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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

International Trade

Le esportazioni cilene di vino: prestazioni… frizzanti

Le esportazioni di vino dal Cile sono aumentate solamente del 3,6% nel periodo gennaio/novembre 1999, con un calo significativo rispetto alle prestazioni in aumento degli scorsi anni. Tuttavia, i viticultori prevedono che la crescita nel 2000 sarà più che doppia rispetto all'anno passato, attestandosi all'8%.

Nel corso del periodo di 11 mesi preso in considerazione per il 1999, sono stati esportati più di 16.800 TEU di vino imbottigliato (per l'esattezza, 16.815.576 casse) dal paese sudamericano. Le bottiglie di Chardonnay, Merlot e Cabernet Sauvignon di produzione cilena sono adesso una presenza normale sugli scaffali dei supermercati europei e nordamericani.

I vigneti del Cile sono concentrati nella regione centrale del paese, laddove prevalgono i climi di tipo mediterraneo e sub-mediterraneo. La maggior parte di loro sono situati nel raggio di 160 km da Santiago. Il sito in questione rappresenta altresì il centro dell'industria della frutta del paese, anche il quale ha fatto registrare tassi di crescita sostenuti nell'ultimo decennio avendo tratto vantaggio dalla domanda dell'emisfero settentrionale nel corso della stagione invernale. Una percentuale notevole di questo traffico è stata movimentata in containers frigoriferi; i principali operatori in questo contesto sono stati la Hamburg Sud-The Shipping Group, la Maersk SeaLand e la CSAV (Compañia Sud Americana de Vapores).

Le cifre relative al 1999 mostrano come le esportazioni di frutta rappresentassero il 14% (quanto a valore) di tutte le esportazioni cilene, di cui la metà era costituita da uva da tavola.

Tuttavia, la vera storia di successo degli ultimi due decenni è stata quella del vino e, sebbene le ultime cifre annue siano state deludenti, ciò - a giudizio di un osservatore del settore - viene considerato niente di più che una momentanea battuta d'arresto nella "inesorabile crescita del vino cileno". Dal 1989 al 1993, ad esempio, le esportazioni cilene di vino sono aumentate al notevole tasso del 50% ogni anno.

Infatti, uno spedizioniere ha dichiarato che nei mercati-chiave, quali il Regno Unito, la Scandinavia e gli Stati Uniti, lo scorso anno sono stati registrati buoni incrementi. I problemi hanno riguardato invece il Giappone, in relazione al quale le riduzioni di spesa hanno comportato un calo dell'80% nei volumi di traffico. Per contrasto, nel 1998 il Giappone ha acquistato 1.000 TEU in più di vino cileno.

Miguel Torres, della ditta catalana produttrice di vino e brandy Vina M. Torres - che figura al 19° posto della classifica dei produttori cileni di vino - ritiene che il clima, il suolo e l'assenza della filossera in questo paese rendano il Cile un "paradiso del vino".

Quasi tutto il vino cileno viene spedito in contenitori per carichi secchi, mentre solamente il 5% è movimentato in unità frigorifere. La maggior parte del vino viene esportato dai principali porti containerizzati del paese, Valparaiso e San Antonio, che sono entrambi ubicati in una buona posizione per servire la Valle Centrale dove sono situati i vigneti.

Dal momento che i vini vengono venduti ai sensi della clausola fob, sta ai ricevitori organizzare i relativi trasporti.

Tra le principali linee di navigazione impegnate nel settore del commercio vinicolo vi sono la CSAV e la CCNI (Compañia Chilena de Navegacion Interoceanica), oltre alla Hamburg Sud/Columbus Line, alla Maersk SeaLand, alla NYK Line, alla TMM/TMG, alla MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) ed alla K Line.

Molti dei servizi offerti da questi vettori sono diretti, sebbene la MSC trasbordi i suoi carichi attraverso il Porto Franco delle Bahamas. Una linea di navigazione rivale ha dichiarato che, sebbene le tariffe della MSC fossero meno care, ci sono stati casi in cui le spedizioni hanno dovuto aspettare "una settimana o giù di lì a temperature di 40° prima di poter essere raccordate con la nave di linea primaria".

Nei traffici di vino cileno è impegnato anche un gran numero di spedizionieri. Tra queste imprese vi sono operatori specializzati quali la JF Hillebrand e la Seabrook & Smith. Per quanto attiene al Regno Unito, secondo Francisco Herrera della Hamburg Sud in Cile, la Hillebrand capeggia la fila, seguita dalla Seabrook & Smith e quindi dalla Ferry Freighting. Per la Scandinavia il leader del mercato è la Alko, seguita dalla Hillebrand e quindi dalla Ziegler. Per quanto attiene alle spedizioni generali alla volta di Stati Uniti e Canada, conduce il gruppo la Universal Shippers Association, seguita dalla Hillebrand. Tuttavia, un altro importante operatore negli Stati Uniti è la Banfi, che è un'impresa costituita ad hoc dal maggiore esportatore cileno di vino, la Concha y Toro, al fine di movimentare le proprie esportazioni in Nordamerica.

La Hillebrand, naturalmente, è l'indiscusso leader del mercato per la logistica internazionale nel settore del vino e degli alcolici e nel 1998 ha movimentato 110.000 TEU di spedizioni marittime. La Hillebrand, che ha cominciato ad operare nel paese nel 1994, possiede due uffici in Cile (uno a Valparaiso ed uno a Santiago).

Andreas Buch, direttore vendite del ramo vini ed alcolici di una sede locale della Hillebrand, afferma che i principali concorrenti degli esportatori cileni di vino provengono dall'Australia, dal Sudafrica, dagli Stati Uniti (California) e dall'Argentina. Egli ha suggerito come i tempi di consegna rappresentino un importante fattore di concorrenza e ha detto che i tempi di viaggio alla volta dei mercati-chiave dell'Europa settentrionale sono di circa 35 giorni dall'Australia (rispetto ai precedenti 42 giorni), di 30-32 giorni dal Cile e di soli 16 giorni dal Sudafrica.

Afferma Buch: "Gli esportatori australiani sono stati molto abili, specialmente con la loro politica dei prezzi nel momento più basso del mercato. Gli australiani hanno altresì battuto i loro rivali abbassando il prezzo dello Chardonnay - i cui consumatori possono aspettarsi una sovrabbondante prossima annata - una stagione prima di loro".

Si dice che la produzione in Argentina sia "immensa", ma il 90% di essa è destinata al consumo nazionale ed in termini di marketing gli argentini sono stati "lasciati ai blocchi di partenza dai cileni e tanto più dagli australiani". Tuttavia, Buch ritiene che questa situazione stia per cambiare.

La Hillebrand si serve principalmente della Hapag-Lloyd, della Maersk, della CSAV e della MSC, ma occasionalmente prenota carichi con la CCNI, la Hamburg Sud, la CMA CGM The French Line e con la K Line.

Spiega Buch: "Poiché noi spediamo una così grande quantità di vino, non possiamo fare affidamento solamente su uno o due vettori. Usandone diversi, siamo in grado di offrire una maggiore flessibilità ai nostri clienti".

TABELLA 1
CLASSIFICA DEGLI ESPORTATORI DI VINO IMBOTTIGLIATO
(GENNAIO-NOVEMBRE 1999)
Pos.Produttore vinicolo CasseMilioni di
$/FOB
Variazione
%
casse
Variazione
%
milioni di
$/FOB
1Vina Concha y Toro3.909.100 80,82-15,16-13,31
2Vina San Pedro2.388.220 45,3810,65-13,31
3Santan Rita1.194.885 35.53-3,50-2,87
4Vina Sta Carpilina1.154.450 26,45-29,40-28,28
5Vina Errazuraz851.907 22,7932,3735,90
6Vina Undurraga710.682 18,194,276,24
7Vina Sta Emiliana893.064 15,56-33,78-34,21
8Vina Tarapaca ex Zavala 540.94113,3442,11 33,00
9Champagne Valdivieso 385.64811,64113,72 110,98
10Vina La Rosa451.425 10,26104,25100,78
Totale12.480.322 279,9622,5522,08
Altri4.335.254 129,62--
Totale complessivo16.815.576 409,58-0,49 3,61
Fonte: Associazione Vini del Cile

Buch ha dichiarato che le spedizioni europee sono normalmente destinate a Felixtowe, Anversa, Rotterdam o Amburgo e che la tariffa si attesta tra i 1.000 ed i 1.100 dollari TEU.

Carlos Serrano, direttore esportazioni per la Vina Undurraga, ha dichiarato che la Undurraga di solito lascia che siano i clienti a scegliere la linea di navigazione preferita per la movimentazione dei propri vini, ma che varie linee di navigazione - a seconda delle direttrici di traffico cui si fa riferimento - vengono da loro "caldamente raccomandate". La Undurraga generalmente favorisce la Hamburg Sud, la MSC e la Maersk per le proprie spedizioni europee, la NYK Line alla volta dell'Asia e la TMM/TMG per il Messico e l'America centrale.

Recentemente, i caricatori impegnati nell'attività vinicola cilena si sono lamentati di una penuria di contenitori che in alcuni casi ha comportato ritardi per le spedizioni in esportazione. Vi sono state altresì preoccupazioni in ordine all'applicazione di sovrapprezzi extra da parte dei vettori marittimi.

Serrano ha dichiarato che per gran parte del 1998 la recessione in Cile ha indotto al taglio delle importazioni e di conseguenza ad un deficit di contenitori per i carichi in esportazione.

Dati recenti pubblicati dalla Banca Mondiale e dal governo cileno evidenziano il problema. Nel periodo gennaio-luglio 1999, le esportazioni cilene hanno totalizzato 9,03 miliardi di dollari USA, mentre le importazioni sono ammontate ad appena 7,1 miliardi di dollari USA. Ciò, rispetto alla situazione del 1998 (intera annata), quando il valore delle esportazioni ed importazioni aveva totalizzato rispettivamente 14,83 miliardi di dollari e 17,35 miliardi di dollari.

"Spesso non ci sono containers disponibili e dobbiamo aspettare due o tre settimane, con la merce pronta a partire" ha detto Serrano. "Talvolta le linee di navigazione hanno le navi ma si rifiutano di darci i containers se questi ultimi non sono destinati a tornare a quella particolare nave da cui sono stati scaricati. Si tratta di un atteggiamento poco flessibile".

TABELLA 2
QUOTA DELLE ESPORTAZIONI CILENE DI VINO
DELLA HAMBURG SUD/COLUMBUS
Direttrice di trafficoTraffici complessivi (TEU) Quota
HS/Columbus
Nord Europa/Regno Unito10.000 18%
Costa Occidentale USA/Canada2.000 25%
Costa Orientale USA/Canada4.000 1% 1
Note:  1 = un portavoce della Hamburg Sud ha dichiarato che la sua bassa quota in questo mercato è dovuta al tardivo inizio del servizio nell'aprile 1999, quando tutti i contratti per l'attuale stagione marittima erano stati siglati. L'obiettivo della HS per il 2000 traguarda una quota minima del 20%.
Fonte: Hamburg Sud/Columbus

Aggiunge Serrano: "Ai nostri clienti non piace questa situazione. I vettori dovrebbero avere più contenitori in ballo".

Inoltre, la penuria è divenuta persino più grave a causa del fatto che diverse linee di navigazione hanno ritirato tonnellaggio dal mercato, apparentemente nel tentativo di far salire le tariffe.

"Negli ultimi sei mesi le tariffe sono state un disastro" ha dichiarato uno spedizioniere internazionale. "Diverse linee di navigazione hanno dismesso del naviglio per far crescere le tariffe e la capacità di spazi-containers è calata paurosamente. Se il settore non avesse reagito con forza, l'effetto sarebbe stato una crescita ancora maggiore. Il settore vinicolo ha bisogno di confrontare i costi con altri paesi rivali esportatori di vino, quali il Sudafrica, l'Australia ecc. Abbiamo fatto di tutto per proteggere il settore e porre fine questi forti aumenti tariffari".

Serrano si è anche lamentato della recente valanga di sovrapprezzi. La Hamburg Sud, ad esempio, ha cominciato a far pagare ai camion del caricatore l'ingresso e l'uscita dal porto di San Bernardo.

"Sono soltanto 25-35 dollari a contenitori" ha detto Serrano "ma è comunque un importo che non dovevamo pagare fino a cinque mesi fa. Dovremo quindi darci da fare per assorbire i costi extra". Tuttavia, gli extra verranno inseriti nella fattura indirizzata al cliente alla fine di quest'anno, il che comporterà prezzi più alti per il consumatore finale.

Il settore vinicolo cileno deve far fronte ad un periodo di sfide. Dato che il mercato internazionale sta diventando sempre più competitivo, è molto importante che gli esportatori possano utilizzare servizi di linea assai efficienti a prezzi allettanti.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Piraeus
Domestic volumes are growing, while foreign trade is decreasing
Perplexity of freight forwarders, customs agents and maritime agents of La Spezia at the transfer of the port of Carrara to the Tuscan AdSP
The Spice
Timidly, they "hope for consideration for the progress made so far"
Francesco Mastro appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Rome
He will take up office on June 30th.
John Denholm to be new president of the International Chamber of Shipping
Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Amadei: Our sector is ready and the time has come for courageous industrial choices
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
The ferry industry elite will attend the Interferry conference in Salerno in October
Victoria
Event titled "Connections"
Uniport launches an initiative to support ALS research
Rome
Fundraising for the NeMO Clinical Center Serena Foundation Onlus
The Propeller Club of Genoa has analyzed risks and opportunities of using AI in the maritime and insurance sectors
Genoa
The importance of training in the use of technology was highlighted
Chantiers de l'Atlantique delivers luxury cruising yacht Luminara to The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection
Saint Nazaire
The ship will debut in Alaska
Maritime transport, with suppliers and naval contractors, is the cornerstone of Italy's trade
Port Cervo
ANPAN Annual Congress in Sardinia
Uiltrasporti, risk of chaos in Italian ports due to delays in appointing AdSP presidents
Rome
If we continue to distribute positions without taking into account the skills of future presidents - warns the union - we will be forced to mobilize
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