso i cantieri navali Estaleiro di Itajai, ad un costo di 70 milioni di dollari. La Decourt e la Syndarma stanno tenendo sotto attento controllo la situazione, e da un momento all'altro potrebbero intraprendere un'azione legale al fine di far accelerare il progetto di nuove costruzioni ovvero di rimuovere la Mercosul Line dal traffico in questione.

Tuttavia, secondo Meurs, i piani a partire dal 2001 per noleggiare un'altra nave una volta impiegate le nuove costruzioni di Itajai sono stati rinviati (la normativa marittima brasiliana consente alla consociata della PONL di noleggiare sino a 3.400 TEU di capacità al fine di far fronte alle necessità in termini di capacità assicurate dalle nuove costruzioni sotto ordinazione). Spiega infatti: "A causa della volubilità della situazione attuale, noi preferiremmo restare nell'attuale status quo fino all'inizio del 2003, dopo le elezioni presidenziali".

Quanto all'altro servizio di cabotaggio brasiliano, secondo José Carlos Rocha Ramos, direttore commerciale della divisione containers della Docenave, il vettore brasiliano prevede di trasportare circa 72.000 TEU quest'anno, rispetto ai 61.000 TEU del 2001 ed ai 52.000 TEU del 2000.

Di quei 72.000 TEU, si prevede che qualcosa come l'82% sarà costituito da cabotaggio puro, mentre il resto verrà suddiviso tra il traffico costiero del Mercosur ed il trasbordo (la Docenave serve vettori quali MOL, Zim, Evergreen, Companhia Libra de Navegação - partecipata a maggioranza dal vettore cileno CNAV - , NYK e Maersk Sealand). Gran parte di questi vettori sono concorrenti della Hamburg Sud in diversi traffici, di modo che preferiscono acquisire spazi sulle navi della Docenave piuttosto che su quelle della Aliança. La dirigenza della Docenave riconosce che solo un anno fa il 25% circa di tutti i trasporti erano da e per il Mercosur (quasi 15.000 TEU), mentre adesso quella percentuale è scivolata ad appena il 10%, a circa 7.000 TEU.

Da marzo, la Docenave ha noleggiato un'altra nave, la Frota Belem da 666 TEU, dalla Frota Oceanica e Amazonica, a fini di impiego nei traffici di cabotaggio. Essa era necessaria per far fronte al suo "eccesso di richieste". La linea brasiliana, probabilmente, è in grado di mettere assieme un numero maggiore di carichi regolari rispetto alla Aliança, poiché, come menzionato prima, diversi concorrenti della Hamburg Sud preferiscono prendere spazi sulle navi della Docenave che su quelle della Aliança. La Aliança può trasferire qualsiasi carico costiero del Mercosur in eccedenza ai servizi a lungo raggio del gruppo Hamburg Sud.

La dirigenza della Aliança ha confermato che il vettore prevedeva da 60.000 a 70.000 di traffici di cabotaggio puro, costiero e di trasbordo per il 2002. In termini di carichi feeder, la Aliança tende a trasportare carichi per le consociate del gruppo Hamburg Sud, quali la Crowley American Transport e la Columbus Line, oltre alla Ybarra.

Sia la Docenave che la Mercosul proclamano che le partenze in direzione nord delle proprie navi sono al completo al 100%, mentre per quelle in direzione sud presentano percentuali di riempimento-nave oscillanti tra il 70 ed il 90%. La Aliança riferisce di livelli di utilizzazione tra il 90 ed il 100% in direzione nord, e solamente del 60% in direzione sud, in seguito al massiccio taglio dei carichi diretti in Argentina.

Tuttavia, il servizio settimanale/ogni otto giorni della Aliança/Docenave ha apportato a marzo mutamenti su vasta scala al suo itinerario, avendo eliminato il proprio scalo a Vitoria sostituendolo con Itaqui. L'iniziativa mirava a far fronte alla crescente domanda di movimentazioni di carichi di cabotaggio brasiliani puri nonché al calo dei traffici fra i vari paesi del Mercosur - Brasile, Uruguay ed Argentina, oltre ad alcuni carichi dal Brasile al Paraguay - a causa dell'effetto tramortente della crisi argentina.

Anche gli equilibri di potenza relativi al servizio sono mutati, dato che le più piccole navi da 666 TEU della Docenave noleggiate sono state spostate dalla tratta a nord (da Santos a Manaus) a quella meridionale (da Buenos Aires a Fortaleza), mantenendo 3 navi da 1.400 TEU (di capacità nominale) nei traffici brasiliani che presentano elevati quantitativi di carichi.

La Aliança parla altresì, ogni tanto, di sostenere la propria flotta allo scopo di far fronte ai volumi in rapido sviluppo. Tuttavia, Julian Thomas, direttore della Aliança e della Hamburg Sud, afferma che la recessione argentina, il valore fluttuante del real ed il calo dell'economia brasiliana (al momento si prevede per il 2002 una crescita nell'ordine dell'1,5% per il PIL, rispetto al 3,5% previsto all'inizio dell'anno), hanno congiuntamente eroso la crescita dei volumi e comportato conseguenze negative per i risultati finanziari della compagnia di navigazione.

La volubilità del tasso di cambio - tra i 2,4 ed i 3,5 reais per un dollaro USA nel periodo che va da aprile a settembre - ha reso difficile la programmazione sia per gli importatori che per gli esportatori. Tutti e tre i vettori ammettono che la svalutazione è stata negativa perché gli introiti sono avvenuti in reais brasiliani, mentre la maggior parte dei costi operativi vengono calcolati in dollari USA.

Dichiara Thomas: "Quest'anno abbiamo trovato un mercato difficile ed i margini di profitto - laddove ce ne sono stati - sono stati risicati. Per i prossimi mesi, staremo a vedere che cosa succede; certo che adesso non è il momento di investire in altro tonnellaggio in più". Questa incertezza rappresenta in parte il risultato del periodo che precede le elezioni presidenziali, che hanno luogo da ottobre a gennaio, in parte il risultato della crisi argentina ed in parte quello delle speculazioni valutarie internazionali.

Tuttavia, malgrado tale incertezza, ci si aspetta che il cabotaggio brasiliano mostri una crescita a due cifre nel prossimo futuro. Quanto al fatto che i volumi di cabotaggio riescano a raggiungere 1 milione di TEU all'anno entro il 2007, la fiducia di Carlini della Docenave sembra giustificata.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2002)


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Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
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It will be held at the Auditorium Fondazione MAXXI
The conference "New sustainable marine fuels - Decarbonize Shipping" will be held in Genoa on Monday
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
Damen Mangalia Unionists Protest Friday Against Possible Closure
(The Romania Journal)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Nicola Zaccheo
Roma, 18 settembre 2024
››› File
PSA SECH has operated the first 400-meter train at Parco Ferroviario Rugna
Genoa
Capacity up to 20 pairs of trains per day
The 2024 financial statement of the Eastern Liguria Port Authority was unanimously approved
The Spice
The war clearance preparatory to the expansion of the Ravano Terminal in La Spezia is nearing completion
The Spice
The AdSP has invested over 600 thousand euros in it
Francesco Rizzo appointed president of the AdSP of the Strait
Rome
He has repeatedly denounced the uselessness of the construction of the bridge over the Strait
US aircraft attack Yemeni port of Ras Isa
Tampa/Beirut
38 dead and over a hundred injured
In 2025 Stazioni Marittime predicts an increase in ferry and cruise traffic in the port of Genoa
MIT Mobility Report Highlights Rising Demand for Both Passengers and Freight
Rome
In the first quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports decreased by -5.6%
St. Petersburg
Both dry goods (-5.3%) and liquid bulk (-5.8%) are decreasing
Andrea Giachero confirmed as president of Spediporto
Genoa
The board of directors of the association of Genoese freight forwarders has also been renewed for the three-year period 2025-2028
Study for monitoring vehicular traffic in the ports of Venice and Chioggia
Milan
Order awarded to Circle and Arelogik
In Italy, the rail freight transport sector is in deep trouble
Geneva
Fermerci calls for making traffic incentives structural and increasing and for refinancing the incentive for the purchase of locomotives and wagons
Global Maritime Forum report on optimising ship calls to reduce emissions
Copenhagen
Virtual arrival and just-in-time arrival approaches proposed
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +15.5%
Joy Taurus
Construction of the "Dockworker’s House" has begun
GNV has taken delivery of the second of four new ro-pax vessels in China
Genoa
"GNV Orion" will be able to accommodate 1,700 passengers and transport up to 3,080 linear metres of cargo
After ten quarters of decline, container traffic in the port of Hong Kong returns to growth
Hong Kong
In the first three months of this year 3.39 million TEUs were handled (+2.1%)
Fincantieri acquires stake in WSense
Rome
The ninth FREMM unit "Spartaco Schergat" delivered to the Italian Navy
Container traffic at the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles increased by 26.6% and 5.2% in the first quarter
Long Beach/Los Angeles
Trump's tariffs impact imminent
The new edition of the Practical Manual of Maritime Traffic has been presented
Genoa
Written by Assagenti, it turns fifty
In the first three months of 2025, the port of Singapore handled 10.5 million containers (+5.8%)
Singapore
In weight, containerized traffic recorded a decrease of -1.4%
Regulations signed for LNG bunkering at Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Define the methods of transferring fuel from ship to ship
Historic shipbuilding brands Uljanik and 3.Maj on the verge of extinction
Zagreb
The State confirms its intention to sell the shipbuilding activities at the two sites of Pula and Rijeka
Cambiaso Risso has completed the acquisition of the French Somecassur
Genoa
The transalpine company specializes in the insurance of super and mega yachts
New weekly train service between the port of Gioia Tauro and Verona
Joy Taurus/Verona
Operated by Medlog for the transport of refrigerated goods
EBRD looking for strategic partner for development of Moldovan river port of Giurgiulesti
London
International competition launched
Turkish ports set new first-quarter cargo traffic record
Ankara
Historic peak of cargo imported from abroad
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +37.6%
Taranto
Increase of 854 thousand tons of solid bulk and 265 thousand tons of conventional goods
DEME buys Havfram, a company that installs offshore wind farms
Second Right/Washington
Transaction worth approximately 900 million euros
Rail transport of convoys for Rome Metro started from Reggio Calabria
Rome
Contract awarded by Hitachi Rail to Mercitalia Rail
In 2024, the volumes handled by Magli Intermodal Service decreased by -2%
Rezzato
Turnover stable
Yang Ming records first decline in turnover in March after 14 months of growth
Keelung/Taipei
Evergreen and WHL revenue growth continues
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