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FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics

Traffici portuali e trasporto ferroviario:
contraddizioni e opportunità

Enrico Musso
Università di Genova

Taranto, 9 novembre 2004

 

Dalla riforma del 1994 ad oggi il traffico portuale in Italia ha registrato un continuo aumento, sia per il miglioramento dell'assetto gestionale introdotto dalla riforma stessa, sia per l'aumento dei traffici mediterranei conseguente alla nuova geografia del commercio mondiale, sia infine per i grandi investimenti portati a termine o realizzati nei grandi porti hub (Gioia Tauro, Taranto, e in prospettiva Cagliari), a loro volta conseguenza dei primi due fattori menzionati.

A fronte di questo aumento, tuttavia, il trasporto ferroviario da/per i porti non ha registrato né un aumento né una tenuta della quota di mercato. Le (non facili) stime avanzate dagli operatori oscillano fra il 15% e il 18%, più della quota di mercato media del trasporto ferroviario di merci in Italia, ma non abbastanza se si considera che la concentrazione di flussi cui il porto dà luogo crea premesse favorevoli all'utilizzo del vettore ferroviario, sia per i carichi generali sia per le rinfuse.

Naturalmente, il fatto che la quota di mercato della ferrovia sia molto più piccola di quella della strada non implica di per sé che la ripartizione modale non sia equilibrata. "Equilibrata" dovrebbe definirsi la ripartizione che consente una data quantità di trasporto, a parità di qualità, al minimo possibile costo complessivo per la collettività (diretto ed esterno, infrastrutturale e di servizio, monetario e non monetario). Quindi una quota di mercato numericamente modesta potrebbe teoricamente risultare da un'efficiente organizzazione del mercato, e indicare semplicemente che il trasporto ferroviario è oggi superato da altri modi di trasporto concorrenti. In altri termini, in assenza di fallimenti del mercato la ripartizione modale è equilibrata per definizione. Tuttavia il confronto modale in questione è viziato da almeno due rilevanti fallimenti del mercato: la vasta esternalizzazione dei costi ambientali nel trasporto stradale, e la scarsa efficienza del comparto ferroviario derivante dalla scarsa o nulla contendibilità del mercato (nulla nella rete, che è un monopolio naturale, e scarsa nel servizio, che era comunque un monopolio e che rimane scarsamente contendibile anche con la transizione ad un contesto di competizione per il mercato). Ciò porta a ritenere che la ripartizione modale sia effettivamente squilibrata, cioè inefficiente, e che il riequilibrio a favore del ferroviario sia socialmente auspicabile. Tale riequilibrio ha inoltre effetti positivi anche sulla competitività dei porti, poiché un porto con aspirazioni non meramente locali deve competere, in termini di bacini di traffico, su distanze di (almeno) alcune centinaia di chilometri, sulle quali la ferrovia è tendenzialmente più efficace della strada.

Perché, allora, il servizio ferroviario non riesce ad intercettare il maggior traffico portuale, e in molti casi non riesce neppure a mantenere il traffico precedentemente servito?

L'indagine può muoversi in tre direzioni: le condizioni della domanda; le infrastrutture; il servizio ferroviario. Le prime due sono esterne alla gestione del servizio trasporto ferroviario, la terza la coinvolge direttamente.

Dal punto di vista della domanda, l'estrema frammentazione dei processi decisionali fra un numero molto elevato di attori (spedizionieri, MTO, vettori, terminalisti, compagnie armatoriali, etc.) sembra costituire l'elemento più negativo per uno sviluppo del trasporto ferroviario, determinando la dispersione delle potenziali economie di densità che la concentrazione del traffico nel nodo portuale dovrebbe invece portare con sé. A conferma di ciò, potrebbe valere l'esempio di un operatore come Messina, che utilizza il trasporto ferroviario per l'80% dei propri traffici portuali, proprio perché evita la "polverizzazione" degli attori e gestisce un sistema logistico completo per i porti che tocca.

Dal punto di vista delle infrastrutture, si devono distinguere le possibili carenze "generali", riconducibili alla capacità della rete e segnatamente delle linee afferenti ai porti (o eventualmente alla loro collocazione geografica rispetto alle esigenze della domanda), e le possibili carenze "specifiche" legate a strozzature e vincoli nell'interfaccia con i porti (e/o nelle reti all'interno dei porti), agli standard delle linee (portata per asse, modulo, pendenza, curvatura, elettrificazione, sagome) che possono limitarne lo sfruttamento a prescindere dal pieno utilizzo della capacità.

Nella maggior parte dei casi sembra emergere che la rete si congestionerebbe rapidamente in caso di significativa crescita della quota di mercato del servizio ferroviario, ma che solo in alcune situazioni essa è già (almeno di fatto) congestionata. Non sembra cioè essere questo il problema determinante allo stato attuale: i vincoli infrastrutturali non sono (tanto) nella capacità della rete, quanto nelle strozzature e prestazioni. Ciò è particolarmente evidente nel caso del "modulo" dei binari di sorpasso: per un treno merci di 20-22 carri esso dovrebbe essere almeno di 450 m, mentre i moduli di 250 m sono adeguati essenzialmente solo per i treni passeggeri.

Dal punto di vista della gestione del servizio, mentre in linea teorica il costo del trasporto ferroviario dovrebbe essere inferiore a partire da soglie di distanza relativamente contenute, nella realtà i costi di produzione sono sensibilmente maggiori, e le tariffe ferroviarie sono "in linea" con il competitore stradale solo al prezzo di una perdita che gli operatori stimano dell'ordine del 30% del fatturato circa. Ne derivano due considerazioni:

  • È tuttora presente, malgrado l'avvio della liberalizzazione nel servizio ferroviario e ormai anche (per lo più) nella gestione delle manovre portuali, un'inefficienza particolarmente elevata nella produzione del servizio, probabile conseguenza del monopolio di cui ha fino ad oggi goduto e della comunque scarsa contendibilità del mercato;
  • L'operatore ferroviario e il suo azionista scelgono di conseguire perdite di esercizio importanti, che in qualche modo rappresentano una sorta di "esternalizzazione fiscale" dei costi ferroviari che va a bilanciare l'esternalizzazione ambientale scandalosamente tollerata sul trasporto stradale; tuttavia l'una e l'altra costituiscono (a differenza delle perdite che si conseguono, ad esempio, nella gestione del trasporto pubblico urbano, finalizzate a benefici ambientali), una sovvenzione occulta al sistema logistico e al caricatore; inoltre questo abbattimento delle tariffe rispetto ai costi appare paradossalmente insufficiente per compensare gli altri elementi del costo generalizzato (tempi di trasbordo, attesa, affidabilità, flessibilità) che continuano a penalizzare il trasporto ferroviario rispetto a quello stradale.

Se questa è, a grandi linee, la situazione emersa dall'analisi, occorrerebbero azioni sia sul piano della gestione del servizio, sia sul piano delle infrastrutture, sia ancora sul piano delle politiche dei trasporti.

Sotto il primo profilo, la principale esigenza che sembra emergere à la maggiore integrazione possibile del ciclo logistico, affinché il servizio ferroviario competa con i operatori logistici internazionali, anziché con i padroncini; e affinché si possa concentrare in questo modo il traffico per conseguire significative economie di densità. Altrettanto evidente è l'esigenza di ridurre l'inefficienza "storica" delle imprese ferroviarie, favorendo i comportamenti e le pratiche a tutela della concorrenza, ma anche velocizzamdo le manovre.

Un'opportunità di crescita potrebbe scaturire dalla possibilità di abbinare le manovre alla trazione (la cosiddetta "manovra lunga", che potrebbe servire destinazioni finali e punti di interscambio entro 200 km dal nodo portuale, oggi penalizzata anche dalle politiche tariffarie della rete in materia di tracce senza fornitura di energia).

Sotto il profilo infrastrutturale, occorre:

  • nel medio periodo: adeguare gli standard la rete, eliminando le strozzature date da moduli di sorpasso, portate per asse, pendenze, capacità, gallerie, etc. (in alcuni casi si può ipotizzare ipotizzare la rielettrificazione in aree portuali anche in risposta alle menzionate politiche tariffarie della rete);
  • nel lungo periodo: potenziare la rete dal punto di vista della capacità e delle prestazioni.

Infine, sul piano della politica del trasporti, è fondamentale traguardare una graduale perequazione dei costi di produzione nei diversi modi di trasporto, in particolare internalizzando i costi ambientali e sociali del trasporto stradale.

Contrariamente a quanto spesso lamentato, gli aspetti gestionali appaiono almeno altrettanto gravi di quelli infrastrutturali. Soprattutto, se questi ultimi sembrano porre principalmente problemi di finanziamento legati all'attuale situazione della fiscalità, e problemi di governance tipici dei processi di pianificazione territoriale, gli aspetti gestionali appaiono carenti fin dalla definizione delle strategie. Se infatti le attuali tariffe sono determinate in funzione dell'esigenza di concorrenza con la strada, ammettendo di conseguenza perdite significative, dovrebbero a quel punto essere abbassate ulteriormente, il che è impossibile per le esigenze di bilancio di Trenitalia e della fiscalità generale. Allo stato attuale, l' "obiettivo" del gestore del servizio in presenza di questi vincoli dovrebbe dunque essere, paradossalmente, quello di ridurre il traffico per ridurre le perdite. D'altra parte, la presenza di rilevantissimi costi fissi dovrebbe portare alla opposta strategia di massimizzare i ricavi. Le strategie del gestore ferroviarie sembrano insomma oscillare, o quanto meno sembrano avere oscillato negli anni recenti, fra questi due inconciliabili opposti, aggravando la già difficile situazione fin qui delineata. Fra questi due orientamenti, per altro, appare probabilmente più efficace quello verso la massimizzazione del traffico, sia per i benefici effetti sulla ripartizione modale, sia per la struttura dei costi prevalentemente fissi, sia infine perché la risposta più efficace alle attuali esigenze e caratteristiche della domanda si dimostra essere quella di estendere la gamma dei servizi offerti (anche alla fornitura di servizi logistici, come nel fortunato esempio di Messina) e non certo quella di puntare sulla riduzione dei costi limitando il numero dei collegamenti.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
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