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06 December 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics

Traffici portuali e trasporto ferroviario:
contraddizioni e opportunità

Enrico Musso
Università di Genova

Taranto, 9 novembre 2004

 

Dalla riforma del 1994 ad oggi il traffico portuale in Italia ha registrato un continuo aumento, sia per il miglioramento dell'assetto gestionale introdotto dalla riforma stessa, sia per l'aumento dei traffici mediterranei conseguente alla nuova geografia del commercio mondiale, sia infine per i grandi investimenti portati a termine o realizzati nei grandi porti hub (Gioia Tauro, Taranto, e in prospettiva Cagliari), a loro volta conseguenza dei primi due fattori menzionati.

A fronte di questo aumento, tuttavia, il trasporto ferroviario da/per i porti non ha registrato né un aumento né una tenuta della quota di mercato. Le (non facili) stime avanzate dagli operatori oscillano fra il 15% e il 18%, più della quota di mercato media del trasporto ferroviario di merci in Italia, ma non abbastanza se si considera che la concentrazione di flussi cui il porto dà luogo crea premesse favorevoli all'utilizzo del vettore ferroviario, sia per i carichi generali sia per le rinfuse.

Naturalmente, il fatto che la quota di mercato della ferrovia sia molto più piccola di quella della strada non implica di per sé che la ripartizione modale non sia equilibrata. "Equilibrata" dovrebbe definirsi la ripartizione che consente una data quantità di trasporto, a parità di qualità, al minimo possibile costo complessivo per la collettività (diretto ed esterno, infrastrutturale e di servizio, monetario e non monetario). Quindi una quota di mercato numericamente modesta potrebbe teoricamente risultare da un'efficiente organizzazione del mercato, e indicare semplicemente che il trasporto ferroviario è oggi superato da altri modi di trasporto concorrenti. In altri termini, in assenza di fallimenti del mercato la ripartizione modale è equilibrata per definizione. Tuttavia il confronto modale in questione è viziato da almeno due rilevanti fallimenti del mercato: la vasta esternalizzazione dei costi ambientali nel trasporto stradale, e la scarsa efficienza del comparto ferroviario derivante dalla scarsa o nulla contendibilità del mercato (nulla nella rete, che è un monopolio naturale, e scarsa nel servizio, che era comunque un monopolio e che rimane scarsamente contendibile anche con la transizione ad un contesto di competizione per il mercato). Ciò porta a ritenere che la ripartizione modale sia effettivamente squilibrata, cioè inefficiente, e che il riequilibrio a favore del ferroviario sia socialmente auspicabile. Tale riequilibrio ha inoltre effetti positivi anche sulla competitività dei porti, poiché un porto con aspirazioni non meramente locali deve competere, in termini di bacini di traffico, su distanze di (almeno) alcune centinaia di chilometri, sulle quali la ferrovia è tendenzialmente più efficace della strada.

Perché, allora, il servizio ferroviario non riesce ad intercettare il maggior traffico portuale, e in molti casi non riesce neppure a mantenere il traffico precedentemente servito?

L'indagine può muoversi in tre direzioni: le condizioni della domanda; le infrastrutture; il servizio ferroviario. Le prime due sono esterne alla gestione del servizio trasporto ferroviario, la terza la coinvolge direttamente.

Dal punto di vista della domanda, l'estrema frammentazione dei processi decisionali fra un numero molto elevato di attori (spedizionieri, MTO, vettori, terminalisti, compagnie armatoriali, etc.) sembra costituire l'elemento più negativo per uno sviluppo del trasporto ferroviario, determinando la dispersione delle potenziali economie di densità che la concentrazione del traffico nel nodo portuale dovrebbe invece portare con sé. A conferma di ciò, potrebbe valere l'esempio di un operatore come Messina, che utilizza il trasporto ferroviario per l'80% dei propri traffici portuali, proprio perché evita la "polverizzazione" degli attori e gestisce un sistema logistico completo per i porti che tocca.

Dal punto di vista delle infrastrutture, si devono distinguere le possibili carenze "generali", riconducibili alla capacità della rete e segnatamente delle linee afferenti ai porti (o eventualmente alla loro collocazione geografica rispetto alle esigenze della domanda), e le possibili carenze "specifiche" legate a strozzature e vincoli nell'interfaccia con i porti (e/o nelle reti all'interno dei porti), agli standard delle linee (portata per asse, modulo, pendenza, curvatura, elettrificazione, sagome) che possono limitarne lo sfruttamento a prescindere dal pieno utilizzo della capacità.

Nella maggior parte dei casi sembra emergere che la rete si congestionerebbe rapidamente in caso di significativa crescita della quota di mercato del servizio ferroviario, ma che solo in alcune situazioni essa è già (almeno di fatto) congestionata. Non sembra cioè essere questo il problema determinante allo stato attuale: i vincoli infrastrutturali non sono (tanto) nella capacità della rete, quanto nelle strozzature e prestazioni. Ciò è particolarmente evidente nel caso del "modulo" dei binari di sorpasso: per un treno merci di 20-22 carri esso dovrebbe essere almeno di 450 m, mentre i moduli di 250 m sono adeguati essenzialmente solo per i treni passeggeri.

Dal punto di vista della gestione del servizio, mentre in linea teorica il costo del trasporto ferroviario dovrebbe essere inferiore a partire da soglie di distanza relativamente contenute, nella realtà i costi di produzione sono sensibilmente maggiori, e le tariffe ferroviarie sono "in linea" con il competitore stradale solo al prezzo di una perdita che gli operatori stimano dell'ordine del 30% del fatturato circa. Ne derivano due considerazioni:

  • È tuttora presente, malgrado l'avvio della liberalizzazione nel servizio ferroviario e ormai anche (per lo più) nella gestione delle manovre portuali, un'inefficienza particolarmente elevata nella produzione del servizio, probabile conseguenza del monopolio di cui ha fino ad oggi goduto e della comunque scarsa contendibilità del mercato;
  • L'operatore ferroviario e il suo azionista scelgono di conseguire perdite di esercizio importanti, che in qualche modo rappresentano una sorta di "esternalizzazione fiscale" dei costi ferroviari che va a bilanciare l'esternalizzazione ambientale scandalosamente tollerata sul trasporto stradale; tuttavia l'una e l'altra costituiscono (a differenza delle perdite che si conseguono, ad esempio, nella gestione del trasporto pubblico urbano, finalizzate a benefici ambientali), una sovvenzione occulta al sistema logistico e al caricatore; inoltre questo abbattimento delle tariffe rispetto ai costi appare paradossalmente insufficiente per compensare gli altri elementi del costo generalizzato (tempi di trasbordo, attesa, affidabilità, flessibilità) che continuano a penalizzare il trasporto ferroviario rispetto a quello stradale.

Se questa è, a grandi linee, la situazione emersa dall'analisi, occorrerebbero azioni sia sul piano della gestione del servizio, sia sul piano delle infrastrutture, sia ancora sul piano delle politiche dei trasporti.

Sotto il primo profilo, la principale esigenza che sembra emergere à la maggiore integrazione possibile del ciclo logistico, affinché il servizio ferroviario competa con i operatori logistici internazionali, anziché con i padroncini; e affinché si possa concentrare in questo modo il traffico per conseguire significative economie di densità. Altrettanto evidente è l'esigenza di ridurre l'inefficienza "storica" delle imprese ferroviarie, favorendo i comportamenti e le pratiche a tutela della concorrenza, ma anche velocizzamdo le manovre.

Un'opportunità di crescita potrebbe scaturire dalla possibilità di abbinare le manovre alla trazione (la cosiddetta "manovra lunga", che potrebbe servire destinazioni finali e punti di interscambio entro 200 km dal nodo portuale, oggi penalizzata anche dalle politiche tariffarie della rete in materia di tracce senza fornitura di energia).

Sotto il profilo infrastrutturale, occorre:

  • nel medio periodo: adeguare gli standard la rete, eliminando le strozzature date da moduli di sorpasso, portate per asse, pendenze, capacità, gallerie, etc. (in alcuni casi si può ipotizzare ipotizzare la rielettrificazione in aree portuali anche in risposta alle menzionate politiche tariffarie della rete);
  • nel lungo periodo: potenziare la rete dal punto di vista della capacità e delle prestazioni.

Infine, sul piano della politica del trasporti, è fondamentale traguardare una graduale perequazione dei costi di produzione nei diversi modi di trasporto, in particolare internalizzando i costi ambientali e sociali del trasporto stradale.

Contrariamente a quanto spesso lamentato, gli aspetti gestionali appaiono almeno altrettanto gravi di quelli infrastrutturali. Soprattutto, se questi ultimi sembrano porre principalmente problemi di finanziamento legati all'attuale situazione della fiscalità, e problemi di governance tipici dei processi di pianificazione territoriale, gli aspetti gestionali appaiono carenti fin dalla definizione delle strategie. Se infatti le attuali tariffe sono determinate in funzione dell'esigenza di concorrenza con la strada, ammettendo di conseguenza perdite significative, dovrebbero a quel punto essere abbassate ulteriormente, il che è impossibile per le esigenze di bilancio di Trenitalia e della fiscalità generale. Allo stato attuale, l' "obiettivo" del gestore del servizio in presenza di questi vincoli dovrebbe dunque essere, paradossalmente, quello di ridurre il traffico per ridurre le perdite. D'altra parte, la presenza di rilevantissimi costi fissi dovrebbe portare alla opposta strategia di massimizzare i ricavi. Le strategie del gestore ferroviarie sembrano insomma oscillare, o quanto meno sembrano avere oscillato negli anni recenti, fra questi due inconciliabili opposti, aggravando la già difficile situazione fin qui delineata. Fra questi due orientamenti, per altro, appare probabilmente più efficace quello verso la massimizzazione del traffico, sia per i benefici effetti sulla ripartizione modale, sia per la struttura dei costi prevalentemente fissi, sia infine perché la risposta più efficace alle attuali esigenze e caratteristiche della domanda si dimostra essere quella di estendere la gamma dei servizi offerti (anche alla fornitura di servizi logistici, come nel fortunato esempio di Messina) e non certo quella di puntare sulla riduzione dei costi limitando il numero dei collegamenti.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Christening and delivery of a new PCTC of the Grimaldi Group
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The "Greater Istanbul" has a cargo capacity of 9,241 CEUs
GNV strengthens its ferry service on the Naples-Palermo route.
Genoa
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The Marseille-Fos Port Authority will invest €1-1.3 billion by 2029.
Marseille
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Rome/Genoa
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Rome
The meeting at the Auditorium Parco della Musica
Cisl and Fit Cisl Savona, for Vado Gateway 2025 has proved to be a substantially positive year
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Seeking opportunities with the reopening of the Suez Canal and the recovery of some markets
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Anjra
118 million tons of cargo moved
Assarmatori welcomes the new regulations, which are very important for shipping companies and maritime workers.
Rome
Zanetti (Confitarma): The Simplification Decree offers more modern tools to our businesses.
Rome
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Spediporto's conference "Take opportunities navigating trade tensions" will be held in Genoa on December 1st and 2nd.
Genoa
It will be held at the Conference Hall of Banca Bper
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National Maritime Fund: The House of Representatives approved the legislation.
Genoa
D'Amato: Measures expected for our seafarers and the competitiveness of the national fleet
Potassium permanganate seized at the Port of Genoa as part of the fight against drug trafficking.
Genoa
Operation by the Customs and Monopolies Agency and the Financial Police
Fincantieri cancels orders for four U.S. Navy frigates
Trieste
Further orders are expected for the construction of new classes of naval units
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority met with the port cluster to discuss the new sustainability report.
Livorno
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy celebrates its first 20 years
Genoa
During this period, 3,660 students from all over Italy graduated.
Crédit Agricole Italia financed the construction of the Grande Tianjin ship for Grimaldi Euromed.
Naples/Parma
Hapag-Lloyd expects next 45% increase in EU ETS surcharge
Hamburg
The Emissions Trading System will enter into full force on January 1st.
European Commissioner Tzitzikostas visited the Monfalcone shipyard
Trieste
Upcoming measures announced to strengthen the sector's competitiveness, resilience, innovation, and technological leadership.
The trial against Damen for alleged corruption and sanctions violations begins today
Amsterdam
The company expresses disappointment with the protracted investigation and anticipates a lengthy legal battle.
AD Ports Group has acquired a 19.3% stake in Egypt's Alexandria Container & Cargo Handling Co.
Cairo/Abu Dhabi
Saudi Egyptian Investment Company's share purchased
Corsica Sardinia Ferries has purchased the Stena Vision ferry
Vado Ligure
It will be renamed "Mega Serena"
In 2024, the turnover of the main Italian port container terminals grew by +8.1%
Milan
Traffic increased by +3.4%
Work has begun to increase container traffic capacity at the port of Thessaloniki by 40%.
Thessaloniki
The expansion of Pier 6 will be completed in 40 months
A precautionary seizure of over €100 million has been ordered against Liberty Lines.
Trapani
BLS Cargo urges Switzerland to exert tangible pressure on German rail infrastructure stakeholders.
Bern
The company denounces the dire situation of transalpine rail freight transport. Further incentives requested.
Livorno is confident in the additional one hundred million euros promised by Salvini to build the Darsena Europa.
Livorno
Salvetti: I asked how we intend to proceed with the future assignment to private individuals who have expressed interest.
The Chinese embassy in Greece responds to alleged American ambitions in the port of Piraeus.
Athens
Beijing speaks of a Cold War mentality and a hegemonic logic
The procedure for requesting access to the third year of the Sea Modal Shift grant has been activated.
Rome
Applications must be submitted by December 17th
US cruise group Viking reports strong quarterly performance growth
Los Angeles
The July-September period closed with a net profit of 514.0 million dollars (+35.4%)
Guido Pietro Bertolone is the new president of Fedit
Rome
He takes over from Giuseppe Cela, outgoing president and currently head of Fedit Servizi
Latrofa (AdSP Lazio): the ZLS will make our ports even more attractive for investors, logistics operators, and businesses.
Civitavecchia
The tool - he highlighted - can lead to a qualitative leap in terms of logistical and industrial competitiveness
Container traffic continued to decline at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach in October
Los Angeles/Long Beach
Cordero: Consumers will likely see price escalation in the coming months
Pasquale Legora de Feo has been confirmed as president of Uniport
Rome
New Technical Commission for "Cruises and Passengers" established
The expansion of the Suez Canal Container Terminal was inaugurated on Sunday.
Port Said
Capacity increase of 2.2 million TEUs per year
Katoen Natie to acquire 80% of French firm Bils-Deroo Solutions
Luxembourg
The logistics company has nearly 1,500 employees
Danaos Corporation closed the third quarter with a net profit of $130.6 million (+6.2%)
Athens
Revenues up 1.8%
In the first nine months of 2025, Circle's production value increased by +80%
Milan
As of September 30, the value of the group's multi-year backlog had grown by +66%.
APM Terminals to build and operate Laldia Container Terminal at Chittagong Port
Dhaka/The Hague
30-year concession contract signed
MPCC orders four new 4,500 TEU containerships from China
Oslo
The contract unit price is $58 million.
In October, the port of Singapore handled 31.2 million tonnes of containerized cargo (+1.0%).
Singapore/Hong Kong
In the port of Hong Kong, traffic amounted to 1.1 million TEUs (-6.9%)
DHL Group revenues decreased by 2.3% in the third quarter
Bonn
Net profit was 888 million euros (+9.5%)
Fincantieri and KAYO sign agreement for the construction and maintenance of military vessels in Albania.
Trieste
CMA Terminals (CMA CGM Group) to acquire 20% of Container Terminal Hamburg
Marseille/Hamburg
Agreement with the German Eurogate
The Municipality of Civitavecchia denounces that the Fiumicino cruise port project undermines the foundations of the law on ports
Rome/Civitavecchia/London
The project - Cruise Terminals International underlines - will be a pillar of the sustainable development of Fiumicino
Over 175 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Reggio Calabria/Cagliari
Over 8,500 counterfeit items intercepted at Cagliari's Porto Canale
Global Ship Lease reports record quarterly revenue again
Athens
Youroukos emphasizes the solidity and excellent prospects of the small and medium-sized containership market
In the third quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 675 thousand tons of goods (+4.1%)
Podgorica
80.0% growth in cargoes to Italy
Svitzer acquires 66.6% of Norwegian towing company Buksér og Berging
Copenhagen
It has a fleet of approximately 35 tugboats and 25 pilot boats
The keel-laying ceremony for the new oceanographic vessel Arcadia took place in Piombino.
Piombino
Construction entrusted to T. Mariotti
The Management Committee of the Central Adriatic Port Authority has approved the 2026 budget forecast.
Ancona
An administrative surplus of 32.2 million is expected
Cruise passenger traffic at GPH terminals stable in the summer quarter
Istanbul
1,503 stopovers were recorded (+9.6%) for a total of 4.66 million passengers (+0.8%)
The UNIPORT public meeting will be held in Rome on November 19th.
Rome
Among the topics at the centre of the meeting was the port system reform project.
Ocean Network Express establishes its own shipping agency in Greece
Singapore
It will take over the activities of the ENA Shipping Agency
Regional Container Lines orders two new 14,000 TEU containerships from KSOE
Bangkok/Seongnam
MSC includes calls at Bremerhaven, Limassol and Beirut in the Levante Express service
Geneva
The line connects Northern Europe with the Mediterranean
AD Ports to acquire 20% stake in Latakia International Container Terminal
Abu Dhabi
Agreement with the CMA CGM shipping group
The Eastern Liguria Port Authority approves the 2026 budget and three-year plan.
La Spezia
The decree has been signed to begin construction on the new high-voltage electricity grid in the port of La Spezia.
A new SDC Customs Service Containers warehouse has opened in Porto Marghera.
Venice
It will be used for the storage and movement of goods at room temperature
Moby is selling five ferries at a starting price of €229.9 million.
Vicenza
Sale and lease-back agreement expected for two of the vessels
d'Amico International Shipping's quarterly financial results decline
Luxembourg
Mottola Crossbow: The fundamentals of the tanker industry remain solid.
ICTSI posts record quarterly financial and operating performance
Manila
In the period July-September, container traffic in the group's terminals grew by +12.3%
Denmark's DFDS to cut 400 jobs
Copenhagen
The group is looking for a new CEO. Record revenues were recorded in the July-September quarter.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Spediporto's conference "Take opportunities navigating trade tensions" will be held in Genoa on December 1st and 2nd.
Genoa
It will be held at the Conference Hall of Banca Bper
The National Maritime Fund has organised a meeting with the ITS Mare and the maritime training centres
Rome
It will be held on December 3rd in Rome
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Three UAE Firms Eye Investment In Kenya's Port, Renewable Energy, And Shipping Projects
(Capital FM Kenya)
Foreign firms to operate 3 terminals under Ctg Port for up to 30 years; deals by December
(The Business Standard)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
CEVA Logistics has completed the acquisition of Turkey's Borusan Logistics.
Marseille
Operation worth 383 million dollars
1,100 cars from the Chinese car manufacturer Dongfeng were unloaded in the port of Livorno
Livorno
Traffic is managed through the "Il Faldo" logistics area operated by XCA
Assiterminal, the MIT note clarifies that the 90-minute grace period applies only to waiting times
Rome/Genoa
Ferrari: The Conference of Port Authority Presidents could consider a sort of national program agreement.
Harren assigns a single brand to its heavy lift companies
Bremen
The fleet of 80 vessels will be operated under the single SAL brand.
Wallenius Wilhelmsen's revenues fell by 2% in the third quarter.
Lysaker
Net profit was $280 million (+8%)
ESPO has presented its new annual environmental report
Brussels
Climate change remains the top priority for European ports to address
Over €60 million from the PNRR for the ports of Naples and Salerno
Rome
Rixi: Let's make more effective use of European resources and accelerate the implementation of strategic projects.
Agreement between Escola Europea and DLTM to promote international mobility and maritime training
La Spezia
Synergies between the Ligurian maritime cluster and the port and training community of Barcelona
CMA CGM to register ten new 24,212 TEU containerships in the French International Register
Marseille/Copenhagen
The company will take delivery of them starting from 2026
UPS has completed its acquisition of Canada's Andlauer Healthcare Group.
Atlanta/Toronto
Operation worth 1.6 billion dollars
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